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Solid particle stabilized emulsions, using unique shape defined particles, are receiving increasing research interest due to ease of formulation and interesting physiochemical characteristics. There is, however, a need to systematically investigate the effect of anisotropic discoidal microparticles, realized with top-down fabrication approaches, in emulsion stabilization. Here, the effect of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) discoidal polymeric nanoconstruct (DPN) size on the formation and stability of oil-in-water emulsions is studied. Particles with a diameter of 1, 2, and 5 μm are fabricated with a lithographic templating technique, and used to stabilize medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil emulsions. Three phase contact angles decreased from 85° ± 7° to 68° ± 12° moving from 1 to 5 μm DPN stabilized emulsions, showing a particle “hydrophilicity” increase with size. Microscopy imaging showed that the mean droplet diameter and dispersity increased with particle size, and that DPNs were present at the oil–water interface. DPN based emulsions were stable for about 24 h or less in the case of 1 and 2 μm DPNs. Emulsion stability was shorter than 12 h in case of 5 μm DPNs. Finally, calculations of DPN detachment free energies ΔGdw and excess surface coverages Cexcess demonstrated that, despite the significantly high adhesion energy of the discoidal DPN, emulsion stability was mostly affected by gravitational forces for DPN sizes above 2 μm. The use of PLGA and MCT oil in this study is relevant for future use of Pickering emulsions in pharmaceutical and drug delivery applications.

Female baboons, some with infants, were observed and counts made of interactions in which females interacted with the infants of other females (so-called infant-handling). Independent of these observations, each baboon is assigned a dominance rank of ”low,” ”medium,” or ”high.” Researchers hypothesized that females tend to handle infants of females ranked below them. The data form an array with row-labels being infant labels and columns being female labels. Entry (i, j) counts total infant handlings of infant i by female j. Each count corresponds to one of 9 combinations of female by infant/mother ranks, which induces a 3-by-3 table of total interactions. We use a permutation test to support the research hypothesis, where ranks are permuted at random. We also discuss statistical properties of our method such as choice of test statistic, power, and stability of results to individual observations.We discover that the data support a nuanced view of baboon interaction, where higher-ranked females prefer to handle down the hierarchy, while lower-ranked females must balance the desire to accede to the desires of the high-ranked females while protecting their infants from the potential risks involved in such interactions.

The storied history of controlled the release systems has evolved over time; from degradable drug-loaded sutures to monolithic zero-ordered release devices and nano-sized drug delivery formulations. Scientists have tuned the physico-chemical properties of these drug carriers to optimize their performance in biomedical/pharmaceutical applications. In particular, particle drug delivery systems at the micron size regime have been used since the 1980s. Recent advances in micro and nanofabrication techniques have enabled precise control of particle size and geometry–here we review the utility of microplates and discoidal polymeric particles for a range of pharmaceutical applications. Microplates are defined as micrometer scale polymeric local depot devices in cuboid form, while discoidal polymeric nanoconstructs are disk-shaped polymeric particles having a cross-sectional diameter in the micrometer range and a thickness in the hundreds of nanometer range. These versatile particles can be used to treat several pathologies such as cancer, inflammatory diseases and vascular diseases, by leveraging their size, shape, physical properties (e.g., stiffness), and component materials, to tune their functionality. This review highlights design and fabrication strategies for these particles, discusses their applications, and elaborates on emerging trends for their use in formulations. Graphical abstract

Tom Short (1963–2018) is the only person to have served as editor of both the Journal of Statistics Education (from 2001 to 2003) and the Statistics Education Research Journal (from 2006 to 2009). ...

