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658. Ashaninka Oldfield Mouse Thomasomys onkiro French: Thomasomys de Luna / German: Ashaninka-Paramomaus / Spanish: Raton de erial de los Ashaninkas Other common names: Ashaninka Thomasomys Taxonomy. 7 Thomasomys onkiro Luna & Pacheco, 2002, Vilcabamba Cordillera, between the Ene and Urubamba rivers, Satipo, Junin, Peru. This species is monotypic. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in S Peru. Ecuadorean records from Tapichalaca Biological Reserve need confirmation. Descriptive notes. Head—body 94-114 mm, tail 144-159 mm, ear 19-20 mm, hindfoot 26-28 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Fur of the Ashaninka Oldfield Mouse is soft, dense, and comparatively long. Dorsum is buffy brown and not countershaded with ventral pelage, which is buffy yellow. Mystacial vibrissae are moderately long, extending slightly beyond posterior margin of pinnae when bent. Tail is much longer than head-body length (131-153%) and unicolored with terminal white tip. Hindfoot is moderately long and narrow; dorsal surface is a mixture of dark brown and whitish hairs to bases of digits, uniformly silvery white. Ears are small, outer and inner edges covered with short, dark-brown hair. Hallux is moderate long. Habitat. Elfin forest patches dominated by Polylepis (Rosaceae), Weinmannia (Cunoniaceae), and Chusquea bamboos (Poaceae) in places with deep moss. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Ashaninka Oldfield Mouse is probably terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Ashaninka Oldfield Mouse is known from only a single location, and although it occurs in a protected area (Otishi National Park), the surrounding region is rapidly being converted to human use. Bibliography. Emmons et al. (2001), Luna & Pacheco (2002), Moreno & Albuja (2012), Pacheco (2015b), Pacheco & Vargas (2008e), Pacheco et al. (2009), Quintana (2011)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 500, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

142. Prairie Vole Microtus ochrogaster French: Campagnol des Prairies / German: Prairiewihimaus / Spanish: Topillo de pradera Taxonomy. Hypudadeus ochrogaster Wagner, 1843, America. Fixed by B. P. Bole, Jr. and P. N. Moulthrop in 1942 at “New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana,” USA. Seven subspecies are recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. M. o. ochrogaster Wagner, 1843 — from extreme SE South Dakota, E Nebraska, E Kansas, and extreme NE Oklahoma E to SW Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and extreme NE Alabama, USA. M.o.haydeniiBaird,1858—fromNEM.o.attheCanadianborderandNWNorthDakotaStoNENewMexicoandCOklahoma,USA. M.o.ludovicianusBailey,1900—disjunctlimitedrangeontheSETexasandSWLouisianacoast,USA. M.o.minorMerriam,1888—fromCAlbertaandCSaskatchewan,Canada,SEtoSESouthDakota,SMinnesota,andCWisconsin,USA. M.o.ohionensisBole&M.o.,1942—WOhio,EKentucky,andWWestVirginia,USA. M.o.similisSeveringhaus,1977—fromCM.o.StoCWyomingandextremeSWSouthDakota,USA. M. o. taylori Hibbard & Rinker, 1943 — SW Kansas and extreme NW Oklahoma, USA. Descriptive notes. Head-body 106-131 mm, tail 24-41 mm, ear 11-15 mm, hindfoot 17-22 mm; weight 37-48 g. Sexual dimorphism is minimal. Dorsal fur of Prairie Voles has coarse, relatively long hairs that are grayish brown to dark bister (brownish yellow) and grizzled. Venter is neutral gray or washed with white or pale cinnamon. Wild and captive color variants include blonde, silver, smoky, melanistic, albinistic, and white-spotted. Females have three pairs of mammae, and flank glands are poorly developed. M, has three transverse loops and no closed triangles; M” has two closed triangles. Dental formula is I 1/1,C0/0,P0/0,M 3/3 (x2) = 16. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 52 or 54, FN = 64. Habitat. Grassland habitats and frequently agriculturalfields. Food and Feeding. Prairie Voles eat grasses, forbs, and occasionally shrubs and trees. Common plants consumed include a variety of herbs and grasses (Andropogon, Bouteloua, Bromus, Dactylis, Festuca, Poa, and Sporobolus, all Poaceae). When found in agricultural or suburban settings, they can cause major harm to young, planted trees, including pines (Pinus spp., Pinaceae). Plants can be cached underground. Breeding. Prairie Voles breed year-round, but activity is greatest in May—October and lowest in December—January. Prairie Voles are considered monogamous; male-female pairs form strong bonds and provide equal care of young. Activity patterns. Prairie Voles are active throughout the year and day. Activity patterns are influenced by weather conditions. On hot days, they tend to be more active in evening and at night; during cold periods, they are more active diurnally. In captivity, peak activity is before midnight. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Prairie Voles build extensive runways systems, and suitable cover for runaways is a critical habitat requirement. Each runway has a long, meandering main branch, with numerousside branches. Subterranean nests and food caches—some more than 2 m deep—are associated with these runways. Nests can also be found under boards or logs. Availability of food and abiotic factors are thought to be key drivers of recorded population cycles. Although long thought to be distinct cycles, long-term population studies suggest a lack of regularity. Density of runwaysis correlated with density of Prairie Voles and might be important in individual spacing and avoidance. Lowest survivorship of males occurs during increasing and peak phases of population change. Young Prairie Voles exclusively use ultrasonic vocalizations, but adult males also use them to possibly communicate reproductive availability. Prairie Voles are important prey for various predators. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust. Bibliography. Batzli et al. (1977), Bole & Moulthrop (1942), Caire et al. (1989), Getz et al. (1987), Hall (1981), Krebs et al. (1969), McGuire et al. (1993), Musser & Carleton (2005), Reed & Choate (1988), Stalling (1990)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 337-338, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

91. European Snow Vole Chionomys nivalis French: Campagnol des neiges / German: Schneemaus / Spanish: Topillo nival europeo Other common names: Snow Vole Taxonomy. Arvicola nivalis Martins, 1842, Faulhorn, Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. Chionomys nivalis is in the nivalis species group. In the past, C. nivalis was included in the genus Microtus. Taxonomic status of C. lay: taxon named by A. E. Zykov in 2004 from Zagros Mountains, Iran, is not known. Subsequent list of subspecies is tentative. Subspecies can be arranged into two groups, nivalis group with all subspecies except dementievi, which is in a group on its own (dementievi group). Thirteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. n. nivalis Martins, 1842 — Alps. OOND no. abulensis Morales, 1936 — Iberian Peninsula.. aleco Paspalev, V. Martino & Pesheyv, 1952 — E Balkan Peninsula. 9. appenninicus Dal Piaz, 1929 — Italian Peninsula.. cedrorum Spitzenberger, 1973 — Taurus Mts and SW Anatolia, Turkey. 3. dementievi Heptner, 1939 — S Turkmenistan and NE Iran.. hermonis G. S. Miller, 1908 — Lebanon, W & S Syria, and extreme N Israel. OAD Ss. malyi Bolkay, 1925 — W Balkan Peninsula.. mirhanreini Schafer, 1935 — Tatra Mts in S Poland and Slovakia.. olympus Neuhauser, 1936 — NW Anatolia, N Turkey. 83 £. pontius G. S. Miller, 1908 — NE Anatolia, NE Turkey. n. trialeticus Shidlovsky, 1919 — Caucasus. C. n. ulpius G. S. Miller, 1908 — E & S Carpathian Mts in SW Ukraine and Romania. Also present in S France, S Turkey (Hatay Province), and NW Iran, but subspecies involved not known. Descriptive notes. Head-body 107-143 mm, tail 40-75 mm; weight 29-5-62 g. The European Snow Vole closely resembles the Gudaur Snow Vole (C. gud), but it is considerably more variable in size, relative tail length, color, and craniodental morphology. Significant variation is in response to narrow local conditions, and neighboring populations can look quite different. Some populations are short-tailed, and others have relatively long tails. European Snow Voles from humid regions tend to be darker (dark brown back and dull gray belly), and those from arid regions are paler (light buffy back and grayish white belly). Various intermediate color types are known. Fur is soft and long. Guard hairs are thicker than in other arvicolines; diameter of shaft is 13— 16 pm, and diameter ofshield is 35-45 pm. Skull of the European Snow Vole is similar to that of the Gudaur Snow Vole, exceptit is deeper and has larger bullae. Compared with the Gudaur Snow Vole, M* of the European Snow Vole tends to have simpler morphology and is narrower posteriorly; typically, there are three inner salient angles. Habitat. Rocky substrates, specifically in fissures and cracks with stable temperature and high humidity. Despite habitats of accumulated rocks, cliffs, and escarpments that are naturally fragmented into “continental archipelagos” being more common at higher elevations, European Snow Voles are found at elevations of 30-4700 m. Although they penetrate deep into forests as long as suitable rocky substrate is available, they prefer sites with grasses and sparse vegetation. Food and Feeding. The European Snow Vole eats leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots. Most frequently eaten include hawkweed (Hieracium silvestre), Alpine coltsfoot (Homogyne alpina), hawksbeards (Crepis blattarioides and C. aurea), Clavena’s yarrow (Achillea clavennae), and thistle (Cirsium), all Asteraceae; bluegrass (Poa annua and P. chaixii), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa), red fescue (Festuca rubra), and reed grass (Calamagrostis arundinacea), all Poaceae; spreading bellflower (Campanula abietina, Campanulaceae); myrtle blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, Ericaceae); strawberry (Fragaria vesca) and dwarf yellow cinquefoil (Potentilla aurea), both Rosaceae; sedge Carex sempervirens (Cyperaceae); red clover (Trifolium pratense) and bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), both Fabaceae. Mosses and lichens can be an important dietary component. Mean daily intake is 51-9 g of fresh matter, corresponding to 8-1 g of dry matter. Daily energy budget does not depend on season. The European Snow Vole hoards, dries, and stores plants for winter use. Caches are gathered under rocks and in fissures where they are protected from rain. It is also reported that burrows contain one or more caches. Breeding. Breeding season coincides with snow-free period. Gravid females were collected in March—-November, with considerable variation among regions. In general, breeding season is shorter as elevation increases. Gestation lasts 20-22 days. Females in early litters can become sexually mature and reproduce before their first winter, but breeding activity of males is postponed until the next season. Females normally have 2 litters/season, although some authors report third and even fourth litters. Numbers of embryos are 2-6/female, with means of 3-3-3 in the Alps and 4-1 in Anatolia. Litters have 1-4 young. Newborns weight 3-2-4 g. Eyes open at 13 days old, and youngstart to leave nests at 2-3 weeks old. About 33% of young die before weaning. Survival rate of females is high, and maximum observed life span is 36 months. Activity patterns. Captive European Snow Voles showed polyphasic activity, with main peak during night and another one at ¢.14:00 h. Observations in the wild demonstrated plasticity in activity. European Snow Voles can be crepuscular yearround, nocturnal mainly in summer, and diurnal in winter. They find shelter among rocks. Opinions on whether they dig at all are contradictory. Nesting chamber is lined with dry grass. Movements, Home range and Social organization. European Snow Voles walk, run, and climb. When out of the nest, they try to stay sheltered in rocks. Adult males have larger home ranges (mean 332 m?) than adult females (207 m?) and immature individuals (104 m*). Home ranges are fairly stable and independent of season or density. Female home ranges do not overlap, but male home ranges overlap with several female home ranges. Home ranges are marked with urine and feces. European Snow Voles are reported to be docile. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Janeau & Aulagnier (1997), Krapp (1982a), Kratochvil (1981), Krystufek & Kovaci¢ (1989), KryStufek & Vohralik (2005), Krystufek, Klenovsek et al. (2015), Martirosjan (1970), Nadachowski (1991), Yannic et al. (2012), Zykov (2004)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 319, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

518. Andean Rat Lenoxus apicalis French: Akodon des Andes / German: Andenratte / Spanish: Rata de los Andes Other common names: White-tailed Akodont Taxonomy. Oxymycterus apicalis J. A. Allen, 1900, “Juliaca, Peru, altitude 6000 feet [= 1830 m].” Corrected by J. A. Allen in 1901 to “Inca Mines [= Santo Domingo Mine], about 200 miles [= 322 km] northeast ofJuliaca, on the east side of the Andes on the Inambary River [= Rio Inambari],” Puno, Peru. Lenoxus apicalis 1s the type species of the genus Lenoxus. Validity of subspecies boliviae named by C. C. Sanborn in 1950, erected to distinguish Bolivian populations, deserves additional assessment. Monotypic. Distribution. SE Peru and NW Bolivia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 118-1650 mm, tail 133-185 mm, ear 21 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Andean Rat is medium-sized, generally dull blackish washed with gray above, darker on medial area, more grayish on sides, and graybrown tinged slightly with buff on venter. Ears are small but exposed, pale brown and thinly haired. Tail is moderately long (equal to or greater than head-body length), uniformly gray-brown above and below, and with white tip that strongly contrasts basal portion. White tail tip is present in all specimens but varies in length from about one-sixth to one-third of the total tail length. Tail is thinly haired, with scale annuli quite visible. Plantar surfaces of hindfeet are naked, except on heels; dorsal surface is gray contrasting white toes. Claws of manus and pes are short, not stoutly developed as in species of Oxymycterus. The Andean Rat is easily distinguished by its large size, blackish color, and very long white-tipped tail. Habitat. Cloud forest and upper montane forest on eastern Andean slopes at elevations of 1500-2500 m. Peruvian specimens of the Andean Rat were trapped in runways along moss-covered tree roots or among dense ferns on floors of elfin forests. Moderate numbers of the Andean Rat were caught while surveying small mammals in two Peruvian localities along Tambopata River at elevations of 1600-1985 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Allen (1900, 1901b), Anderson (1997), Dunnum, Bernal, Zeballos & Vivar (2016), Hinojosa et al. (1987), Pacheco et al. (2011), Patton (2015b), Reig (1987), Sanborn (1950)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 461, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

