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In this paper, we introduce Pixelator v2, a novel perceptual image comparison method designed to enhance security and analysis through improved image difference detection. Unlike traditional metrics such as MSE, Q, and SSIM, which often fail to capture subtle but critical changes in images, Pixelator v2 integrates the LAB (CIE-LAB) colour space for perceptual relevance and Sobel edge detection for structural integrity. By combining these techniques, Pixelator v2 offers a more robust and nuanced approach to identifying variations in images, even in cases of minor modifications. The LAB colour space ensures that the method aligns with human visual perception, making it particularly effective at detecting differences that are less visible in RGB space. Sobel edge detection, on the other hand, emphasises structural changes, allowing Pixelator v2 to focus on the most significant areas of an image. This combination makes Pixelator v2 ideal for applications in security, where image comparison plays a vital role in tasks like tamper detection, authentication, and analysis. We evaluate Pixelator v2 against other popular methods, demonstrating its superior performance in detecting both perceptual and structural differences. Our results indicate that Pixelator v2 not only provides more accurate image comparisons but also enhances security by making it more difficult for subtle alterations to go unnoticed. This paper contributes to the growing field of image-based security systems by offering a perceptually-driven, computationally efficient method for image comparison that can be readily applied in information system security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Single-centre studies suggest that successive Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related 'lockdown' restrictions in England may have led to significant changes in the characteristics of major trauma patients. There is also evidence from other countries that diversion of intensive care capacity and other healthcare resources to treating patients with COVID-19 may have impacted on outcomes for major trauma patients. We aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number, characteristics, care pathways, and outcomes of major trauma patients presenting to hospitals in England. Methods and findings We completed an observational cohort study and interrupted time series analysis including all patients eligible for inclusion in England in the national clinical audit for major trauma presenting between 1 January 2017 and 31 of August 2021 (354,202 patients). Demographic characteristics (age, sex, physiology, and injury severity) and clinical pathways of major trauma patients in the first lockdown (17,510 patients) and second lockdown (38,262 patients) were compared to pre-COVID-19 periods in 2018 to 2019 (comparator period 1: 22,243 patients; comparator period 2: 18,099 patients). Discontinuities in trends for weekly estimated excess survival rate were estimated when lockdown measures were introduced using segmented linear regression. The first lockdown had a larger associated reduction in numbers of major trauma patients (-4,733 (21%)) compared to the pre-COVID period than the second lockdown (-2,754 (6.7%)). The largest reductions observed were in numbers of people injured in road traffic collisions excepting cyclists where numbers increased. During the second lockdown, there were increases in the numbers of people injured aged 65 and over (665 (3%)) and 85 and over (828 (9.3%)). In the second week of March 2020, there was a reduction in level of major trauma excess survival rate (-1.71%; 95% CI: -2.76% to -0.66%) associated with the first lockdown. This was followed by a weekly trend of improving survival until the lifting of restrictions in July 2020 (0.25; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.35). Limitations include eligibility criteria for inclusion to the audit and COVID status of patients not being recorded. Conclusions This national evaluation of the impact of COVID on major trauma presentations to English hospitals has observed important public health findings: The large reduction in overall numbers injured has been primarily driven by reductions in road traffic collisions, while numbers of older people injured at home increased over the second lockdown. Future research is needed to better understand the initial reduction in likelihood of survival after major trauma observed with the implementation of the first lockdown., Author(s): Carl Marincowitz 1,*, Omar Bouamra 2, Tim Coats 3, Dhushy Surendra Kumar 4, David Lockey 5,6, Lyndon Mason 7, Virginia Newcombe 8, Julian Thompson 9, Antoinette Edwards 2, Fiona [...]

Summary: Efforts to assess the risk of criminal legal system involvement among people with serious mental illness (SMI) often rely on strategies that locate the risk at the individual level. The present study examines environmental factors that contribute to criminal legal involvement for people with SMI in mental health treatment settings. Thirty-one people with serious mental illness and prior criminal legal involvement were interviewed in this qualitative study. Interviews focused on factors that contributed to and protected against criminal legal involvement. The research team engaged in inductive thematic analysis of interview data. Findings: Findings reveal that understanding of physical, social, and treatment environments is critical to risk assessment with this population. In highlighting the role of the environment, we offer findings that may lead to improved strategies for service delivery with this population. Complicating contemporary approaches to risk assessment, our findings suggest that mental health treatment systems that serve individuals with serious mental illness should engage in meaningful consideration of environmental factors. Applications: Identification of protective and risk factors in clients' physical, social, and treatment environments is critical for social work practice with individuals who have a history of criminal legal involvement and serious mental illness. Treatment settings can create opportunities for the development of protective factors by integrating wrap-around services, treatment services that follow an empowerment-participation strengths model, and post-incarceration services with clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]