There is interest in linking outputs from land use simulators to bird species distribution models to project how boreal birds will respond to cumulative effects of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) conservation, harvest, fire, and energy-sector development in Alberta. Our hypotheses were: (1) species associated with older mixed-wood stands would decline more if harvest was shifted away from areas used by caribou to areas with more mixed-wood; and (2) species associated with older forests would be more negatively affected by the combined effects of harvest, fire, and non-forestry footprint than by harvest alone. We used vegetation data from two harvest scenarios produced in Patchworks as inputs for density models of 20 boreal forest songbird and woodpecker species in Alberta. We projected abundance of these species over 50 years under: 1) two scenarios created in Patchworks, without fire but with and without deferral of timber harvest within a caribou conservation zone on lands tenured to Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc.; (2) a scenario with fire but no human footprint; and (3) five scenarios in ALCES Online, in which habitat was affected by Patchworks harvest locations, fire (1–2 × current rate), and energy sector development (present or absent; with or without seismic line reclamation to improve caribou habitat). In the Patchworks scenarios, we found similar projected numbers of each bird species over time, whether harvest deferral occurred or not. Both harvest plans increased habitat and numbers for most species associated with older forests over 50 years, while most species associated with younger forests declined in both harvest plans, because average projected forest age increased over 50 years. Fire and other footprint generally reduced relative amount of habitat for species associated with older forests, which still increased over time, while other species responded positively or less negatively to fire. Seismic restoration created habitat for three-quarters of species that responded negatively to energy sector development over 50 years. As projections depended on whether just harvest, fire or all footprints were analyzed, multiple human impacts over time beyond harvest should be considered in conservation and land use planning based on long-term predictions about wildlife in anthropogenic landscapes.

Background and Objectives To determine illicit drug use among new patients in primary medical care who denied using “street drugs” during Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT). Methods 96 new patients who denied use of “street drugs” were tested for drugs as part of routine SBIRT screening. Results Of those tested, 14.6% of those with urine specimens and 4.1% of those with saliva specimens tested positive for illicit drugs. Discussion and Conclusions Drug toxicology can detect unreported illicit drug use during SBIRT screening, with urine being superior to saliva. Scientific Significance Drug toxicology can increase the effectiveness of SBIRT screening in primary care medical clinics. (Am J Addict 2015;24:396 –399)

The Recovery Association Project (RAP) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to creating a vehicle for people in recovery in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area to speak out and challenge the stigma on substance abuse–related issues. RAP's goals are to develop leadership among people in recovery and to support individual recovery through a range of peer-to-peer recovery support services. Core values and principles of RAP include the following beliefs: (1) active citizenship is a stage of recovery—it helps to end the social marginalization that is often involved with a history of addiction; (2) collectively in recovery, we can do together what we could not do alone; and (3) attainment of self-respect, integrity, and development of one's personal gifts is critical to one's recovery. From 2003 to 2007, RAP's Recovery Community Services Program (RCSP)-funded peer recovery services included a recovery center with a drop-in resource center, a wide range of clean-and-sober social and recreational activities,...

This study investigated the dimensional structure of acculturation for three prototypic groups of Asian Americans: those who were more Asian identified, those who were more American identified, and those who were jointly Asian and American identified. Three-way multidimensional scaling revealed a two-dimensional structure in which the first dimension consisted of language and culture domains and the second dimension contained cultural identity and values domains. These findings are consistent with the theoretical literature that distinguishes between external and internal aspects of acculturation (e.g., Kwan & Sodowsky, 1997). The first dimension was salient for the American identified prototype group, the second dimension was salient for the Asian identified group, and both dimensions were salient for the Asian and American identified group. Implications of the dimensional structure are discussed with respect to the predominant models of acculturation and identity for Asian Americans (e.g., Berry, 1989; ...