10. Striped Dwarf Hamster Cricetulus barabensis French: Hamster de Chine / German: Daurischer Zwerghamster / Spanish: Hamster enano rayado Taxonomy. Mus barabensis Pallas, 1773, Kasmalinskii Bor, banks of Ob River, W Siberia, Russia. Cricetulus barabensis is in the barabensis species group. In the past, there was confusion about taxonomy of griseus and pseudogriseus, which were eitherlisted as species on their own right or subspecies of barabensis. Both griseus (2n = 22) and pseudogriseus (2n = 24) differ in karyotypes from barabensis (2n = 20), but all chromosomal forms intebreed successfully. Up to six subspecies have been recognized, but actual number is not established with certainty. Subspecific differentiation needs to be clarified pending further studies. Treated here as monotypic. Distribution. NE Kazakhstan, Russia (W Siberia from Irtysh River E through Transbaikalia to Ussuri region in Russian Far East), Mongolia, N, NE & C China, and extreme NW & NE Korean Peninsula. Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-124 mm, tail 15-33 mm, ear 14-18 mm, hindfoot 13-19 mm; weight 20-60 g. Dorsal pelage of the Striped Dwarf Hamster is light graybrown to reddish, with mid-dorsalstripe that is prominent or obscured. Ventral pelage is gray, and hairs have gray bases and white tips. Ears are blackish and white framed. Tail is ¢.30% of head-body length;it is dark above and lighter below. Skull has proportionally long rostrum and nasal bones and moderately large braincase. Interoribial region is broad and without supraorbital ridges. Snout is short. Auditory bullae are large. Molars are low-crowned, with cusps arranged in two parallel series. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 20-24 and FN = 38. Habitat. Arid areas such as steppe, forest steppe, and semi-deserts; frequently found in river valleys, close to other water sources, in croplands, and sometimes in houses. Food and Feeding. The Striped Dwarf Hamster eats grains, legumes, leaves, and insects. Food is transported in pouches that can carry 3—4 g (exceptionally up to 10 g); green particles were rarely found in pouches. Hoarding of food starts in autumn and caches can contain up to 500 g of grain. Breeding. Reproduction starts in February-March and ends in November—January. There are two peaks in reproduction: March-April and autumn. Females carry 4-10 embryos (usually 6-7) and have 2-5 litters/season. Latelitters are larger on average; e.g. in Kazakhstan, mean count of embryos is 7-7 in September and 5-7 in June. Newborns weight 1-7 g. Striped Dwarf Hamsters become sexually mature in 22-27 days of age when males weigh 17-18 g. Young females were found pregnant at 14 g. Life expectancy is 1-2 years. In a study in Beijing, China, sex ratio was slightly female biased (1 male:1-1 females) for the entire population, but males outnumbered females in adult and the oldage groups. Density has two seasonal peaks at high densities—one in April and one in August—and a single peak at low densities in March—May. Mating system is polygamous. Activity patterns. The Striped Dwarf Hamster is nocturnal, active mainly in the first one-half of the night. During the night, individuals can move up to 50-70 m from burrows. The Striped Dwarf Hamster hibernates. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Striped Dwarf Hamsters dig burrows with 2-3 entrances and 4-5 chambers for food storage and nesting. Tunnels are c.l m long and descend 10-50 cm; they are initially vertical for 10-20 cm and oblique or horizontal afterward. Winter nest is deeper (up to 1 m) than summer nest (40-60 cm). Striped Dwarf Hamsters are solitary for most of the year, but a burrow can be occupied by 4-8 individuals. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Batsaikhan, Samiya et al. (2014), Batsaikhan, Tinnin, Shar et al. (2016), Corbet (1978), Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Malygin et al. (1992), Musser & Carleton (2005), Poplavskaya et al. (2013), Smith & Hoffmann (2008), Zhang Jie (1986), Zhu Shengkan & Qin Zhiheng (1991)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 284, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

510. Long-tailed Field Mouse Apodemus sylvaticus French: Mulot sylvestre / German: \Waldmaus / Spanish: Ratén de campo de cola larga Other common names: Small Wood Mouse, Wood Mouse Taxonomy. Mus sylvaticus Linnaeus, 1758, Uppsala , Sweden. Apodemus sylvaticus was included in the Syl vaemus group on morphological grounds by G. G. Musser and colleagues in 1996. Its abundance in Europe has made it the subject of many morphological and morpho-anatomical studies as well as genetic ones, as summarized by Musser and M. D. Carleton in 2005. Of the latest molecular phylogenies, that by H. Suzuki and coworkers in 2008 confirmed the position of A. sylvaticus in a Sylvaemus group and a A. sylvaticus clade including A. alpicola, A. flavicollis, and A. ponticus, while the Liu Qi team in 2012 and J. Darvish and colleagues in 2015 found A. sylvaticus to besister taxon of a clade including A. flavicollis + A. uralensis + A. alpicola. Monotypic. Distribution. Widespread in Europe (from Iceland, Britain, and Iberia E to S Norway, S Sweden, Belarus, SW European Russia, E Ukraine, and the Balkan Peninsula) and in coastal and mountainous regions of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 80-110 mm, tail 70-115 mm, ear 15-18 mm, hindfoot 20-23 mm; weight 14-30 g. The Long-tailed Field Mouse, a small brownish mouse with large naked ears and bicolored tail, has dorsal pelage rufous brown or gray and ventral pelage grayish white. Tail is long (c.107% of head-body length), with small scales arranged in rings, and is brown above and white below. Colors ofdorsal and ventral pelage vary geographically in darkness/paleness. Females bear three pairs of mammae. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48, FN = 43. Habitat. Long-tailed Field Mice prefer forest or forest edges but are found in wide variety of habitats, from deciduous to coniferous forests and to gardens, hedgerows, or cultivated fields, from sea level to 2000 m elevation. Food and Feeding. This Long-tailed Field Mouse is omnivorous, but predominant food is seeds and acorns, followed by fruits, flowers, stems, fungi, and insects, snails, and earthworms,all these in variable proportions. It forages in trees or on/in ground. Breeding. Reproduction is dependent on locality and weather conditions, occurring mainly during spring, summer, and beginning of autumn, but in favorable climate during whole year. Gestation period is 20-22 days, and litter consists of 2-9 (average 4-5) young. Blind and naked at birth, young open eyes at day 13 and are weaned at 18-21 days. Young born in spring may reproduce during same season; those born in autumn will reach sexual maturity in following spring. In study of paternity of offspring of females from wild Long-tailed Field Mouse populations in Northern Ireland, number of embryos varied from fourto six and these (as well as females) were genotyped: 53-8% of litters showed multiple paternity (up to three different males per litter) during May-July, which suggested common polyandry among females of this species, as well as probable polygynous males. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Field Mice is nocturnal, arboreal, and subterranean. It is a good climber and can jump well. Nests are either in trees or in burrows or natural subterranean shelters. It digs burrows that contain a nestlined with dry vegetation and a storage chamber. Movements, Home range and Social organization. A study in England found that, when cerealfields in which Long-tailed Field Mice foraged were harvested, the mice either reduced their activity or moved to more suitable vegetation patches: of 32radiocollared individuals, 17 were caught by predatorsin less than a week after harvest, and this, combined with emigration, meant that the species’ population in the field was reduced by 80%. Long-tailed Field Mice can reach density of 50-100 ind/ha. Radiotracking of adult males in deciduous woodland during breeding and non-breeding seasons revealed that home range was five times larger in breeding season; territories in woodland were 28 times smallerthan those in sand-dune habitats; mean speed of mice was higher in sand dune (3-4 m/s) than in woodlands (1-4 m/s) during breeding season and slower in non-breeding period; average total distance traveled per night was 320 m in woodland against 1201 m in sand dune. In Mediterranean agro-forestry environments, another radio-tracking study showed high variability in home range size, reaching mean of 1-1 ha + 0-92 SD, with no difference between sexes. Population density varies according to available resources and with seasonal variation in acorn supply on ground. During winter large communal nests are used. Communal breeding occurs, but apparently only when ecological factors oblige females to raise young together, and involving only dominant and non-dominant females of same family. Dominant sisters or unrelated females never breed communally. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List because the speciesis widespread and very common. Bibliography. Aulagnier et al. (2009), Booth et al. (2007), Corbet (1978), Corp et al. (1997), Darvish et al. (2015), Gerlach & Bartmann (2002), Happold (2013a), Liu Qi et al. (2012), Michaux et al. (2003), Musser & Carleton (2005), Musser et al. (1996), Quéré & Le Louarn (2011), Rosalino et al. (2011), Sunyer et al. (2016), Suzuki et al. (2008), Tew & Macdonald (1994)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 780-781, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

25. Dark-colored Brush-furred Rat Lophuromys aquilus French: Rat-hérissé du Kilimandjaro / German: Dunkle Birstenhaarmaus / Spanish: Rata de pelaje de cepillo de dorso OScuro Taxonomy. Mus aquilus True, 1892, “Mount Kilima-Njaro at an elevation of 8,000 feet [= 2600 m],” Tanzania. Lophuromys aquilus was initially considered a species of Mus and then a species of Lophuromys by G. Dollman in 1909. Before molecular and morphometric analysis by W. N. Verheyen and colleagues in 2007, L. aquilus was synonymized with L. flavopunctatus, with new specimens allowing more precise morphometric analyses. G. G. Musser and M. D. Carleton in 2005 removed it from L. flavopunctatus but gave it a greater geographical distribution and many synonyms. Verheyen and colleagues in 2007 restricted its distribution to the Mount Kilimanjaro mountain forest. F. Dieterlen in 2008 and 2013 still considered it a synonym of L. flavopunctatus, an opinion not followed by A. Monadjem and colleagues in 2015 or here. Monotypic. Distribution. Mt Kilimanjaro, N Tanzania. Descriptive notes. Head—body 117-145 mm, tail 66-84 mm, ear 14-5-19-7 mm, hindfoot 20-24 mm; weight 36-80 g. Discrete sexual dimorphism has been reported. The Dark-colored Brush-furred Rat is characterized by long and narrow rostrum and narrow zygomatic plate. Karyotype is 2n = 68. Habitat. Mountain forest and moorlands at elevations of 1700-3600 m. Dark-colored Brush-furred Rats are found in different habitats on slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro including cultivated fields, shrubby areas, degraded mountain forest, and mountain forest and alpine moorland—all characterized by more than 2000 mm of rainfall/year, important variation in intensity of daily sunshine (clear to misty), and high temperature fluctuations between day and night (regular nightly frost occurs in moorlands). Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. The Dark-colored Brushfurred Rat was considered a synonym of the Buffsspotted Brush-furred Rat (L. flavopunctatus), which was classified as Least Concern. Bibliography. Corti et al. (2000), Dieterlen (2008, 2013g), Dollman (1909), Monadjem et al. (2015), Mulungu et al. (2008), Musser & Carleton (2005), Stanley et al. (2014), Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx, Mulungu et al. (2007), Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx & Verheyen (2002)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 607, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

185. Greater Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse Chiropodomys major French: Grande Souris-a-pinceau / German: Grol3e Pinselschwanz-Baummaus / Spanish: Raton arboricola de cola de lapiz mayor Other common names: Large Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse, Large Sunda Tree Mouse Taxonomy. Chiropodomys major Thomas, 1893, “Sadong, Sarawak,” Malaysia. Morphological features align C. major with C. calamianensis of Palawan and nearby islands. Type locality of major is in southern Sarawak. Two other named forms currently linked to C. majorare legatus and pictor, both described by O. Thomas in 1911 and both from Mount Kinabalu, in Sabah. Although pictor was associated with C. gliroides by|. R. Ellerman and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott in 1951, the identity of both with C. major was posited by Lord Medway and supported by G. G.Musser. Monotypic. Distribution. Borneo, where currently recorded only from Sarawak and Sabah (Malaysia), but probably found also in Kalimantan (Indonesia). Descriptive notes. Head—body 94-114 mm, tail 109-144 mm, ear 13-27 mm, hindfoot 21-28 mm; weight 32-43 g. Some evidence for weak, male-biased sexual dimorphism in length and body weight. The largest of the three Borneo species of Chiropodomys, with typical body form for this arboreal genus—short head with large eyes, moderately large, thinly furred ears, and elongate, narrow vibrissae that, folded back, extend up to halfway along length of body; slender body clothed in short, soft and dense fur with inconspicuous scattered guard hairs; short, broad hindfoot with nailed hallux and short, recurved claws on second to fourth digits; and elongate, well-furred tail with distinct brush or terminal tuft. Coloration of the Greater Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse features grayish-brown or grayish-tawny fur on dorsum, grayerflanks, and usually white or cream (less often pale buffy-white) venter. Venter is always sharply delimited from flanks, but there is no intervening buffy strip. Cheeks are usually white, less commonly gray. Ears are dark brown. Foreand hindfeet proportionally larger than in some species of Chiropodomys, though less so than those of Koopman’s Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse (C. karlkoopmani). Forefeet are white; hindfeet also white, except for strip of brown hairs down midline from ankle to base of digits. Tail,slightly shorter relative to headbody length than in other members of genus, is uniformly dark, with brown-pigmented scales and fine brown hairs, or irregularly bicolored, with patches of white or cream skin and hairs along ventral surface. Two mammae on each side, both inguinal. Skull is distinguishable from those of congeners by combination oflarge size,relatively gracile incisors, less reduced molars, and moderately large auditory bullae. Habitat. Currently known only from tropical forest habitats, including lowland forest in Sarawak and Sabah, and lower montane forest between 900 m and 1500 m on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah. Other species of genus persist following conversion of primary/secondary forests to plantations and gardens, but whether this is true also for the Greater Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse is not known. Food and Feeding. Greater Pencil-tailed Tree Mice are presumably mainly herbivorous. Breeding. Four individuals tracked by the line-and-spool method in primary rainforest at 800-900 m in Sabah entered refuges in diverse positions: one in a tree hollow c.4 m above ground, one in a den c¢.5 m aboveground in stump of a dead tree, and two in holes near tree roots and a log. Activity patterns. Study of activity patterns in primary rainforest at 800-900 m in Sabah documented a highly arboreal lifestyle, but with regular excursions on to ground. Scheduling was not examined, but most individuals were trapped at night. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Largest recorded movement was of 113 m between capturesites. Estimates home ranges for frequently captured individuals (presumed residents) varied from 1600 m? to 4600 m? for males and 200 m? to 2600 m” for females. Ranges were overlapping, both within and between sexes, with each individual likely to encounter several others of each sex within its range. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Lunde, Ruedas & Helgen (2008), Medway (1965), Musser (1979), Payne et al. (1985), Thomas (1893d, 1911f), Wells et al. (2004)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 662, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

792. Tate’s Sulawesian Shrew Rat Tateomys rhinogradoides French: Rat de Tate / German: Tate-Sulawesi-Spitzmausratte / Spanish: Rata musarana de Célebes de Tate Other common names: Tate's Shrew Rat Taxonomy. Tateomys rhinogradoides Musser, 1969, “Latimodjong Gebirge, southwest-ern Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia]... at an elevation of 2200 meters.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to C Sulawesi, known only from Mt Nokilalaki, Mt Rorekatimbo, Mt Tokala, Mt Gandangdewata, and Mt Latimodjong. Descriptive notes. Head-body 137- 156 mm, tail 152-170 mm, ear 17-24 mm, hindfoot 36-38 mm; weight 88-98 g. Tate’s Sulawesian Shrew Ratis characterized by dark brown body, with grayish buff underparts. Pelt is short and dense and has velvet taint. Tail is longer than head-body length. Eyes are rather small. Forefeet are robust, with large cylindrical claws nearly as long as their digits; hindfeet are slender and long, with long digits and claws. Skull is typical, with long and narrow rostrum, delicately build zygomatic arch, and basicranium. Nasal and premaxillary form short tube projecting beyond incisors; interorbital region is wide and inflated; and braincase is rounded and inflated. Reduced zygomatic plate is placed above first upper molars. Squamosal part of zygomatic arch is placed just in front of upper part of tympanic bullae and not as close to bulla as on the Diurnal Sulawesian Shrew Rat (Melasmothrix naso) and the Long-tailed Sulawesian Shrew Rat (Tateomys macrocercus). Basicranium is elongated. Pterygoid regionis elongated, with narrow mesopterygoid and pterygoid regions. Tympanic bullae are small, with large external auditory meatus and elongated narrow eustachian tube. Orthodont upper incisors are short, and proodont lower incisors are long. Incisor enamel is unpigmented, and upper incisors have V-shaped cutting edge tips. Cheek teeth are low crowned, with basins and simplified cusp topography. There are five roots for M', four for M?, and three for M’ and two roots for m,, two for m,, and two for m,. There are two pairs of inguinal mammae. Habitat. High-elevation mossy montane forest habitats at elevations of 2110-2600 m. Food and Feeding. Based on feeding trials and stomach contents, Tate’s Sulawesian Shrew Rat eats only earthworms. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Tate’s Sulawesian Shrew Rat is nocturnal and likely terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Very little is known aboutits abundance and distribution of Tate’s Sulawesian Shrew Rat. More surveys are required for this highland Sulawesi endemic. Distribution. Known only from type locality on C Halmahera I, Indonesia. Bibliography. Achmadi et al. (2014), Maryanto et al. (2009), Musser (1969b, 1982a), Musser & Carleton (2005), Musser & Durden (2002), Rowe et al. (2016a)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 877, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

392. Mount Elgon Vlei Rat Otomys jacksoni French: Otomys de Jackson / German: Mount-Elgon-Lamellenzahnratte / Spanish: Rata de laguna de Elgon Taxonomy. Otomys jacksoni Thomas, 1891, “Mount Elgon, 13200 ft [= 4023 m],” Uganda. Although previously included in O. typus, O. jackson: differs from it in body size, number of M® lamina, and genetically. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from Mt Elgon, E Uganda and W Kenya. Descriptive notes. Head-body 120-171 mm, tail 57-82 mm, ear 19-26 mm, hindfoot 19-26 mm; weight 70-121 g. The Mount Elgon Vlei Rat is medium to large in size and robust, with large blunt head,shorttail, and shaggy fur; it is the smallest of the O. typus species group. Fur coloris not clearly distinct from the Ethiopian Vlei Rat (O. typus). Lower incisors each have two deep grooves. M, has four laminae, and M? has seven laminae. Habitat. Dense grasslands in alpine zone at elevations of 3300-4200 m. The Mount Elgon Vlei Rat avoids wet swampy areas occupied by co-occurring Barbour’s Vlei Rats (O. barbounri). Food and Feeding. Dominant food items of the Mount Elgon Vlei Rat are grasses such as Festuca pilgeri, Koeleria capensis, and Argostis gracilifolia (all Poaceae) and flowers of Helichrysum (Asteraceae). Breeding. Breeding of the Mount Elgon Vlei Rat is continuous, and reproductive individuals and juveniles can be found year-round. Activity patterns. The Mount Elgon Vlei Rat is presumably diurnal or crepuscular. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mount Elgon Vlei Rats do not make nests. Home ranges overlap considerably and are 401-728 m® for males and 181-481 m” for females. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Mount Elgon Vlei Rat has a restricted distribution and known negative anthropogenic impacts include uncontrolled fires resulting in habitat loss. Both conditions might justify classification as Endangered. Bibliography. Clausnitzer (2003), Monadjem et al. (2015), Taylor, Lavrenchenko et al. (2011), Taylor, Maree et al. (2014)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 743, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

320. Crested-tailed Deermouse Habromys lophurus French: Habromys a queue hérissée / German: Kammschwanz-Hirschmaus / Spanish: Raton ciervo de cola crestada Other common names: Crested-tailed Mouse Taxonomy. Peromyscus lophurus Osgood, 1904, “Todos Santos, [Huehuetenango,] Guatemala.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. SE Mexico (Sierra Madre de Chiapas) through Guatemala to extreme NW El Salvador. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-115 mm, tail 92-115 mm, ear 17-19 mm, hindfoot 23-25 mm; weight 24-31 g. The Crested-tailed Deermouse is a mediumsized species of Habromys, characterized by lighter color. Dorsal is brown, tan, and fulvous; venter is white, and hairs have gray bases; ears are usually dark; and tail is uniformly dark to tip and hairy. Habitat. Cloud forests and humid and cold forests of oaks and conifers, with epiphytes, ferns and mosses, at elevations of 1950-3100 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Some Crested-tailed Deermice collected in May had evidence of reproductive activity. Activity patterns. Crested-tailed Deermice are nocturnal and arboreal or semi-arboreal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Nevertheless, paucity of information about the Crested-tailed Deermouse suggests that Data Deficient is a better classification. Bibliography. Burt & Stirton (1961), Carleton (1980, 1989), Carleton & Huckaby (1975), Carleton & Musser (1984), Ledn-Paniagua & Romo (2014c), Osgood (1904), Reid, Vazquez & Emmons (2008)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 398, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

438. Tete Rock Rat Aethomys ineptus French: Aethomys de Tete / German: Mosambik-Buschlandratte / Spanish: Rata de roca de Tete Other common names: Tete Aethomys, Tete Veld Aethomys, Tete Veld Rat Taxonomy. Mus chrysophilus ineptus Thomas & Wroughton, 1908, Tette (= Tete), Zambezi River, Mozambique. Aethomys ineptus was previously included in A. chrysophilus. Specific name ineptus is probably incorrect, as type locality is well outside known range of present species. Monotypic. Distribution. Savannas in South Africa, extreme SE Botswana, Swaziland, and neighboring S Mozambique (apparently S of Limpopo River). Descriptive notes. Head-body 140-155 mm, tail 144-170 mm, ear 18-22 mm, hindfoot 26-32 mm; weight 65-107 g. Males are on average larger than females, with considerable overlap in measurements between sexes. The Tete Rock Rat is a large rat with coarse fur reddish brown dorsally and white ventrally; dorsal and ventral coloration sharply delineated. Ears are medium-sized and brown. Tail is very long (115-120% of head-body length) and coarsely scaled with fine hairs. Limbs are relatively short, and foreand hindfeet dorsally white or off-white, with four digits on forefoot and five on hindfoot. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44. Habitat. Tete Rock Rats occur in savanna woodland similar to that occupied by the Red Rock Rat (A. chrysophilus), and prefer rocky areas with dense ground cover. Food and Feeding. Tete Rock Rats are omnivorous, eating vegetation (37-58%), seeds (33-58%), and insects (0-8%). Breeding. Reproduction is seasonal and restricted to wet summer months, although follicular development and presence of corpora lutea in females have been reported outside breeding season. Gonadal development in males is stimulated artificially by extending of daylength. Activity patterns. Tete Rock Rats are nocturnal and terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home range covers 1500-3000 m®. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red Lust. Bibliography. Chimimba & Linzey (2008), Happold (2013a), Kern (1981), Linzey et al. (2003), Miller (1994), Monadjem et al. (2015), Muteka et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2006c¢)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 757, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

697. Peruvian Vesper Mouse Calomys sorella French: Calomys du Pérou / German: Peru-Vespermaus / Spanish: Raton laucha de Peru Other common names: Peruvian Laucha Taxonomy. Eligmodontia sorella Thomas, 1900, “Eight miles south of Huamachuca, [La Libertad,] N.W. Peru. Altitude 3500 m.” Species name changed as the original specific epithet sorella is the diminutive of the noun “soror” (sister) so it remains a noun and is invariable. Calomys sorella was included in synonymy several species, here treated as valid (miurus, frida, etc.), that were elevated to specific status by H. Zeballos and colleagues in 2014. Although additional work has demonstrate that some of their decisions were unwarranted, here they are preliminarily accepted. Monotypic. Distribution. NW Peruvian Andes. Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-89 mm, tail 43-67 mm, ear 16-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 14-5-19 g. Dorsum of the Peruvian Vesper Mouse is dark sandy fawn and closely lined with black. Fur is long, smooth, very soft, fine, c.9 mm long on dorsum, 6-7 mm on venter, and profusely mixed with longer hairs ¢.16 mm. Fur is lighter on sides, with well-defined lateral line. Tips of longer dorsal hairs are shiny silvery. Venter is whitish, with hairsvisibly slaty gray basally and white terminally. Face is slightly grayer than dorsum; ears are of medium length, and their visible surfaces when folded are brownish fawn; and marked white patch occurs behind posterior bases. Upper surfaces of hands and feet are uniformly pure white. Tail is uniformly and tightly haired, brownish fawn above, darkening nearly to black at tips, and white below and on sides. Habitat. Montane habitats including Polylepis (Rosaceae) woodland, shrubland, grassland, pasture and cropland at elevations above 2500 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Pregnant and lactating Peruvian Vesper Mice with two and four embryos were reported in August and September. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as C. sorellus, and including C. miurus and C. frida). Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2007), Hershkovitz (1962), Olds (1988), Osgood (1914b), Pacheco et al. (2016a), Pearson & Patton (1976), Salazar-Bravo (2015c), SalazarBravo et al. (2013), Spotorno et al. (2001), Steppan (1993, 1995), Zeballos et al. (2014)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 514, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

379. Burmese Soft-furred Rat Millardia kathleenae French: Rat de Ryley / German: Burma-Weichfellratte / Spanish: Rata de pelaje suave de Birmania Other common names: Burmese Metad, Miss Ryley’s Soft-furred Rat, Popa Soft-furred Rat Taxonomy. Millardia kathleenae Thomas, 1914, “Pagan,” Burma (= Myanmar). Separated in genus Guya by O. Thomas in 1917, and subsequently under another new genus name, Millardomys, by H. |. V. Sody in 1941; however, this generic isolation was not followed by X. Misonne in 1969 or V. C. Agrawal in 2000, who both retained the species in Millardia. Mono- typic. Distribution. Endemic to C Myanmar. Descriptive notes. Head-body 130-165 mm, tail 120-155 mm, ear 20-23 mm, hindfoot 25-30 mm; weight 98-110 g. TheBurmese Soft-furred Rat bears a light brown to grayish dorsal pelage and a white or pale gray ventral one. Tail is bicolored and may have a whitetip. Tail is shorter (90-95%) than head-body length. There are very large tympanic bullae representing about 20% of the length of the skull. Females bear three pairs of mammae. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 36, FN = 36. Habitat. Sandy plains with degraded, scrubby vegetation in central dry region of Myanmar. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Burmese Soft-furred Rats are terrestrial, nocturnal, and probably fossorial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Agrawal (2000), Corbet & Hill (1992), Ellerman (1961), Francis (2008), Misonne (1969), Sody (1941), Thomas (1917e)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 738, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

56. Zena Brush-furred Rat Lophuromys zena French: Rat-hérissé de Nyeri / German: Zena-Birstenhaarmaus / Spanish: Rata de pelaje de cepillo de Zena Other common names: Air Spiny Mouse, Western Sahara Spiny Mouse Taxonomy. Lophuromys zena Dollman, 1909, “East side of Aberdare Range, near Nyeri, British East Africa [= Kenya]; lat. 0° 28” 00” S., long. 36° 45° 00” E. Altitude 9581 feet [= 2920 m].” Lophuromys zena was described as a full species distinct from L. aquilus based on its larger size, was later considered a subspecies of L. aquilus, and was finally incorporated into the L. flavopunctatus species group. Molecular and morphometric analyses confirmed its species status. Monotypic. Distribution. Aberdare Range and Mt Kenya, C Kenya. Descriptive notes. Head-body 108-139 mm, tail 42-88 mm, ear 16-3-20-5 mm, hindfoot 19-23-2 mm; weight 34-70 g. Habitat. Poorly known but occurs in mountainous habitat. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List as a distinct species. The Zena Brush-furred Rat could be classified as Data Deficient; there are no records of recent captures in its presumed distribution. Bibliography. Monadjem et al. (2015), Musser & Carleton (2005), Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx, Mulungu et al. (2007), Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx & Verheyen (2002)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 614, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

51. Vernay’s African Climbing Mouse Dendromus vernayi French: Dendromus de Vernay / German: Vernay-Klettermaus / Spanish: Raton trepadorafricano de Vernay Taxonomy. Dendromus mesomelas vernayi Hill & Carter, 1937, “Chitau, alt. 4930 ft. [= 1503 m], Angola.” Dendromus vernayi was previously recognized as a subspecies of D. mesomelas. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to C Angola where it 1s currently known only from the type locality. Descriptive notes. Head—body 63-77 mm, tail 80-86 mm, hindfoot 20-20 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Vernay’s African Climbing Mouse is small, with very long prehensile tail. Tail is bicolored, darker above and paler below. Fur is long, soft, and brown or reddish-brown dorsally and grayish ventrally. Base of each hair is dark gray. Black line runs mid-dorsally from mid-back to base oftail. Earsare relatively large and rounded. Limbs are adapted for climbing. Second to fourth digits of forelimbs have elongated claws, and first and fifth digits are greatly reduced. Hindlimb has second to fourth digits elongated, fifth digit long and opposable with a claw, and first digit greatly reduced. Habitat. No information. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Vernay’s African Climbing Mouse is only known from a single locality and may therefore be atrisk. Bibliography. Crawford-Cabral (1998), Denys & Aniskine (2012), Dieterlen (2013e), Hill & Carter (1941), Monadjem et al. (2015), Musser & Carleton (2005).