Infant handling has been documented in numerous species. Among cercopithecines, interaction motivations are reported to range from aunting to kidnapping; these interactions are often distressful for both mother and infant. Here we examine handling by adult female yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) at the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya, using a relatively new, computer-intensive statistical approach of permutation/randomization tests to deal with repeated measures effects and a skewed sample. We hypothesized 1) a tendency for handlers to handle the infants of females ranked similarly or lower than themselves, and 2) more successful infant handling by higher-ranked females, particularly with very young infants. We collected focal data on 23 females (11 mother–infant pairs) over an 11-mo period, with a total of 303 attempted and/or successful “handles” utilized in the permutation analyses. The general patterns apparent in the data seemed to support our hypotheses. However, the permutation tests showed that while females are somewhat more likely to attempt to handle the infants of females ranked “same or lower” than themselves, lower-ranked females are able to prevent more than three-fourths of the attempted interactions, and there is no statistically significant trend for females to successfully handle these infants. Further refinement of the analyses showed no significant tendencies for females to handle those infants ranked “lower” or “immediately lower” than themselves, casting doubt on the significant finding for “same or lower” attempts. Further, there was no significant effect for higher-ranked females to successfully handle an infant during its first month. Thus, rank does not seem to offer any privileges in terms of handling an infant in this population. We believe the permutation tests are an effective way to analyze repeated measures data and offer a more sensitive analysis tool for determining true significance. Am. J. Primatol. 55:117–130, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A popular technique in paleoclimatology is the definition of occurrences of climate-sensitive lithofacies, such as evaporite deposits, using a global grid system. The simplest and most widely used grid systems in paleoclimatology are orthogonal grids that use lines of latitude and longitude as grid-cell boundaries. Occurrences defined using orthogonal grids, however, can differ greatly in size and shape because lines of longitude converge at the poles, distorting the shape of the grid system. As a result of this distortion, the latitude at which the occurrences were defined can affect the number and distribution of occurrences. As an alternative, spherical geodesic systems can be used. Spherical geodesic systems have near-equal area and near-equal shape grid-cells for the entire sphere, which significantly reduce biases introduced by the grid system. Spherical geodesic systems can make paleoclimatic studies using occurrences of climate-sensitive lithofacies more reliable. To make spherical geodesic systems practical for paleoclimate applications, a “tool kit” of programs written in C has been assembled. Four programs are included in the tool kit: DESIGNER, which designs spherical geodesic grids, PLOTTER, which generates import files for Terra Mobilis™ and PGIS/Mac™ to display the grids, MAPPER, which defines occurrences using the grids, and ROTATOR, which rotates data about Euler poles. Middle Devonian evaporite data for North America were compiled to demonstrate each of the functions.

Heavy-volume highways in seasonal frost areas are designed to resist the effects of spring thaw. However, timber access roads, county roads, and other low-volume roads with thin bituminous surfaces can be quite susceptible to pavement damage during midwinter- and spring-thaw periods. To reduce damage to low-volume roads, towns, cities, and states typically either post reductions in allowable load or completely prohibit hauling during damage-susceptible periods. Associated economic impact can be significant. To evaluate the effects of tire pressure on cumulative road damage, a mechanistic pavement design procedure developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for use in seasonal frost areas was used on a matrix of tire pressures, low-volume pavement cross sections, and environmental conditions. A series of computer simulations showed ( a) trucks operating with conventional tire pressures can cause excessive damage, particularly in the form of cracking, to low-volume roads with thin bituminous surfaces during relatively short thaw periods; ( b) pavement damage could be reduced substantially by restricting hauling to trucks operating with reduced tire pressures; and ( c) there are “threshold” tire pressures under which only minimal damage occurs, even during critical spring thaw. These results could influence guidelines for hauling restrictions and, in turn, associated economics.

Previous studies have indicated that persons with co-occurring mental health and substance use problems can benefit by attending dual-focus mutual aid groups. However, to date, a trial to test the efficacy of these groups has not been published.This study randomly assigned 203 substance misusing clients attending a mental health or dual-diagnosis facility to either a dual-focus 12-step group (Double Trouble in Recovery; DTR) or a waiting list control group. Participants were followed for 3-6 months. The primary outcome was substance use (days used in the past 30 with saliva testing to detect under-reporting); secondary outcomes included psychiatric medication adherence, attendance at traditional (single-focus) 12-step meetings (e.g., AA/NA); and improvement in mental health and substance use problems (quality of life). Multilevel model (MLM) regression was used to analyze the nested effect of participants within 8 facilities (7 in New York City and 1 in Michigan). Regression imputation was used to adjust for drug use under-reporting.At follow-up 79% of the subjects were interviewed. In intent to treat analysis, DTR subjects compared with control subjects used alcohol (p=.03) and any substances (p=.02) on fewer days. DTR compared with control subjects were also more likely to rate themselves as experiencing better mental health and fewer substance use problems (p=.001). There were no effects for DTR on drug use only, medication adherence or NA/AA attendance.Findings reported in previous studies on the association between exposure to DTR and reductions in substance use were partially supported in this efficacy trial.