569. Altiplano Grass Mouse Akodon lutescens French: Akodon fauve / German: Altiplano-Graslandmaus / Spanish: Raton campestre de altiplano Other common names: Altiplano Akodont Taxonomy. Akodon lutesens [sic] J. A. Allen, 1901, “Tirapata [Puna], Peru (about 15,000 ft [= 4572 m]).” Original spellings included [lutesens and lutescens, but the former was corrected on p. 422 of same journal volume. Argentine records belong to A. caenosus. Monotypic. Distribution. E Andean slopes in SE Peru to CW Bolivia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 80 mm, tail 59 mm, ear 12 mm, hindfoot 18-5 mm; weight 10-20 (mean 14 g). The Altiplano Grass Mouse is a small species of Akodon. Dorsum is pale grayish or olive brown, moderately to heavily lined with black; venter is grayer than dorsum, with few white hairs on chin; moderately conspicuous eye-ring is present; and tail is sharply bicolored, with narrow dark dorsal stripe. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 40, FN = 40. Habitat. Puna grasslands almost always associated with Festuca (Poaceae) bunchgrass, Yungas cloud forest, and human-disturbed areas at elevations of 1130-4560 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. One female Altiplano Grass Mouse collected in March had four embryos. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Dunnum, Vargas, Bernal, Zeballos, Vivar, Patterson, Jayat & D’Elia (2016), Jayat et al. (2010), Myers & Patton (1989a), Myers et al. (1990), Pardinas, Teta, Alvarado-Serrano et al. (2015), Patton & Smith (1992b), Salazar-Bravo, Yensen etal. (2002), Tarifa et al. (2007)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 477, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

121. Root Vole Alexandromys oeconomus French: Campagnol nordique / German: Nordische Wiihimaus / Spanish: Topillo de tundra Other common names: Tundra Vole Taxonomy. Mus oeconomus Pallas, 1776, Ishim River valley, Tyumen’ Region, Russia. Alexandromys oeconomus was sometimes classified in subgenus Pallasiinus, which does not conform to requirements of the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature and is therefore an unavailable name. The correct subgeneric name is Oecomicrotus named by G. Rabeder in 1981. Genetically, A. oeconomus is close to A. kikuchii and A. montebelli. Within A. oeconomus, there are four distinct mtDNA clades: Central European (southern Scandinavia, Netherlands, Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, and south-western Slovakia), North European (northern and eastern Scandinavia, Belarus, and European Russia), Central Asian (Siberia and western part of Russian Far East), and Beringian (Chukchi and Kamchatka peninsulas, Kuril Islands, Alaska, and western Canada). Twentyfive subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. A.o.oeconomusPallas,1776—W&SCSiberia(Russia)andNWMongolia. A.o.amakensisMurie,1930—AmakI(AleutianIs,Alaska). A.o.arenicoladeSélys-Longchamps,1841—Netherlands. A.o.dauricusKastschenko,1910—SCSiberia(areasaroundLakeBaikal)andNEMongolia..0.elymocetesOsgood,1906—MontagueI(SAlaska).app.0.finmarchicusSiivonen,1967—AndgyaandLanggyaintheVesteralenIs(Norway)..0.innwitusMerriam,1900—St.LawrenceI(Alaska)..0.kamtschaticusPallas,1779—KamchatkaPeninsula.Peep.0.kharanurensisCourantetal.,1999—GreatLakesHollow(NWMongolia).0.kjusjurensisKoljuschev,1935—NCSiberia..0.koreniG.M..Allen,1914—IndigirkaandKolymariverbasins(NEYakutia[=SakhaRepublic]andMagadanRegioninRussianFarEast). A.o.macfarlaniMerriam,1900—NEAlaskaandNWCanada(Yukon,NorthwestTerritories,andNunavut). A.o.mehelyiEhik,1928—SWSlovakia,EAustria,andHungary. A.o.montiumcaelestinumOgnev,1944—DzungarianAlatauandTianShan(SEKazakhstanandNWChina)..0.operariusNelson,1893—W&SAlaska..0.popofensisMerriam,1900—UngaandPopofIs(AleutianIs,Alaska).Be.0.punukensisHall&Gilmore,1932—BigPunukI(Alaska)..0.ratticepsKeyserling&Blasius,1841—FennoscandiaandNEuropeanRussia..0.sitkensisMerriam,1897—ChichagofandBaranofIs(Alaska). A.o.stimmingiNehring,1899—EGermany,Poland,Lithuania,Latvia,Belarus,Ukraine,andCEuropeanRussia. A.o.suntaricusDukelsky,1928—NW,C&SYakutia. A.o.tshuktshorumG.S.Miller,1899—ChukchiPeninsula. A.o.uchidaeKuroda,1924—N&CKurilIs. A.o.unalascensisMerriam,1897—Unalaska,UnimakandSanakIs(AleutianIs,Alaska). A. o. yakutatensis Merriam, 1900 — SW Alaska and N British Columbia. Also present on Kodiak I and small adjacentIs, and many other Aleutian Is, SW Alaska, but subspecies involved not known. Descriptive notes. Head-body 79-150 mm, tail 28—60 mm, ear 8-21 mm, hindfoot 15-22 mm; weight 36-78 g. Male Root Voles are larger than females. Fur color of head and upperparts varies from dark chocolate-brown to light pale brown, underparts vary from brownish gray to ash-gray, and tail is bicolored. Sole of foot has six plantar pads. M? has four inner and 3-4 outer angles. Baculum has wide, diamond-shaped base; median process is slightly longer than lateral processes. Chromosomal complement is stable in most populations and has 2n = 30 and FN = 58; some populations of central Sweden and European part of Russia are polymorphic, with 2n = 30-32. Habitat. Open, wet riparian habitats of tundra, boreal coniferous forest, mixed forest, forest steppe, steppe, and desert zones up to elevations of 2500-2900 m. In seasonally flooded habitats, the Root Vole seasonally shifts its habitat use to avoid flooding; when water table is low in late summer, autumn, and winter,it stays close to water depressions, but when water table is high due to ice and snow melting in spring and early summer, it moves to upperparts of lake depressions and river terraces. Food and Feeding. In summer, Root Voles mainly eat green plant parts. In winter, main diet contains roots of sedges and grasses, berries, seeds, and bark of trees and shrubs; if available under snow, green shoots of plants are consumed. Root Voles store food for winter but only in habitats where green plants dry before it snows; winter food is not stored when green plant parts can be found under snow. Food is stored in special chambers in burrows; winter caches are 0.3-3 kg. Breeding. Breeding of wild Root Voles was recorded in May—August in the north (tundra of Finland and Yakutia) and February-September in the south (mountains of Kazakhstan and Mongolia). Litters have 2-14 young; mean littersizes vary geographically from 4-5-5-4 in the south to 5-9-8-6 in the north. Gestation lasts 20-21 days. Overwintering females can produce 3-5 litters/year. Females born in spring—early summer are reproductively mature at 1-5 months old (sometimes 10-12 days) and can have 1-2 litters during their first year of life. Mating system of Root Voles is promiscuous, and multiple paternity has been recorded in 38% oflitters. Activity patterns. In summer, Root Voles are usually more active during the day than night and around sunrise and sunset. Under snow in winter, activity is more or less evenly distributed throughout the 24hour cycle, with 5-10 activity bouts/24 hours (usually 6-7 hours); total duration ofactivity is 43-64% of the 24hour cycle, and duration of separate activity bouts varies from one minute to nine hours. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Recorded movements of Root Voles were usually 20-200 m; in one case, movement of 3 km was recorded. Daily movements are 10-215 m in summer and 5-80 m in winter for adult males, 20-150 m (usually 30-50) for adult females, and 5-50 m for juveniles. Spatial organization of populations is quite variable. Adult females tend to be territorial in summer, and their home ranges are isolated or marginally overlap; home ranges of adult males widely overlap with other males and several females. Less often, individuals in monogamous pairs with completely overlapping home ranges are isolated from home ranges of other monogamous pairs and other individuals. In some cases, yearling sexually mature females form a cluster of overlapping home ranges that is monopolized by an adult male. Mean sizes of home ranges from different studies were 113-1087 m? for adult females and 210-3896 m* for adult males. Home range sizes of adult males positively correlate with body weights. In winter, Root Voles form colonies of 8-10 individuals of one or both sexes commonly using the area. Home range is organized around the nest burrow. Summer burrows are inside hummocks in wet habitats and in flat places in drier habitats. Summer burrows are shallow (just below the ground’s surface) and simple and have a nest chamber (10-15 cm in diameter) and 1-2 tunnels leading from the nest toward entrances. In extremely wet conditions and under snow, Root Voles build aboveground nests on tops of hummocks. Winter burrows are more complex and have several nest and storage chambers. Nest burrows or aboveground nests are connected to foraging sites and simple emergence burrows by pathways. Root Voles are relatively peaceful; more than one-half of pair interactions are neutral, and aggressive interactions are recorded in only one-third of encounters, even between unfamiliar individuals. Contacts among individuals are accompanied by acoustic communication expressed in quiet or sharp squeals and male songs. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as Microtus oeconomus). Central European subspecies arenicola and mehelyi are endangered because of decreasing and fragmented habitat due to agricultural transformation, and need special conservation attention. North American island subspecies (amakensus, elymocetes, innuitus, popofensis, punukensis, sitkensis, and unalascensis) are regarded as being of conservation concern. Bibliography. Abramson & Lissovsky (2012), Abramson & Tikhonova (2005), Bal¢iauskas (2014), BalCiauskas, Balgiauskiené & Baltranaité (2010), BalCiauskas, Baléiauskiené & Janonyté (2012), Bal€iauskiené & Baliauskas (2011), Bannikov (1954), Bannikova et al. (2010), Baskevich et al. (2014), Borkowska et al. (2009), Borowski (2001), Brunhoff, Galbreath et al. (2003), Brunhoff, Yoccoz et al. (2006), Frank & Zimmermann (1956), Fredga & Bergstrom (1970), Galbreath & Cook (2004), Gliwicz (1997), Gliwicz & Dabrowski (2008), Glotov et al. (1978), Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Gubanyi et al. (2009), Hall (1981), Halle (1995), Haring et al. (2011), Ivankina (1974), Jancewicz et al. (2015), Korslund (2006), Lambin et al. (1992), Lissovsky & Obolenskaya (2011), Litvin (1980), Meyer et al. (1996), Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999), Rabeder (1981), Rutovskaya (2015), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005), Shvetsov et al. (1984), Sludskiy et al. (1978), Tast (1966), Tavrovskiy et al. (1971), Thissen et al. (2015), Viitala (1994), Yudin et al. (1976), Zhang Yongzu et al. (1997)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 330, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

2. Chapa Tree Mouse Typhlomys chapensis French: Loirpygmée de Chapa / German: Vietnam-Zwergbilch / Spanish: Ratén arboricola de Chapa Other common names: Chapa Pygmy Dormouse, Vietnamese Pygmy Dormouse Taxonomy. Typhlomys cinereus chapensis Osgood, 1932, “Chapa [= Sa Pa], Tonkin,” Lao Cai Province, Vietnam. Typhlomys chapensis currently comprises two formersubspecies of 1. cinereus (chapensis and jingdongensis). Monotypic. Distribution. SW China (W of the Red River in SW Yunnan) and NWVietnam (Lao Cai Province). Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-115 mm, tail 80-126 mm; weight 7.7-22-6 g. The Chapa Tree Mouse is larger than the Soft-furred Tree Mouse (7. cinereus) and the Dwarf Tree Mouse (71. nanus); dorsal pelage is dark gray to black; venter is yellowish-white; ears are large and naked; eyes are very small; whiskers are long; long tail is lightly furred near base but densely furred at tip (resembling a bottle brush); and hair at tip of tail is white in some individuals. Braincase is dome-shaped. Habitat. Tropical montane forests above 200 m in elevation. Food and Feeding. The Chapa Tree Mouse is likely granivorous and frugivorous. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Like other small forest-dwelling rodents, the Chapa Tree Mouse is likely nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Recent behavioral studies of wildcaught animals in laboratory enclosures suggest that this species uses ultrasonic echolocation to navigate among tree branches. Little is known about its behavior in the wild. Like the Softfurred Tree Mouse, it has been trapped on low branches in trees and on the ground. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Because distribution appears to be small and it occupies threatened tropical forests,it will likely be classified as more threatened than the Soft-furred Tree Mouse after it is assessed by conservationists. Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2014), Carleton & Musser (1984), Cheng Feng et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Panyutina et al. (2017), Smith & Yan Xie (2008), Wu Deling & Wang Guanghuan (1984)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Platacanthomyidae, pp. 102-107 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 106-107, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6603025

269. Plateau Deermouse Peromyscus melanophrys French: Péromyscus des plateaux / German: Plateau-Hirschmaus / Spanish: Ratén ciervo de altiplano Other common names: Plateau Mouse Taxonomy. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) melanophrys Coues, 1874, Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Mexico. Peromyscus melanophrys is in the melanophrys species group. Six subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.melanophrysCoues,1874—fromDistritoFederalandPueblaSEtoChiapas,Mexico. P.m.coahwiliensisBaker,1952—SCoahuilaandSWNuevoLeon,Mexico. P.m.consobrinusOsgood,1904—fromZacatecasandSanLuisPotosiStoCGuanajuato,Mexico. P.m.micropusBaker,1952—ENayarit,extremeSWZacatecas,andCJalisco,Mexico. P.m.xenurusOsgood,1904—SEDurangoandSWCoahuilaSintoNZacatecas,Mexico. P. m. zamorae Osgood, 1904 — SE Jalisco, S Guanajauto, Querétaro, and W Hidalgo S to N Michoacan, Mexico. Descriptive notes. Head-body 73-120 mm,tail 112-172 mm, ear 11-32 mm, hindfoot 24-30 mm; weight 26-58 g. The Plateau Deermouse is one of the largest species of Peromyscus, with dorsal pelage varying from ocherous to gray, brown, yellowish, or cinnamon. Variation in coloris related to substrate on which they live, being darker where dark volcanic soils are present. Venter is cream white, with plumbeous hairs showing through. Feet are white. Tail is bicolored and extremely long. Supraorbital angle is well-defined and has a smooth dorsal arch, temporal region is large, nasals are parallel, and bullae are smaller than in members of the true: species group but larger than in members of the mexicanus species group. Habitat. Xeric scrublands, thorn forests, grasslands, and chaparral habitats at elevations of 50-2700 m. Typically, Plateau Deermice prefer interphase of arid and temperate regions dominated by yucca, cholla, cacti, ocotillo, prickly pear, and mesquite; however, they have been found in tropical valleys and coniferous forests. They prefer rocky soils and build their nests at bases of plants. Food and Feeding. Plateau Deermice are granivores and eat seeds of many plant species. Breeding. Reproduction occurs in February-March and June-October. Litters have 2-5 young. Activity patterns. The Plateau Deermouse is presumably nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Alvarez (1963a), Aragon (2014), Baker (1956, 1960), Baker & Greer (1962), Baker et al. (1981), Bradley et al. (2007), Dalquest (1953), Hall (1981), Jones & Webster (1977), Matson & Baker (1986), Musser & Carleton (2005), Petersen & Petersen (1979), Ramirez-Pulido et al. (1983), Winkelmann (1962)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 384, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

606. Wetzel’s Climbing Rat Rhipidomys wetzeli French: Rhipidomys de Wetzel / German: \Wetzel-Neuweltklettermaus / Spanish: Rata trepadora de Wetzel Other common names: \Wetzel's Climbing Mouse, Wetzel's Rhipidomys Taxonomy. Rhipidomys wetzeli Gardner, 1990, Cerro de la Neblina, 1800 m, Amazonas, Venezuela. This species is monotypic. Distribution. S Venezuela (states of Amazonas and Bolivar) and extreme W Guyana (Mt Roraima); it may occur in N Brazil. Descriptive notes. Head-body 63-103 mm, tail 82-130 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 21-25 mm; weight 20-39 g. Wetzel’s Climbing Rat is very small, characterized by long, soft fur, with bright orange dorsum, finely streaked with black. Sides are paler than dorsum, and venter has cream or pale orange hair tips over dark gray bases. Tail is uniformly medium to dark brown, long (130-150% of head-body length), inconspicuously covered with short hair proximally but terminating in long pencil extending ¢.20 mm from terminal caudal vertebra. Ears are conspicuously darker than back. Hindfeet are short, with dark patch over metatarsal region that may be restricted to small spot at bases of toes. Habitat. Cloud forests at elevations of 1032-1850 m. Wetzel’s Climbing Rats occur on the tepui table mountains of the Guiana Shield. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. The holotype of Wetzel’s Climbing Rat was a lactating female trapped in December; her uterus had two embryonic scars. Activity patterns. Wetzel’s Climbing Rat is mostly captured on logs above the ground. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Aguilera et al. (2016), Gardner (1990), Handley (1976), Tribe (1996, 2015), Voss et al. (2001)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 487, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

603. Coues’s Climbing Rat Rhipidomys couesi French: Rhipidomys de Coues / German: Coues-Neuweltklettermaus / Spanish: Rata de arroz de marisma de Coues Other common names: Coues’s Climbing Mouse, Coues’s Rhipidomys Taxonomy. 7 Tylomys couesi J. A. Allen & F. M. Chapman, 1893, “Princestown [Princes Town], Trinidad,” Trinidad and Tobago. Rhipidomys couesi from the islands of Trinidad and Margarita are larger, on average, than those from Venezuelan mainland; the name R. venezuelae cumananus by O. Thomas in 1900 is available if trinomial classification is applied in the future. Monotypic. Distribution. C Colombia to N Venezuela (including Margarita I), and Trinidad I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 150-210 mm,tail 171-195 mm, ear 19-32 mm, hindfoot 28-33 mm; weight 53-125 g. Coues’s Climbing Rat is large, with yellowish to reddish brown agouti dorsum, conspicuously flecked with dark brown or black guard hairs; venteris white or creamy yellow, sometimes with rarely noticeable pale to medium gray hair bases; and fur is moderately coarse and short. Tail is relatively short (100-120% of head-body length) and unicolored, with rather large dark scales and dark brown to reddish brown hairs;it is well-haired distally and terminates in pencil of hairs up to 20 mm in length. Whiskers are very long and black, the longest ¢.70 mm. Ears are large, naked, and dusky. Hindfeet are long and broad, with distinctly or indistinctly outlined dark patch that extends at least to bases of second through fifth digit. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 44 and FN = 48. Habitat. Evergreen forest and plantations at elevations of 10-1500 m. Coues’s Climbing Rat has been reported as a pest of cacao in Trinidad. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Coues’s Climbing Rat is nocturnal and bother terrestrial and arboreal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Coues’s Climbing Rat is relatively common in plantations but difficult to trap. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Aguilera & Ochoa (2016), Aguilera et al. (1994), Allen & Chapman (1893), Everard &Tikasingh (1973b), Handley (1976), Linares (1998), Montserin (1937), Ochoa, Sanchez et al. (1988), Thomas (1900b), Tribe (1996, 2015)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 486-487, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

280. Nicaraguan Deermouse Peromyscus nicaraguae French: Péromyscus du Nicaragua / German: Nicaragua-Hirschmaus / Spanish: Ratén ciervo de Nicaragua Taxonomy. Peromyscus nicaraguae]. A. Allen, 1908, Matagalpa, Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Peromyscus nicaraguae is in the mexicanus species group. It was initially described as a distinct species but later placed in synonomy with P. mexicanus saxitilis. Recent DNA studies suggest that parts of what historically have been recognized as P. m. saxitilis should be considered as P. nicaraguae or P. salvadorensis. Two former subspecies of P. nudipes (hesperus and orientalis) should be assigned to P. nicaraguae. Monotypic. Distribution. Honduras and Nicaragua. Descriptive notes. No information is yet available. The Nicaraguan Deermouse is presumably similar to the Mexican Deermouse (PF. mexicanus), especially the subspecies formerly referred to as P. m. saxitilis. Habitat. Tropical deciduous forests. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Bradley et al. (2016), Hall (1981), Musser & Carleton (2005), Pérez-Consuegra & Vazquez-Dominguez (2015)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 386, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

486. Least Groove-toothed Swamp Rat Pelomys minor French: Pélomys nain / German: Kleine Furchenzahn-Bachratte / Spanish: Rata de ciénaga de dientes estriados minima Other common names: Least Pelomys Taxonomy. Pelomys minor Cabrera & Ruxton, 1926, Kananga (= Luluabourg), KasaiOccidental, DR Congo. Monotypic. Distribution. S DR Congo and extending into neighboring NE Angola, N Zambia, and W Tanzania. Descriptive notes. Head-body 101-161 mm, tail 100-131 mm, ear 13-16 mm, hindfoot 21-27 mm; weight 42-56 g. A small rodent with grooved upper incisors, the Least Groove-toothed Swamp Rat is smallest species in the genus. Fur is coarse, glossy, golden yellow to rusty brown above and on flanks, well delineated from dull white, buff, or yellowish belly. Distinct, thin black mid-dorsal stripe extends from between ears to base of tail (sometimes indistinct). Nose, base of ears, and around eyes rusty brown. Ears are covered with short rufous hairs. Forefeet have first digit very reduced and fifth digit reduced, with a claw. Tail is long (c.93-100% or more of head— body length), bicolored, blackish above and gray below. Habitat. Swamps. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust. Bibliography. Happold (2013a), Monadjem et al. (2015), Sanborn (1952b)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 772-773, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

725. Langbian Tree Rat Chiromyscus langbianis French: Rat du Lang Bian / German: Langbian-Fea-Baumratte / Spanish: Rata arboricola de Langbian Other common names: Indochinese Arboreal Niviventer, Langbian Masked Tree Rat Taxonomy. Rattus cremoriventer langbianus H. C. Robinson & Kloss, 1922, “Langbian Peaks, South Annam, 5500-6500 ft. [= 1676-1981 m].” Traditionally, langbianis was included under Nwiventer and even included as a subspecies of N. cremoriventer. It was moved to Chiromyscus based on genetic and morphological data. There are two genetic lineages, one in the northern part of the distribution and one in the southern part, but additional studies are needed to determine if they represent distinct taxa. Distribution. NE India, W, extreme E & SE Myanmar, N & W Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, NE & SW Cambodia, and an isolated record from Yunnan, SW China. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-155 mm, tail 154-199 mm, ear 19-22 mm, hindfoot 29-33 mm; weight 58-98 g. The Langbian Tree Rat is medium-sized and less colorful than other species of Chiromyscus. Pelage is dense, smooth, downy, and overall dull and grayish, with hints of fulvous and sometimes an olive hue. Dorsum contrasts sharply with pure white or cream venter, which occasionally has brown or fulvous spots. Tail is slender, 135-155% of head—body length, covered in hair, dark chocolate brown proximally, and unicolored without terminal brush. Vibrissae are very long, extending back beyond head, and ears are short and rounded. Forefeet and hindfeet have broad brown or chestnutstripe on dorsal sides that extends beyond middle of feet, disappearing near white fingers. Claws are short compared with other species of Chiromyscus but are curved and sharp. There are five toes on forefeet and hindfeet, and unlike other species of Chiromyscus, hallux has nail-like claw. There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one post-axillary, one abdominal, and one inguinal pairs. Skull is very gracile for the genus, with less developed orbital ridges. Chromosomal complement 1s 2n = 46, FN = b4. Habitat. Seasonal deciduous and tropical evergreen forests, lightly disturbed forests, and primary and secondary habitats at elevations of 60-2800 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Langbian Tree Ratis nocturnal and can shelter in vines and dense foliage when inactive. It is arboreal and caught frequently in trees, although it is caught occasionally on the ground and in shrubs. Throughout its distribution,it is sympatric with theterrestrial Indochinese White-bellied Rat (Niviventerfulvescens), with which it is often confused. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Langbian Tree Rat is relatively common throughout most ofits distribution and can be found in lightly disturbed forest. It is found in various nature reserves. Population levels are unknown but may be declining as a result of forest clearing. Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2006), Aplin, Lunde, Musseret al. (2016), Balakirev, Abramov & Rozhnov (2014), Balakirev, Abramov, Tikhonov & Rozhnov (2012), Cao Van Sung & Tran Van Minh (1984), Francis (2008), Musser (1973b, 1981a), Nguyen Minh Tam et al. (2003), Robinson & Kloss (1922), Smith & Yan Xie (2008)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 853, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

416. Neumann's Grass Rat Arvicanthis neumanni French: Rat-roussard de Neumann / German: Neumann-Grasratte / Spanish: Rata de hierba de Neumann Other common names: Neumann's Arvicanthis, Somali Grass Rat Taxonomy. Arvicanthis neumanni Matschie, 1894, Barungi, Kondoa District, Tanzania. Arvicanthis neumanni includes form somal- icus from Ethiopia and Somalia, which may be a distinct species. As neumanni is easily confused with A. niloticus and A. nmairobae in East Africa, species limits are unclear and diagnosis is best based on chromosomal complement: for neumanni, 2n = 62, FN = 66-67 in Ethiopia, and 2n = 53-54, FN = 62 in Tanzania. Monotypic. Distribution. Low-lying savannas in E Africa from N Ethiopia and N Somalia S to C Tanzania. Descriptive notes. Head-body 115-160 mm, tail 88-118 mm, ear 14-18 mm, hindfoot 24-27 mm; weight 48-72 g. A medium-sized rat, Neumann's Grass Rat has brownish-black dorsal fur speckled with cream, yellow, or gray streaks, and grayish ventral color. Ears are medium-sized, rounded, and brownish or reddish. Tail is relatively long (c.95% of head-body length). Limbs are relatively short, and foreand hindfeet reddish or yellowish above, with four digits on forefoot and five on hindfoot. Habitat. Dry Somali-Masai bushlands and savanna with sparse ground cover, from 400 m to 1500 m. Food and Feeding. Neumann's Grass Rat is presumably herbivorous, like other Arvicanthis, and may feed on Solanum (Solanaceae) berries. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Neumann's Grass Rats are semi-diurnal and terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Neumann's Grass Rat is probably gregarious, making intricate burrows under Acacia trees. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Happold (2013a), Monadjem et al. (2015), Yalden et al. (1976)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 752, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

610. McConnell’s Tepui Climbing Rat Rhipidomys macconnelli French: Rhipidomys de McConnell / German: Tepui-Neuweltklettermaus / Spanish: Rata trepadora de McConell Other common names: Macconnell’s Climbing Mouse, Macconnell’s Tepui Rhipidomys, Tepui Rhipidomys Taxonomy. Rhipidomys macconnelli de Winton, 1900, “summit of [Mount] Roraima, Demerara,” Guyana. Subspecies subnubis, described as a paler, browner, short-furred, zonal race of macconnelli from elevations of ¢.900-1200 m is considered to represent only clinal variation. Monotypic. Distribution. Guiana Shield tepuis in S Venezuela and adjacent areas of Guyana and N Brazil. Descriptive notes. Head-body 102-123 mm, tail 148-181 mm, ear 18-22 mm, hindfoot 27-29 mm; weight 26-50 g. Females are slightly smaller than males. Mc-Connell’s Tepui Climbing Rat is moderately small, resembling species of Thomasomys in many external characteristics. Pelage is sleek, long, soft, dark chocolate-brown dorsally, and dark slate overlaid with cream or pale brown ventrally. Tail is 140-150% of head-body length but more slender than in most other species of Rhipidomys, ventral surface is pale and almost bare over much of its length but with pronounced terminal pencil 5-20 mm long. Hindfeet are longer relative to body length than in other species of Rhipidomys due to longer, narrow metatarsals. Dark patch on dorsum is poorly defined and medium-brown and covers most of dorsum. Heels and ankles are bare. Ears are dark brown, matching dorsal pelage. Habitat. Very moist cloud forest and dwarf vegetation on tepuis and evergreen forests surrounding them at elevations from 750 m to more than 2600 m. Food and Feeding. Diet is composed offruit, vegetal matter, ants, and termites. Breeding. McConnell’s Tepui Climbing Rats with reproductive signals are recorded during dry season. Litters have c.3—4 young. Activity patterns. McConnell’s Tepui Climbing Rat is nocturnal. It occurs mainly on the ground and on cliffs, making runways under rocks and trees. The species is less specialized for arboreallife, as reflected in its longer and narrower metatarsals, slightly smaller and more separate plantar pads, and lack of body fur on ankles and wrists. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Aguilera (2016b), Handley (1976), Linares (1998), Tate (1939), Thomas (19064), Tribe (1996, 2015), Voss etal. (2001), de Winton (1900)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 488, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

617. Cerrado Climbing Rat Rhipidomys macrurus French: Rhipidomys du Cerrado / German: Cerrado-Neuweltklettermaus / Spanish: Rata trepadora del Cerrado Other common names: Cerrado Climbing Mouse, Cerrado Rhipidomys, Long-tailed Rhipidomys Taxonomy. Mus (Hesperomys) macrurus P. Gervais, 1855, Crixas, Goias, Brazil. Considerably more research is needed to elucidate status of all forms currently included in R. macrurus. Monotypic. Distribution. NE & C Brazil (Piaui, Tocantins, Bahia, Goias, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, and Mato Grosso do Sul states) and NE Paraguay. Descriptive notes. Head-body 113-157 mm, tail 136-190 mm, ear 23-30 mm, hindfoot 24-33 mm; weight 61-112 g (mean 75-7 g). The Cerrado Climbing Rat is medium-sized, with dull, reddish gray-brown dorsal pelage; underparts are white or pale cream, frequently with gray bases to hairs. Tail slightly longer than head-body length (100-120%, occasionally up to 140%) and terminates in pencil usually 5-15 mm long;tail is medium to dark reddish brown, occasionally paler on proximal one-half. Ears are large and medium brown. Hindfeet are moderately long and relatively broad and robust; dark dorsal patch is either distinctly outlined or diffuse, either narrow or broad, occasionally extending onto digits; and sides of feet and digits golden. Habitat. Gallery forests lining rivers through savanna-like cerrados, woodland savanna (“cerradao”), and semideciduous forests. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. In southernmost Atlantic Forest, a subadult female with a closed vagina was recorded in February, and a lactating adult female with no embryos was trapped in October. Activity patterns. The Cerrado Climbing Rat is nocturnal. Individuals were trapped in canopies and on the ground. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Carmignotto & Aires (2011), Costa et al. (2011), Dietz (1983), Mares, Braun & Gettinger (1989), Mares, Ernest & Gettinger (1986), Mesquita (2009), Milano (2007), Patton, Catzeflis et al. (2016b), de la Sancha et al. (2011), Souza (2011)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 489-490, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