This talk, given at the IMS Regional Conference honoring Bob Hogg (Iowa City, May 16, 1995), discusses the assigning of student projects in an introductory statistics course for liberal arts students. We discuss several examples by way of motivation, discuss the educational reasons one might use student projects, and finally give some practical guidelines to help the project assignment run smoothly.

At many small colleges the only statistics course offered to a mathematics major is the standard sequence in probability and mathematical statistics. This paper offers concrete suggestions on infusing this course with more data and applications so that students coming out of the course better appreciate the nature of statistics as a discipline separate from mathematics.

McGregor, Texas, is the location of a former World War II-era bomb loading plant, named the Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant, which was later converted to a facility for the production of ammonium nitrate composite solid rocket propellants and aircraft jet-assist takeoff (JATO) units for the Air Force. Under successive operating contractors Phillips Petroleum Company (1952-58), Astrodyne Incorporated (1958-59), Rocketdyne (1959-78), and Hercules Incorporated (1978-1995), the McGregor plant expanded into the tactical propulsion market and, using its signature Flexadyne series of CTPB propellants, manufactured rocket motors for air-launched missiles such as Sparrow, Shrike, AIM-9C/D Sidewinder, and Phoenix. By the 1980s, McGregor developed the capability to produce HTPB reduced smoke propellants for AMRAAM, HARM, AIM-9L/M Sidewinder, the Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) and the AGM-130 rocket motor, as well as advanced techniques for manufacturing precision metal parts and rocket motor cases. In June 1994, Hercules announced its intent to cease operations at the McGregor plant and transfer its remaining active tactical production programs to Allegany Ballistics Laboratory in Rocket Center, West Virginia. This transition was completed in 1996 by Alliant Techsystems, which had purchased Hercules’ aerospace business in March 1995. Following a Government assessment, environmental cleanup, and Congressional action, the abandoned plant property was conveyed to the City of McGregor for the purpose of economic development. The history, technical achievements, major products, and notable events and milestones from the long history of the McGregor solid propulsion plant are described.

(1991). Using Euler's Formula to Solve Plane Separation Problems. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 125-130.

The solid rocket-boosted D-21B Mach 3+ ramjet-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was part of one of the most clandestine U.S. reconnaissance programs of the 1960s. Developed by the famed Lockheed Skunk Works, the D-21B, which operated under the mission code name “Senior Bowl,” met with only limited success, but produced a heretofore mostly unknown engineering marvel: an operational segmented solid rocket booster that was one of the largest and longest burning air-launched solid rockets of the period. Based on limited personal accounts and available photographic material, the unique features of the D-21B booster motor are discussed, and design and performance data are reconstructed and presented.

Japanese Lesson Study is a collaborative approach for teachers to plan, present, observe, and critique classroom lessons. Through the lesson study process, teachers systematically and thoughtfully ...

*† Historically, most rocket motor cases for tactical propulsion systems have been constructed of high strength metallic alloys. However, the favorable response of composite cases to insensitive munitions (IM) stimuli (e.g., fast and slow heating, bullet and fragment impact) has generated increased interest in the use of this technology in new, tactical-class rocket motor designs. Most conventional systems employing steel motor cases produce unacceptably violent responses to the IM stimuli. Consequently, the United States Department of Defense and other national defense ministries have pursued the implementation of advanced case designs. Recent research indicates that the use of composite motor case materials in conjunction with reduced-sensitivity solid propellant compositions helps to produce more acceptable reactions to unplanned stimuli for some systems. A survey of recent tactical missile propulsion system designs using graphitecomposite motor cases is discussed, along with data demonstrating improved IM response. The maturity of composite case technology and innovative means of overcoming historically plaguing technical challenges (e.g., fatigue, damage assessment, aeroheating, moisture intrusion) are also briefly discussed.