643. Sichuan White-bellied Rat Niviventer excelsior French: Rat du Sichuan / German: Sichuan-Weilbauchratte / Spanish: Rata de vientre blanco de Sichuan Other common names: Large White-bellied Rat, Sichuan Niviventer Taxonomy. Epimys excelsior Thomas, 1911, Tatsienlu, 9000 ft (= 2744 m), western Sichuan, south-western China. Recent phylogenetic work has placed N. excelsior sister to N. andersoni. Specimens allocated to N. excelsior variously cluster within N. andersoni, although this may be attributed to misidentification because the two species are very similar. More re-search is needed to determine their true phylogenies and distributions. There are two genetic clusters: one in Sichuan and another in Yunnan and south-eastern Tibet. The subspecies tengchongensis, originally mentioned in a checklist of the species and subspecies of China, might be valid based on skull morphology and limited genetic data, although it might be a nomen nudum. Monotypic. Distribution. S China (SW Sichuan and NW & C Yunnan). Descriptive notes. Head-body 127-175 mm, tail 190-213 mm, ear 22-27 mm, hind-foot 31-33 mm; weight 38-1-41-3 g. The Sichuan White-bellied Ratis large but smaller than Anderson’s White-bellied Rat (N. andersoni). Pelageis soft and short, silkier than Anderson’s White-bellied Rat, but it has flexible soft spines. Dorsum is dull grayish brown, with black hairs mixed throughout and brighter ocherous brown and less black on sides and cheeks. Dorsum and venter are demarcated sharply, and venter is pure white, extending to chin,lip, and ventral part of forelegs; some specimens have buffy spot on chest. Ears are dark brown; vibrissae are long. Tail is ¢.133% of head-body length and bicolored except at base, which is dark all around; it isbrownish black above and white or mottled below; and it has long hairs running its full length, ending with short white tuft at tip that is longer than that of Anderson’s White-bellied Rat. Skull is laterally convex, smaller, more gracile, and more slender than that of Anderson’s White-bellied Rat. Various species of gammasid mites have been recorded at high densities on the Sichuan White-bellied Rat. There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one post-axillary, one abdominal, and one inguinal. Habitat. High montane forests in elevations of 2300-3000 m. Food and Feeding. The Sichuan White-bellied Rat probably eats seeds, other vegetation, and arthropods, similar to Anderson’s White-bellied Rat and the Sichuan Whitebellied Rat. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Sichuan White-bellied Rat is arboreal and probably nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sichuan White-bellied Rat has a large distribution and probably large and stable overall population. Bibliography. Balakirev & Rozhnov (2010), Chen Weicai, Liu Shaoying et al. (2010), Chen Weicai, Yue Bisong & Liu Shaoying (2010), Deng Xianyu et al. (2006), He Kai & Jiang Xuelong (2015), Huang Ligin et al. (2010), Jing Meidong et al. (2007), Lu Liang et al. (2015), Musser (1981a), Musser & Carleton (2005), Musser & Chiu (1979), Smith (2016d), Smith & Yan Xie (2008), Wang Yingxiang (2003), Zheng Shaohua (1993)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 821, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

80. Alai Mole Vole Ellobius alaicus French: Campagnol des Alai / German: Alai-Mull-Lemmming / Spanish: Topillo topo de Alay Taxonomy. Ellobius alaicus Vorontsov et al., 1969, between Sary-Tashem and Bardabo, Alai Valley, S Kyrgyzstan. Ellobius alaicus is in the subgenus Ellobius. It is recognized as a species and distinct from E. tancrei based on chromosomal differences. Karyotype is 2n = 54 in tancre: and 2n = 52 in alaicus. Monotypic. Distribution. Alai Mts in S Kyrgyzstan. Descriptive notes. Head-body 110-132 mm, tail 8-17 mm; weight 42-6 63-8 g. The Alai Mole Vole is nearly identical in external morphology and craniodental structure to the Eastern Mole Vole (E. tancrei). Pelage is buff on back and gray along flanks and on belly. In some individuals, buff is shaded yellow, but in others, it is hued gray. Forehead is dark brown and does not contrast sharply with back. Cheeks are buff in some individuals. Incisors are strictly proodont. Molars are rooted, with no cement in reentrant loops. Habitat. Alpine pastures (type locality at an elevation of 3300 m). Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is a shortage of information on distribution, population size, trends, and threats to the Alai Mole Vole. Entire area of distribution is only ¢.2600 km?. Bibliography. Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005), Vorontsov & Yakimenko (1984), Vorontsov et al. (1969)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 314, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

48. Southern Red-backed Vole Myodes gapperi French: Campagnol de Gapper / German: GapperRotelmaus / Spanish: Topillo rojo de Gapper Other common names: Boreal Red-backed Vole, Gapper’s Red-backed Mouse, Gapper's Red-backed Vole, Revillagigedo Island Red-backed Vole Taxonomy. Myodes gapperi Vigors, 1830, between York [= Toronto] and Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. Myodes gapper: might represent more than one species. Twenty-nine subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. M.g.gapperiVigors,1830—SEManitoba,SOntario,NMinnesota,andWisconsinEacrossGreatLakesregiontoEQuebec. M.g.arizonensisCockrum&Fitch,1952— WhiteMts,CEArizona,USA. M.g.athabascaePreble,1908—fromNEBritishColumbiaEtoWManitoba,Canada. M.g.brevicaudusMerriam,1891—isolatedrangeinNEWyomingandCWSouthDakota,USA. M.g.carolinensisMerriam,1888—SAppalachianMtsfromVirginiaStoextremeNGeorgia,USA. M.g.cascadensisBooth,1945—CascadeRangeofCWashington,USA. M. g. caurinus Bailey, 1898 — coastal British Columbia, Canada. M.g.galeiMerriam,1890—fromextremeSAlberta,Canada,StoCUtah,USA. M.g.gaspeanusR.M.Anderson,1943—GaspéPeninsulaofEQuebecandextremeNNewBrunswick,Canada. M.g.gautiCockrum&Fitch,1952—fromSColoradoStoCNewMexico,USA. M.g.hudsoniusR.M.Anderson,1940—SofHudsonBayinManitoba,Ontario,andQuebec,Canada. M.g.idahoensisMerriam,1891—WOregon,Idaho,WMontana,andWWyoming,USA. M.g.limitisBailey,1913—mountainsofCWNewMexico,USA. M.g.loringiBailey,1897—SEAlberta,SSaskatchewan,andSManitoba,Canada,andNMontana,NorthDakota,extremeNSouthDakota,mostofMinnesota,andNCIowa,USA. M.g.maurusKellogg,1939—smallrangeinEKentuckyandVirginia,USA. M.g.nivariusBailey,1897—OlympicMtsofWashington,USA. M.g.occidentalisMerriam,1890—extremeScoastalBritishColumbia,Canada,andNWcoastofWashington,USA. M.g.ochraceusG.S.Miller,1894—PrinceEdwardI,NewBrunswick,andextremeSEQuebec,Canada,SalongtheAtlanticcoasttoMassachusetts,USA. M.g.pallescensHall&Cockrum,1952—NovaScotia,Canada. M.g.paludicolaDoutt,1941—NEOhioandNWPennsylvania,USA. M.g.phaeusSwarth,1911—ScoastalSEAlaska,USA,toFortSimpson,CEBritishColumbia,Canada. M.g.proteusBangs,1897—NEQuebecandLabrador,Canada. M.g.rhoadsiiStone,1893—restrictedrangeinSENewYorkandadjacentNewJersey,USA. M.g.rupicolaPoole,1949—knownonlyfromKittatinnyRidge,EPennsylvania,USA. M.g.saturatusRhoads,1894—NBritishColumbia,Canada,StoNWashington,NIdaho,andNMontana,USA. M.g.solusHall&Cockrum,1952—restrictedtoRevillagigedoI,SEAlaska,USA. M.g.stikinensisHall&Cockrum,1952—NcoastalSEAlaska,USA,andWBritishColumbia,Canada. M.g.ungavaBailey,1897—NQuebec,Canada. M. g. wrangeli Bailey, 1897 — Sergief and Wrangell Is, SE Alaska, USA. Descriptive notes. Head-body 100-114 mm, tail 30-44 mm, hindfoot 19-21 mm; weight 16-42 g. Dorsal pelage of Gapper’s Red-backed Vole has well-defined stripe and varies from bright red to dark rufous. Sides and belly are grayish, with tips of guard hairs on belly ranging from white to buff. Tail is short, thick, and bicolored, with bristly reddish or blackish hairs dorsally and lighter hairs below. Post-palatal bridge is usually complete, and M? and M, have more complex enamel patterns than those of the Western Red-backed Vole (M. californicus). Habitat. Mesic coniferous, deciduous, or mixed forests. Southern Red-backed Voles are most common in habitats with structural habitat complexity such as high density of rotting stumps, logs, or other downed debris, or exposed roots that can be used for nesting. Eastern forests and forest edges, woodlots, old fields with rock walls, and sedge meadows are suitable habitat. In the Midwest, mixed deciduous forest or coniferous forests are common habitat, and in western North America, forests of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), spruce (Picea), hemlock (7suga, all Pinaceae), cedar (Thuja, Cupressaceae), and other trees are used. Nearby mesic or ecotonal habitats with high vegetation structure also commonly support this species. At northern edge of the distribution, it occurs across vast boreal forests of Canada. Food and Feeding. Southern Red-backed Voles frequently shift their diets to match food availabilities by feeding on plants (including nuts, seeds, berries, leaves, roots, and bark), fungi, arthropods, mosses, ferns, lichens, and other foods. Breeding. Southern Red-backed Voles are promiscuous. Females are polyestrous and have postpartum estrus. They usually breed from March to late September. Litters have 2-8 young, with largerlitters found in high latitudes and high-elevation populations. Sexual maturity is reached at 2—4 months. Nests are 75-100 mm in diameter and lined with grass, leaves, moss, and sphagnum. Activity patterns. Latitude and seasonality impact activity patterns of Southern Redbacked Voles. At high latitudes, some populations were active nocturnally in winter when nights were long but were more diurnal or crepuscular in summer when days are long. In other high-latitude populations, the opposite activity pattern was noted. More southern populations tend to be diurnally active year-round, but variation also has been reported, including some populations that have up to seven bouts of activity throughout the 24hour cycle averaging 1-1 hours/bout. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Densities range from nearly 0 ind/ ha to 65 ind/ha and generally increase through summer until September and then decline over winter. A 3—4year population oscillation is typically reported, but sixand ten-year intervals have also been seen. Maximum life span is 20 months, but 10-12 months is much more common. Mean home ranges are 0-01-0-5 ha. Southern Redbacked Voles do not form colonies. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Bradley, Ammerman et al. (2014), Cook & Kirkland (1998), Gillis & Nams (1998), Hafner et al. (1998), Hall (1981), MacDonald & Cook (2009), Merritt (1981), Merritt & Merritt (1978), Musser & Carleton (2005), Runck & Cook (2005), Runck et al. (2009)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 301-302, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

557. Flat-haired Mouse Mus platythrix French: Souris a poil plat / German: Flachkopf-Stachelzwergmaus / Spanish: Raton de pelaje plano Other common names: Brown Spiny Mouse Taxonomy. Mus platythrix Bennett, 1832, Deccan, India. Placed in subgenus Pyromys, where it is sister to M. saxicola. In the latest molecular phylogeny M. platythrix is found basal to the subgenus Mus. May be a complex of species, in view of the cytogenetic variation from 2n = 26 to 2n = 30 observed between north and south India. Taxonomy requires further investigation. Distribution. Endemic to India up to 2000 m. Descriptive notes. Head-body 77-123 mm,tail 51-81 mm, hindfoot 17-22 mm; weight 18 g. This medium-sized mouse has spiny fur that is dark brown dorsally and white to grayish white on the belly. The bicolored tail is shorter than the head-body length (under 80%). Hindfeet with dark stripe. Females bear five mammae. Karyotype is 2n = 26-30. Habitat. Uncultivated hilly country in sandy, rocky, and gravelly habitats. Also found in cultivated fields. Food and Feeding. The Flat-haired Mouse is omnivorous. Breeding. Females recorded as breeding from May to February. Litter size is 2-9, and a female is able to have up to 18 young per year. Activity patterns. Flat-haired Mice are terrestrial and nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Agrawal (2000), Chevret et al. (2003), Corbet & Hill (1992), Marshall (1977a), Suzuki & Aplin (2012)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 795, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

405. Big-headed Rice Rat Euryoryzomys legatus French: Oryzomys de Tarija / German: GroRkopf-Reisratte / Spanish: Rata arrocera de cabeza grande Other common names: Tarija Euryoryzomys Taxonomy. Oryzomys legatus Thomas, 1925, Carapari, 1000 m, Tarija, Bolivia. This species is monotypic. Distribution. SC Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, and Tarija departments) and NW Argentina (Jujuy and Salta provinces). Descriptive notes. Head-body 123-155 mm, tail 134-162 mm, hindfoot 31-35 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsum of the Bigheaded Rice Rat is dark-lined buffy, sides are brighter, and venter is white, with gray-based hair. Tail is longer than head-body length and bicolored. Skull is small and delicate, with deep and narrow zygomatic notch and alisphenoid strut always present. Incisors are opisthodont, and molars are pentalophodont. Habitat. Montane and premontane mesic, transitional, and dense forests. Food and Feeding. The Big-headed Rice Rat eats vegetation and invertebrates. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Observational data of Big-headed Rice Rats suggest thatit is scansorial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust. Bibliography. Mares, Ojeda & Kosco (1981), Massoia (1974b), Percequillo (2015d), Thomas (1925a)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 424-425, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

95. Pygmy Gerbil Gerbillus henleyi French: Gerbille de Henley / German: Henley-Rennmaus / Spanish: Gerbillo pigmeo Other common names: Henley's Gerbil, Henley's Pygmy Gerbil Taxonomy. Dipodillus henley: de Winton, 1903, Zaghig, Wadi Natrun, Egypt. Taxonomic status of G. henleyi is not con- tested, despite lack of molecular data. Its morphological characters were revised by D. M. Lay in 1983 and by I. Ya. Pavlinov and colleagues in 1990. D. L. Harrison and P. J. J. Bates in 1991 accepted two different subspecies on geographical grounds. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution G.h.henleyideWinton,1903—aridzonesofNAfrica(fromWesternSaharaandMoroccotoEgypt),andSoftheSaharafromSMauritaniaandNSenegaltoNSudan,withanisolatedrecordfromDjibouti. G. h. mariae Bonhote, 1910 — Middle East (Sinai, S Israel, and Jordan) and scattered on Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, NE Qatar, N Yemen, andOman). Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-73 mm, tail 73-107 mm, ear 8-11 mm, hindfoot 15-8-20 mm; weight 8-14 g. The Pygmy Gerbil is a very small gerbil with naked hindfoot soles. Dorsum is dark brownish gray, venter white, and well-defined white supraorbital and post-auricular spots are present. There is a black line on eyelids. Tail is long (130% of head—body length) and ends in thin dark gray pencil of hairs. Mandible and molar rows are very small. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 52 and FNa = 58-62. Habitat. Arid environments, including sand dunes, saline marshes with halophytes, dry riverbeds, and gravel plains. Food and Feeding. The Pygmy Gerbil mainly feeds on seeds. Breeding. Different studies reported 3-6 embryos per pregnant female and possible seasonality of reproduction. Activity patterns. The Pygmy Gerbil is nocturnal and terrestrial. It digs simple burrows below surface, with a small entrance (10-20 mm diameter) closed during the day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Israel, population density averaged 0-9-2-3 ind/ha (range 0-5-5 ind/ha). Recaptures of Pygmy Gerbils are rare, which may indicate that the species has no territory and is very mobile. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Pygmy Gerbil may be abundant locally and has a large range. Because it is found in arid environments it seems not to be under any threats. Bibliography. Abu Baker & Yamaguchi (2017), Aulagnier et al. (2009), Granjon (2013f), Granjon & Duplantier (2009), Harrison & Bates (1991), Lay (1983), Lay et al. (1975), Maddalena et al. (1988), Pavlinov et al. (1990), Pearch et al. (2001), Shenbrot et al. (1994), Volobouev et al. (1995), Wassif et al. (1969)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 629, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

533. Small Yungas Hocicudo Oxymycterus hiska French: Petit Hocicudo / German: Kleine Yungas-Grabmaus / Spanish: Ratén hocicudo pequeno de Yungas Other common names: Small Hocicudo Taxonomy. Oxymycterus hiska Hinojosa, S. Anderson & Patton, 1987, “ 14 km W of Yanahuaya, department of Puno, Peru, at 2210 m elev; lat. 14°19’S and long. 69°21'W.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. SE Peru to C Bolivia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 97-126 mm, tail 77-91 mm, ear 13-16 mm, hindfoot 23-25 mm; weight 30-44 g. See general characters of the genus under the Amazonian Hocicudo (O. amazonicus) account. The Small Yungas Hocicudo is a small species of Oxymycterus. Dorsum is blackish gray (darker in younger individuals); venter is tipped ocherous; and hairs are short, glossy, and fine. Tail and skin of dorsal and palmar surfaces are blackish brown. Habitat. Mostly montane humid forest dominated by epiphyte-laden trees, Cecropia (Urticacea), bamboos, and tree ferns and Polylepis (Rosaceae) woodland at elevations of 600-3500 m. The Small Yungas Hocicudo is found in mossy runways, under logs, and around tree roots. Food and Feeding. The Small Yungas Hocicudo mainly eats insects and other invertebrates. Breeding. Female Small Yungas Hocicudos showed signs of breeding at the end of rainy season (March-April). Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Hinojosa et al. (1987), Oliveira (1998), Oliveira & Goncalves (2015), Salazar Bravo, Yensen etal. (2002), Zeballos (2016c¢)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 466, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

667. Andaman Archipelago Rat Rattus stoicus French: Rat des Andaman / German: Andamanen-Ratte / Spanish: Rata de Andaman Other common names: Andaman Rat Taxonomy. Mus stoicus G. S. Miller, 1902, “Henry Lawrence Island, Andaman [Islands],” India. Rattus stoicus has not been included in any genetic studies, and more research is needed to determine its placement within the genus. Monotypic. Distribution. Middle Andaman, South Andaman, and Henry Lawrence Is, Andaman Archipelago, India. Descriptive notes. Head-body 220- 260 mm, tail 192-212 mm, ear 24 mm, hindfoot 45-48 mm. Nospecific data are available for body weight. The Andaman Archipelago Rat is large, with coarse, long, and shaggy pelage, having translucent semi-rigid spines throughout. Dorsum is grayish brown and has longer dark guard hairs. Venter is gray and paler than in the Tawitawi Forest Rat (R. tawitawiensis).Hindfeet are white but can be very palegrayish brown. Forefeet are white, with thin grayishbrown strip dorsally. Ears dark brown; vibrissae are dark and long. Tail is less than 100% of head-body length and faintly bicolored, being pale brown dorsally and mottled paler brown ventrally. Skull is elongated, with long and slender rostrum. There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one postaxial, and two inguinal. Habitat. Tropical evergreen forests from sea level to elevations of ¢.200 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Andaman Archipelago Rat is nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Andaman Archipelago Rat may be threatened by human expansion, forest clearing, and tsunamis. Nevertheless, it is considered a pest under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Additional research is needed to understand its naturalhistory, taxonomy, and conservation threats. Bibliography. Agrawal (2000), Corbet & Hill (1992), Ellerman (1961), Johnsingh & Manjrekar (2015), Miller (1902), Molur (2016l), Molur et al. (2005), Musser & Carleton (2005), Musser & Heaney (1985)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 833, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

377. Merida Rice Rat Nephelomys meridensis French: Néphélomys de Mérida / German: Merida-Reisratte / Spanish: Rata arrocera de Mérida Other common names: Merida Nephelomys, Merida Oryzomys Taxonomy. Oryzomys meridensis Thomas, 1894, “ Merida, Venezuela.” Nephelomys meridensis was originally described in 1894 as a species of Oryzomys and considered close to O. albigularis (currently Nephelomys albigularis) and O. wvelutinus (currently included in Hylaeamys megacephalus). In the next two decades, various other species were described in the groups with O. albigularis and O. meridensis, which were eventually consolidated under O. albigularis by P. Hershkovitz in 1944. Because of differences in karyotype and morphology, O. meridensis was reinstated as a species separate from O. albigularis and the other Venezuelan member of the group, O. caracolus. When species of the O. albigularis group were reclassified into the new genus Nephelomys in 2006, it was retained as a species, now N. meridensis. Populations in Tachira have a different karyotype and might represent a different species, and morphological and karyological differences have been highlighted for populations in Paramo de Tama. Monotypic. Distribution. E Andes Range of NE Colombia and W Venezuela. Descriptive notes. Head—body 135-160 mm, tail 170-172 mm, ear 17-22 mm, hindfoot 23-36 mm; weight 50-74 g. The Merida Rice Rat is medium-sized, with tail typically unicolored but rarely weakly bicolored; dorsal pelage is dense, lax, and very long; and ventral pelage has large pectoral patches of single-colored hair (gular, axillary, and inguinal patches are rarely present). Chromosomal complement is 2n = 66, FN = 104. Habitat. Forested slopes at elevations of 1100-4000 m. Merida Rice Rats were caught in ground litter and under logs and roots in dense, cold forested areas. Food and Feeding. The Merida Rice Rat is omnivorous, with a tendency to eat seeds and fruits. Breeding. Merida Rice Rats reproduce year-round, and females were pregnant, lactating, or in estrous for several months. Postpartum estrus was observed in captivity and the wild. Estrous cycle in captivity can last more than five days because some phases were extended by more than two days. No relationship was found between frequency of reproductive females in each reproductive state and monthly average of rainfall or variation in food availability (e.g. arthropod abundance and oak fruiting). Activity patterns. Merida Rice Rats are nocturnal and terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Merida Rice Rats are solitary. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Aguilera et al. (1995), Anderson & Raza (2010), Cardenas (2017), Goldman (1918a), Handley (1976), Hershkovitz (1944), Marquez et al. (2000), Osgood (1912), Percequillo (2015g, 2016), Rivas (1993, 1997), Rivas & Péfaur (1999), Thomas (1894), Villamizar-Ramirez et al. (2017), Weksler et al. (2006)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 416, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr (2017): Cricetidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 204-535, ISBN: 978-84-16728-04-6, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6707142

17. Euphrates Jerboa Scarturus euphraticus French: Gerboise de |'Euphrate / German: Euphrat-Pferdespringer / Spanish: Jerbo del Eufrates Other common names: Montane Jerboa Taxonomy. Allactaga euphratica Thomas, 1881, “Mesopotamia [= Iraq].” Previously included in the genus Allactaga and later Paralactaga, which has recently been found to be a junior synonym of Scarturus. Phylogenetically, S. euphraticus is in the subgenus Paralactaga, being the sister species of the S. williams: + S. aulacotis clade. The form kivancinamed by E. Colak and N.Yigit in 1998 is genetically identical with the nominate form; moreover, kivanc was described based on comparison of specimens from southern Turkey with S. aulacotis from Syria rather than with true S. euphraticus. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. S.e.euphraticusThomas,1881—definitelyknownfromSETurkey,IraqEofEuphratesRiverandSWIran;probably,occursalsoinSyriaEofEuphrates,C&SIraqWofEuphrates,Kuwait,andNSaudiArabia. S. e. caprimulga Ellerman, 1948 — Afghanistan. Descriptive notes. Head-body 77-140 mm, tail 144-210 mm, ear 29-52 mm, hindfoot 50-68 mm; weight 48-92 g. There is no significant secondary sexual dimorphism. Condylo-basal lengths of skulls are 25-4-31 mm, zygomatic breadths are 19-4-23-6 mm, and maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-8-7 mm. Head and dorsum are grayish buff; sides and ventral pelage are pure white; and tail banner is wide and well flattened, with short white (often with narrow longitudinal dorsal dark strip) (nominate euphraticus) or ocherous (caprimulga) basal ring, relatively long black subterminal field, and medium-length white terminal tuft. Toes of hindfeet are covered from below with short soft white hairs, mixed with black, not forming brushes; conic calluses at bases of toes are large, with wide bases and rounded apexes. Auditory bullae are weakly inflated. Mastoid cavity is medium-sized and not subdivided into sections; tympanic cavity is extremely small. Front surfaces of incisors are white; incisors are weakly deflected forward. P' is relatively small and 1-6-2 times smaller in diameter than M®. Molars are lowcrowned, with tuberculous masticatory surfaces; crown heights of unworn molars are c.70% of their lengths. Glans penis is egg-shaped, 5-6-6-6 mm long and 3-3-3-9 mm wide, slightly compressed in dorso-ventral direction, subdivided by deep longitudinal dorsal fold into two lateral lobes; surfaces of lobes are covered by single-vertex, backward-directed aciculae increasing in size in backward direction; and aciculae are arranged in 9-10 concentric rows with 14-15 aciculae in each row. Os penis (baculum) is absent. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 96. Habitat. Steppe, semi-deserts, and desert. In southern Turkey, the Euphrates Jerboa prefers low plains at elevations of 400-650 m, with sparse grassy ground cover, and avoids sandy and cultivated areas. In Afghanistan, it occurs in dry montane terrain, with low and sparse vegetation at elevations of 1800-3200 m. Food and Feeding. Euphrates Jerboa is a generalist herbivore and eats green leaves, fresh roots, bulbs, stems, and seeds. Breeding. Breeding of the Euphrates Jerboa occurs in April-June in southern Turkey and northern Syria and February—May in Iraq. Litters have 4-8 young (average six). Females have two litters per year. Activity patterns. The Euphrates Jerboa is nocturnal. Aboveground activity usually starts 1-5-2 hours after sunset and ends before dawn. Hibernation occurs in November—January. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Summer burrows of Euphrates Jerboas are simple and usually have one tunnel, direct or with 1-2 turns. Tunnelstarts at the ground’s surface, with a typically plugged entrance, and ends in a nest chamber 11-15 cm in diameter and 35-45 cm deep. In most cases, burrows have one additional tunnel ending with emergency exits. Total lengths of tunnels are 80-120 cm. In the wild, Euphrates Jerboa are usually solitary. In captivity, they try to avoid physical contact and emit different types of sounds; fighting has not been recorded. In captivity, initials contact between individuals, regardless of sex, is aggressive; after two hours of intense fighting, individuals became peaceful; however, in some cases, interactions can cause serious wounds or death. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List (as Allactaga euphratica). The Euphrates Jerboa is threatened in Turkey by the expansion of irrigated cotton fields and hunting. Bibliography. Arslan et al. (2012), Atallah & Harrison (1969), Colak & Yigit (1998a, 1998b), Colak et al. (1994), Dianat et al. (2013), Habibi (2004), Harrison & Bates (1991), Hassinger (1973), Kadhim & Wahid (1986), Kadhim et al. (1979), Krystufek & Vohralik (2005), Krystufek, Arslan et al. (2013), Lewis et al. (1965)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Dipodidae, pp. 81-100 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 91-92, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6591722

379. White-throated Rice Rat Nephelomys albigularis French: Néphélomys de Tomes / German: \Weil3kehl-Reisratte / Spanish: Rata arrocera de garganta blanca Other common names: Tomes's Rice Rat, White-throated Nephelomys, White-throated Oryzomys Taxonomy. Hesperomys albigularis Tomes, 1860, Pallatanga, Chimborazo, Ecuador. Nephelomys albigularis was considered related to H. longicaudatus (currently Olgoryzomys longicaudatus). In 1894, it was placed in Oryzomys and associated with what is now Nephelomys meridensis. In the early 1960s, the scope of the species was considerably expanded to include most of the species that are now in Nephelomys and a single name, boliviae, that is currently a synonym of Euryoryzomys nitidus. From 1976 on, several of these were reinstated as separate species. Molecular phylogeny suggests that N. albigularis is a complex of at least two species, but additional research is needed to verify this. Monotypic. Distribution. NC Ecuador (Carchi Province) S to NW Peru (Huanuco Department). Descriptive notes. Head-body 102-162 mm, tail 138-184 mm, ear 20-24 mm, hindfoot 31-35 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The White-throated Rice Rat is moderately large, with dorsal pelage long, dense, and soft, ranging from buffy orange grizzled with dark brown to ocherous intensely grizzled with dark brown. Venter hairs are whitish or yellowish at tips and grayish at bases, with or without small white patches in gular or pectoral regions. Ears have short hair, darker than dorsum. Mpystacial vibrissae are moderately long, extending to posterior margin of pinnae when bent. Dorsal surfaces of hindfeet have short, dispersed, whitish hairs; digits of hindfeet are covered by long whitish hairs. Tail is longer than head-body length and bicolored or weakly bicolored (few specimens with unicolored tails). Habitat. Montane and cloud/elfin forests of the Peruvian and Ecuadorean Andes at elevations of 900-3100 m. White-throated Rice Rats have been found in primary and secondary cloud forests. In northern Peru, they inhabits very humid forests, dwelling under logs, roots, and debris. Food and Feeding. White-throated Rice Rats are probably omnivorous. Breeding. In Cajas (Ecuador), no pregnant females were recorded in June-October overfive years, although one lactating female was recorded, and only four of 16 males were in breeding condition. In Amazonas (Peru), females had no embryos in August, although one lactating female was recorded. Activity patterns. White-throated Rice Rats are nocturnal and terrestrial. They can swim and use streams to escape predators. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Peruvian populations of White-throated Rice Rats could be threatened by fragmentation and rapid loss of montane forests in northern Peru (Cajamarca, Amazonas, and San Martin departments). Bibliography. Barnett (1999), Eisenberg & Redford (1999), Musser & Carleton (1993), Pacheco et al. (2009), Percequillo (2015g), Reid et al. (2016), Thomas (1894), Tinoco (2015), Uturunco & Pacheco (2016)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 417, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