Publisher Summary CO2 sequestration using carbonate mineralization and employing locally available sources for ultramafic rock was investigated for 300-MW and larger pulverized-coal fired power plants in the U.S. EPA Region II network known as PJM. PJM could deliver up to 147 × 10–3 Metric tons of CO2 daily and using nearby ultramafic resources it is technically feasible to provide all the resources for sequestering this volume of CO2 through mineralization. A Pennsylvania-based central carbonate formation facility located near Allentown, PA would be an appropriate host site for a central carbonate formation plant since Allentown is near the weighted geographical epicenter for the CO2 sources and is accessible to nearby zones in which the carbonates could be stored after formation. The proposed pipeline routes will follow existing right-of-way corridors and permission will need to be secured for 800 km of pipeline ranging in size from 10 to 48 inches. All but 135 km of this right-of-way will be subject to the rigorous administrative safety reviews now mandated by the U.S. Department of Transportation. The capture was considered to be $42 per metric ton of CO2 using an oxy-fired fuel approach. These costs could come down significantly with success in ongoing research.

Permission to archive report in repository granted by Wendy Hausotter, Public Health and Prevention Coordinator, Addictions and Mental Health Division, Problem Gambling Services., The Oregon Gambling Addiction Treatment Foundation commissioned this independent study to measure the estimated prevalence of gambling and problem gambling among Oregon youth ages 13 to 17. This telephone survey of 1000 randomly selected youth in Oregon was conducted in September and October of 1998.

A method and system for examining tissue are provided in which the tissue is maintained in a position so that it may be insonified with a plurality of pulsed spherical or cylindrical acoustic waves. The insonifying acoustic waves are scattered by the tissue so that scattered acoustic radiation including a mix of reflected and transmitted acoustic waves is received. A representation of a portion of the tissue is then derived from the received scattered acoustic radiation.

A method and system of examining tissue are provided in which a field, including at least a portion of the tissue and one or more registration fiducials, is insonified. Scattered acoustic information, including both transmitted and reflected waves, is received from the field. A representation of the field, including both the tissue and the registration fiducials, is then derived from the received acoustic radiation.

In his important article "The Science of Patterns" [9], former MAA president Lynn Steen provides us with a state-of-the-discipline report on modern mathematics. Steen divides the mathematical sciences into three parts "of roughly comparable size": statistical science, core mathematics, and applied mathematics. Currently, core mathematics dominates both the faculty and curriculum of departments of mathematics at liberal arts colleges. Although Steen claims that distinctions between his three divisions may be less "intrinsic differences" than "differences in style, purpose, and history," we feel recognition of these differences can be an important benefit to the community of liberal arts colleges, where practicalities dictate that all three divisions of the mathematical sciences be housed in a single department. In particular, a broadened view of the mathematical sciences can energize a mathematics department by increasing enrollments, the number of majors, the number of students going on to graduate school, and the general level of enthusiasm for studying the mathematical sciences. Below we outline some of the essential differences between statistics and core mathematics and discuss some practical curricular implications that these differences have for a mathematics department at a liberal arts college. We concentrate on statistics rather than applied mathematics because we are statisticians. Statistics is underrepresented among mathematics faculty at liberal arts colleges in the United States. A recent survey [8] of mathematics departments at liberal arts colleges suggests that approximately half of all such departments have no one with an advanced degree in statistics and only 12.5% have more than one such person. And, unlike the situation at many universities, if statisticians are employed at liberal arts colleges they will generally be housed in the department of mathematics, since mathematics is the traditional liberal arts discipline most closely aligned with statistics. Because the responsibility of statistics education at most liberal arts colleges rests with the mathematics department, it is imperative that the department recognize the fundamental differences between statistics and core mathematics and ensure that their statistics curriculum reflects these differences. Core mathematics and statistics differ in two fundamental ways. Both fields look for structure and patterns, but core mathematics looks in the abstract arena of space and number while statistics looks at data from other, nonmathematical subject areas. Hence core mathematics and statistics differ in their objects of study. They also differ in their methods. The emphasis in mathematical thinking is on deduction. For example, the axioms of classical group theory form a framework from which theorems can be derived. Naturally, in the discovery of new truths inductive reasoning and exploration are essential tools. In developing a new

Statisticians and others who teach statistics at liberal arts colleges enjoy opportunities and encounter difficulties that are unique to the liberal arts setting. In July 1987 a small group of statisticians participated in a workshop at which discussion focused on three major issues: statistics in the liberal arts, the teaching of statistics, and the role of a statistician at a liberal arts college. By summarizing our discussion in this report we hope to provide support for statisticians at liberal arts colleges and to initiate discussion directed toward giving statistics education a prominent position in the liberal arts curriculum.