378. Child’s Rice Rat Nephelomys childi French: Néphélomys de Child / German: Child-Reisratte / Spanish: Rata arrocera de Child Other common names: Child's Nephelomys Taxonomy. Oryzomys childi Thomas, 1895, Bogota, Cundinamarca, Colombia. This species is monotypic. Distribution. All Andes Ranges of Colombia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 120-184 mm, tail 110-194 mm, ear 11-28 mm, hindfoot 28-43 mm; weight 43-86 g. Child’s Rice Rat is medium-sized, with dorsal pelage varying in length and texture geographically; some specimens have dense and short fur, and others have very dense and longer hair; and ventral pelage of some specimens have small white patches in gular region. Habitat. Andean forests at elevations of 1140-3400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. Bibliography. Cardenas (2017), Ospina (2002), Percequillo (20159)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 416-417, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

13. Hoary Bamboo Rat Rhizomys pruinosus French: Rhizomys grisonnant / German: Graue Bambusratte / Spanish: Rata de bambu canosa Taxonomy. Rhizomys pruinosus Blyth, 1851, Cherrapunji, Khasi Hills, India. Classically treated as a member of the subgenus Rhizomys. Distributions of subspecies are poorly delineated, and multiple species may be present. Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R.p.pruinosusBlyth,1851—Meghalaya,SAssam,extremeNEArunachalPradesh,Nagaland,Manipur,NTripura,andNMizoram(NEIndia),NWMyanmar,andWYunnan(SWChina). R.p.latoucheiThomas,1915—SEChinaSoftheYangtzeRiver,includingGuizhou,Hunan,Jiangxi,Fujian,Guangxi,andGuangdong. R.p.pannosusThomas,1915—EMyanmar,Thailand,Laos,SCambodia,andVietnam. R.p.senexThomas,1915—NEMyanmarandSYunnan(SWChina). R. p. umbriceps Thomas, 1916 — N Malay Peninsula S to Perak (N Malaysia). Also present in NW India (Himachal Pradesh), but subspecies involved not known. Descriptive notes. Head-body 240-350 mm, tail 90-130 mm; weight 1.5-2.5 kg. The Hoary Bamboo Rat is grayish brown to chocolate-brown, with lighter venter. Intermittent long white-tipped guard hairs give grizzled appearance. Pelage is dense and soft. White-tipped hairs and dense pelage are less pronounced in the southern part of its distribution. Almost hairless tail is longer relative to head-body length than on the Chinese Bamboo Rat (R. sinensis). Upper incisors are extrabuccal, orange, and slightly proodont; molars are orange. Rostrum is narrower than in the Chinese Bamboo Rat, and sagittal crest is lyre-shaped. There are 8-10 nipples: 1 or 2 pairs of pectoral + 3 pairs of inguinal. Minute, presumably non-functional, pair of pectoral nipples is present on some individuals. Diploid numberis 2n = 50. Habitat. Bamboo thickets, bamboo hillsides and montane forest, tropical and subtropical deciduous forests, grassland mixed with secondary forest, shrub forest, and, with less frequency, pine and fir forests. The Hoary Bamboo Ratis not common in agricultural areas or mature forest. In the northern parts of its distribution, it is found in bamboo thickets or beardgrass (Polypogon, Poaceae) at elevations of less than 1000 m in China and less than 1500 m in north-eastern India, especially where it overlaps with the Chinese Bamboo Rat, which lives at higher elevations. In the southern part ofits distribution, the Hoary Bamboo Rat is found at a broader range of elevations of 100-4000 m. In China, individuals appear to move among habitats seasonally, preferring large bamboo groves, secondary forest, and shrub forest in spring and summer and sparsely forested regions with silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis, Poaceae) or forked ferns (Dicranopteris, Gleicheniaceae) in autumn and winter. Food and Feeding. Hoary Bamboo Rats feed on roots and shoots of bamboo, beardgrass,silvergrass, and occasionally other plant types. Individuals generally feed on plants within 5-10 m from their burrow entrance. Food may be eaten outside the burrow or dragged back into the burrow. Stalks are held in place by front paws, while outer layers are stripped by incisors. Food is consumed in a manner where upper incisors are held motionless, lower incisors plane the object, and food is chewed by molars. Small uneaten nubs remain after feeding. Captive individuals manually remove cylindrical fecal pellets using incisors and toss them into dung piles. Presumably similar behavior occurs in the wild either in a toilet chamber, or fecal pellets are brought to the toilet. Breeding. A female Hoary Bamboo Rat in estrus does not seal her burrow entrance, and a male moves in to breed. Breeding occurs year-round but peaks in November— December and March—June. Females line nest chambers with dry grass. After gestation of 22 days, a female gives birth to a litter of 1-5 young. Young are born naked and weigh 35-40 g at birth. Eyes open after 28-30 days, and offspring grow a coat ofjet black fur. Weaning takes place 56-78 days later, and females appear to reach sexual maturity at c.160 days. Activity patterns. The Hoary Bamboo Rat exits its burrow at night to feed on the surface. It appears to be less aggressive than the Chinese Bamboo Rat. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows of Hoary Bamboo Rats are relatively simple, containing a single entrance (rarely 2—4 entrances), characterized by a mound of dirt. A 1-2 m long tunnel connects the entrance to the nest chamber, which is 12 x 32 cm and often contains a store of food. A toilet chamberis located 20-40 cm from the nest chamber and a bolt-hole is present. Burrows are temporary; females with young may extend their time in a single burrow to just over a month. Burrows are primarily excavated with incisors; feet are used to push loosened dirt behind. The individual will then turn and push accumulated soil out of the entrance. Hoary Bamboo Rats are solitary except for breeding when males move into females’ burrows. Same-sex adult individuals are never found in the same burrow. Males forced to cohabit in artificial settings will fight and even kill each other. Conspecifics are attacked with bites to head, neck, and cheeks; wild males have been observed with scars in these areas. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List and the 2016 China Red List. The Hoary Bamboo Rat is known from several protected areas. It is hunted for food and faces habitat loss in parts of its distribution, particularly in western areas. Populations in India appear to be declining and warrant protection. Bibliography. Agrawal (2000), Allen (1940), Aplin, Lunde & Molur (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Jiang Zhigang et al. (2016), Molur et al. (2005), Smith (2008), Tanomtong et al. (2013), Xu Longhui (1984)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Spalacidae, pp. 108-142 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 135, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6609100

218. Darien Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys darienensis French: Souris-moissonneuse du Darien / German: Darien-Erntemaus / Spanish: Raton espiguero de Darién Taxonomy. Reithrodontomys darienensis Pearson, 1939, upper Rio Tuyra, Santa Cruz de Cana, 2000 ft. (= 610 m), upper Rio Tuyra, Darién, Panama. Reithrodontomys darienensis is in subgenus Aporodon. Monotypic. Distribution. Restricted to E Panama. Descriptive notes. Head-body c.62-65 mm, tail 100-112 mm, ear 14-15 mm, hindfoot 17-19 mm; weight 10 g. The Darien Har vest Mouse is medium-sized. Dorsum is pale brown, with peppered or streaked pattern. Venter varies from white to orangecinnamon. Tail is long compared to that of the Slender Harvest Mouse (R. gracilis). Rastrum and braincase are shorter than in the Slender Harvest Mouse. Habitat. Lowland tropical deciduous forests with dense stands of oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) interspersed with shrubs and grasses up to elevations of ¢.900 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Darien Harvest Mouse is presumably nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Hall (1981), Hooper (1952a), Pearson (1939)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 367-368, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142

737. Javan Bamboo Rat Kadarsanomys sodyi French: Rat de Kardasan / German: Java-Ratte / Spanish: Rata de bambu de Java Other common names: Sody's Tree Rat Taxonomy. Rattus canus sodyi Bartels, 1937, Mount [= Gunung] Pangrango-Gede, 1000 m, West Java, Indonesia. Kadarsanomys sodyi was originally described as subspecies of Lenothrix cana (formerly Rattus canus). In 1981, the genus Kadarsanomys was created to highlight its distinctiveness from Rattus and Lenothrix. Its phylogenetic relationships have remained enigmatic since its description. Further studies with modern samples are needed to determine its real position within Rattini. Subfossils are known from central and eastern Java. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from type locality in WJava. Descriptive notes. Head-body 162-210 mm,tail 246-305 mm, hindfoot 37-44 mm, ear 20-25 mm; weight 175-230 g. The Javan Bamboo Rat resembles the Gray Tree Rat (Lenothrix cana) in body size and proportions, butit has smaller ears, shorter hindfeet, and skull. The Javan Bamboo Rat is morphological adapted to arboreal life;its relatively long tail, arboreal hindfoot, and nail instead of claw on each hallux suggest this mode oflife. Middle of head and back is dark brown, paling to grayish brown on sides and cheeks. Blackish brown ring encircles eyes, contrasting color of head. Ears are tan and covered with fine hair. Underparts are white. Tail is completely pale brown and covered with scales; each scale has three hairs, short at base and increasing toward tip; and there is no indication that tail is prehensile. Vibrissae above and below eyes are 20-30 mm; rostral vibrissae are 60-70 mm long. Juveniles have grayish brown upperparts and white underparts. Pelage is much paler, denser, and softer than those of adults. Females have four pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mostly bamboo stands in forests. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Javan Bamboo Rat probably contains bamboo. Breeding. AJavan Bamboo Rat nest made of dry leaves had four young in January, and juveniles were found in June, suggesting two litters/year. Activity patterns. The Javan Bamboo Ratis probably nocturnal. Its peculiar hallux and short foot with well-developed pads suggest arboreal or semi-arboreallifestyle. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Most specimens ofJavan Bamboo Rats were caught on dead and more orless decaying big bamboo stemsin a forest, into which they had gnawed entrance holes c.3-4 cm in diameter; similar holes had also been gnawed in partitions between internodes. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Javan Bamboo Ratlikely occursin less than 2000 km?, its distribution is believed to be severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in extent and quality of its lowland forest habitat. Additional studies are needed to understand its distribution, abundance, ecology, and conservation threats. Bibliography. Boitani et al. (2006), Musser (1981c), Musser & Carleton (2005), Musser & Newcomb (1983), Musser, Aplin & Lunde (2008)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 857, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

87. Pleasant Gerbil Gerbillus amoenus French: Gerbille charmante / German: Schonrennmaus / Spanish: Gerbillo cordial Other common names: Charming Gerbil Taxonomy. Dipodillus amoenus de Winton, 1902, Giza province, Egypt. Gerbillus amoenus was initially described in genus Dipodillus, but morphoanatomical and recent molecular studies have shown the latter not to be a valid genus. The species was synonymized either with G. dasyurus, G. campestris, or G. nanus, but D. M. Lay in 1983 elevated it to rank of separate species on basis ofits standard karyotype. This treatment was followed by G. G. Musser and M. D. Carleton in 2005 and D. C. D. Happold in 2013, but not by A. Monadjem and colleagues in 2015. S. Aulagnier and coworkers in 2009 determined that, in North Africa, G. amoenusreplaces G. nanus, which must be restricted to areas east ofthe Red Sea. Recent molecular studies of the G. nanus species complex and the Gerbillus genus by A. Ndiaye and colleagues corroborated that view. G. amoenusis considered a vicariant ofG. nanus, its sister taxon. Other poorly known species, such as G. grobbeni, G. vivax, and G. garamantus, may be synonyms of G. amoenus, but further studies are required. Monotypic. Distribution. N Africa, from Mauritania E to Egypt. Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-105 mm, tail 90-145 mm, ear 10-14 mm, hindfoot 19-27 mm; weight 11-36 g. The Pleasant Gerbil is a small gerbil with naked hindfeet. Short andsoft dorsal pelage is cinnamon to yellowish brown, and the venter is white. Tail is long (130% of head—body length), bicolored, and terminates in a brown pencil at tip. Some white spots may be seen on the cheeks, throat and chest, behind the ears, on the rump. Onthe skull, the tympanic bullae are inflated (30% oflength ofskull), and mandible has a high coronoid process and narrow ramus. Diploid numberis 2n = 52. Habitat. Desert to semi-desert environments with hard soils, dense plant cover under trees (scrubs, bush, tamarisk and palm trees), and salt marshes, “wadis” (ephemeral riverbeds), oases, “dayas” (temporary ponds), and “sebkhas” (salt flats) with abundant bushes, and even cultivated fields. Food and Feeding. Pleasant Gerbils are herbivorous, eating leaves, stems, and seeds. They maylive in the same places as the Fat Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus) and feed on Euphorbiaceae and Amaranthaceae. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Pleasant Gerbil is nocturnal and terrestrial. It digs simple burrows about 25 cm in depth under vegetation. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Pleasant Gerbil may be common but there is no recent data available. Bibliography. Aulagnieret al. (2009), Happold (2013a), Kowalski & Rzebik-Kowalska (1991), Lay (1983), Monadjem et al. (2015), Musser & Carleton (2005), Ndiaye, Chevret et al. (2016), Ndiaye, Shanas et al. (2013), Ndiaye, Tatard et al. (2016), Osborn & Helmy (1980), Ranck (1968), Wassif (1956)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 627, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260

732. Ancash Leaf-eared Mouse Phyllotis definitus French: Phyllotis de IAncash / German: Ancash-Blattohrmaus / Spanish: Raton orejudo de Ancash Other common names: Ancash Pericote, Definitive Leaf-eared Mouse Taxonomy. Phyllotis definitus Osgood, 1915, “Macate, 50 miles [= 80 km] north-east of Chimbote, [Ancash,] Peru.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Andes of C Peru. Descriptive notes. Head-body 122-5 mm, tail 101-136 mm, ear 22-25 mm, hindfoot 28-31 mm; weight 50-89 g. Dorsum of the Ancash Leaf-eared Mouse is cinnamon brown, mixed liberally with dusky hues; rump is slightly paler than back and shoulders; and nape tends toward grayish. Venter is buffy ocherous, paler and more whitish on throat and inguinal area. Chin is whitish and contrasts zygomatic side of rostrum. Pectoral streak is well-defined. Auricular patches are present behind pinnae. Forefeet and hindfeet are white, with proximal part of pes more or less ocherous. Tail is short, equal to or less than head-body length and bicolored, dark above and gray below. Skull is large for a species of Phyllotis (average condylo-incisive length 29-7 mm); nasal is broad; zygomatic arch is robust; interorbital region is very narrow; mesopterygoid fossae are narrow, with pterygoid processes convergent; and tooth row is very large (average 5-6). Chromosomal complement is 2n = 54, FN = 72 in individuals from Ancash Department. Habitat. Brushy zones, dry shrublands, and rocky areas on western Andean slopes at elevations of 2600-3000 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Ancash Leaf-eared Mouse occurs in less than 5000 km?. Bibliography. Eisenberg & Redford (1999), Hershkovitz (1962), Musser & Carleton (2005), Pacheco (2002), Pearson (1958, 1972), Steppan & Ramirez (2015), Zeballos & Vivar (2008c)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Cricetidae, pp. 204-535 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 525-526, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6707142