It is shown that a phase transition for the Ising model on a tree graph can be detected by the limiting behavior of the magnetization. The relevant limit theorems are special cases of limit theorems for multitype branching processes.

Of 182 Swiss-strain mice injected intramuscularly with aurothioglucose 37 ultimately became obese. Development of obesity was followed for 100 days with records of food consumed, gains in weight, and fecal production. Eighty days after injections ten obese and ten control mice were multiply infected with pretreated cysticercoids of Hymenolepis diminuta. Ten days later hosts were sacrificed and tapeworms recovered. Lengths and weights were recorded and whole mounts prepared. Obese hosts consumed on the average 3 g more food per day, were 2.3 times heavier, and had small intestines one-third longer than control mice, and yielded, unexpectedly, worms significantly shorter and lighter in weight than those from normal mice. Moreover, worms from obese hosts had only 35 nearmature and mature proglottids; whereas, worms from controls had 117. Possible explanations of these inhibitions are discussed. Albino mice can be induced by injections of aurothioglucose to become obese (Brecher and Waxier, 1949; Waxier and Brecher, 1950). Obesity results from overeating following, it is believed (Liebelt and Perry, 1957), chemical destruction of the satiation center of the hypothalamus. These mice show increases in adipose tissue, hepatic centro-lobular infiltration of fat, and histochemically demonstrable gold in the reticulo-endothelial cells of various organs (Waxler and Brecher, 1950). The main purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether increased amounts of food passing through the digestive tract of Swiss-strain mice made obese by gold thioglucose would affect the growth of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aurothioglucose is used medically in the alleviation of arthritic and other symptoms. A commercial product (Solganal, Schering Corporation, Bloomfield, New Jersey), consisting of a 10% suspension (100 mg/ml) of gold thioglucose in sesame oil with 2% aluminum stearate, was used for the injections. Mice, 18 to 25 g, were given total intramuscular injections of 20 to 25 mg of Received for publication 11 January 1963. * This investigation was supported in part by Research Grant PHS E-795 from the Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. aurothioglucose divided into two equal doses into each thigh. The LD5o for such injections is 23 mg for a 20-g mouse (Waxler and Brecher, 1950). One-third of mice surviving this injection usually become obese (Waxler and Brecher, loc. cit.), and although both sexes are susceptible, only males were used because they tend to exceed females in obesity (Brecher and Waxier, 1949). Control mice were randomly selected from the same weight and age groups. Data on food consumed, feces produced, and weight changes in the mice were collected at frequent intervals. Mice were housed in individual cages beneath which were placed aluminum foil trays lined with paper toweling to absorb urine. Each day the contents of these trays were collected, dried for 24 hr at room temperature, and sifted to separate food particles from the droppings. The food consumed was the amount in the tray plus that still in the cage subtracted from the weighed daily amount given. The separated fecal pellets were sealed in aluminum foil, frozen, and finally weighed after drying at 120 C for 24 hr. All mice were weighed every 5 days. One hundred eighty-two mice were used; of these 107 survived (59%) and 37 (35% of survivors) became obese. Ten obese mice (56.7 g mean weight) and ten normal mice (24.4 g mean weight) were each given seven cysticercoids of H. diminuta which had been pretreated with 0.5% pepsin in 0.85% saline for 12 to 14 hr. Obese mice were challenged 80 days postinjection with aurothioglucose. Both groups of mice were the same age at challenge and were fed, postinfection, ad lib. on laboratory chow (Purina-Ralston Co., St. Lo is, Missouri). Mice were sacrificed 10 days after challenge and all tapeworms recovered. After physical measure