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International audience; Patients with chronic mesial temporal lobe epilepsy have difficulties at identifying familiar faces as well as at explicit old/new face recognition tasks. However, the extent to which these difficulties can be attributed to visual individuation of faces, independently of general explicit learning and semantic memory processes, is unknown. We tested 42 mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients divided into two groups according to the side of epilepsy (left and right) and 42 matched controls on an extensive series of individuation tasks of unfamiliar faces and control visual stimuli, as well as on face detection, famous face recognition and naming, and face and non-face learning. Overall, both patient groups had difficulties at identifying and naming famous faces, and at explicitly learning face and non-face images. However, there was no group difference in accuracy between patients and controls at the two most widely used neuropsychological tests assessing visual individuation of unfamiliar faces (Benton Facial Recognition Test and Cambridge Face Memory Test). While patients with right mesial temporal lobe epilepsy were slowed down at all tasks, this effect was not specific to faces or even high-level stimuli. Importantly, both groups showed the same profile of response as typical participants across various stimulus manipulations, showing no evidence of qualitative processing impairments. Overall, these results point to largely preserved visual face individuation processes in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, with semantic and episodic memory difficulties being consistent with the localization of the neural structures involved in their epilepsy (anterior temporal cortex and hippocampus). These observations have implications for the prediction of neuropsychological outcomes in the case of surgery and support the validity of intracranial electroencephalographic recordings performed in this population to understand neural mechanisms of human face individuation, notably through intracranial electrophysiological recordings and stimulations.

In contrast to most memory systems that decline with age, semantic memory tends to remain relatively stable across the life span. However, what exactly is stable remains unclear. Is it the quantity of information available or the organization of semantic memory, i.e., the connections between semantic items? Even less is known about semantic memory for celebrities, a subsystem of semantic memory. In the present study, we studied the organization of person-specific semantic memory and its stability in aging.We designed a word association task based on a previous study, which consisted in providing the first word that came to the mind of the participants (15 participants for each age group 20-30, 40-50 and 60-70 years old) for 144 celebrities. We developed a new taxonomy of associated responses as the responses associated with celebrities name could in principle be very varied.We found that most responses (90%) could be grouped into five categories (subjective; superordinate general; superordinate specific; imagery and activities). The elderly group did not differ from the other two groups in term of errors or reaction time suggesting they performed the task well. However, they also provided associations that were less precise and less based on imagery. In contrast, the middle-age group provided the most precise associations.These results support the idea of a durable person-specific semantic memory in aging but show changes in the type of associations that elders provide. Future work should aim at studying patients with early semantic impairment, as they could be different from the healthy elders on such semantic association task.

This article describes the case of a patient who, following herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), retained the ability to access rich conceptual semantic information for familiar people whom he was no longer able to name. Moreover, this patient presented the very rare combination of name production and name comprehension deficits for different categories of proper names (persons and acronyms). Indeed, besides his difficulty to retrieve proper names, SL presented a severe deficit in understanding and identifying them. However, he was still able to recognize proper names on familiarity decision, demonstrating that name forms themselves were intact. We interpret SL's deficit as a rare form of two-way lexico-semantic disconnection, in which intact lexical knowledge is disconnected from semantic knowledge and face units. We suggest that this disconnection reflects the role of the left anterior temporal lobe in binding together different types of knowledge and supports the classical convergence-zones framework (e.g., Damasio, 1989) rather than the amodal semantic hub theory (e.g., Patterson, Nestor, & Rogers, 2007).

Acquired prosopagnosia is primarily defined as a defect in recognizing familiar faces. Nonetheless, for practical and methodological reasons, studies of such rare patients typically use pictures of unfamiliar faces. Here, we report an extensive investigation (17 behavioural tasks grouped in nine experiments) with a homogenous set of personally familiar faces in patient PS (Rossion et al., 2003. A network of occipito-temporal face-sensitive areas besides the right middle fusiform gyrus is necessary for normal face processing.), a well-documented case of acquired prosopagnosia with intact object recognition. PS’s recognition of the face pictures of 3–4-yearold children of her kindergarten is severely impaired—both in terms of accuracy and speed of recognition—and differs qualitatively from her colleagues’ performance. Relative to these typical individuals, PS relies more on external features, colour and local details of faces. She is also specifically impaired at processing the eye region in two-alternative face matching tasks, as well as in a familiar face recognition task performed both with pre-defined isolated parts and with randomly placed apertures revealing selective parts (“Bubbles”, >20.000 trials) of the personally familiar faces. These observations indicate that the same impairment observed previously with unfamiliar faces for PS and other cases of acquired prosopagnosia is associated with a deficient long-term representation of the eye region. Various manipulations that differentially affect the processing of the eye region suggest that this impairment is a consequence of the inability to represent the multiple parts of the eye region, and of the whole familiar face, as a single unit. This impairment in holistic processing is further evidenced here across different paradigms with composite faces, wholes and parts, and configurally distorted faces, mirroring and strengthening previous observations made with unfamiliar faces in PS and other cases of acquired prosopagnosia. Altogether, these observations suggest that prosopagnosia following brain damage affects unfamiliar and familiar face processing in a qualitatively similar way.

Previous studies have shown that acquired prosopagnosia is characterized by impairment at holistic/configural processing. However, this view is essentially supported by studies performed with patients whose face recognition difficulties are part of a more general visual (integrative) agnosia. Here, we tested the patient PS, a case of acquired prosopagnosia whose face-specific recognition difficulties have been related to the inability to process individual faces holistically (absence of inversion, composite, and whole-part effects with faces). Here, we show that in contrast to this impairment, the patient presents with an entirely normal response profile in a Navon hierarchical letter task: she was as fast as normal controls, faster to identify global than local letters, and her sensitivity to global interference during identification of local letters was at least as large as normal observers. These observations indicate that holistic processing as measured with global/local interference in the Navon paradigm is functionally distinct from the ability to perceive an individual face holistically.

We present an extensive investigation (24 experiments) of a new case of prosopagnosia following right unilateral damage, GG, with the aim of addressing two classical issues: (1) Can a visual recognition impairment truly be specific to faces? (2) What is the nature of acquired prosopagnosia? We show that GG recognizes nonface objects perfectly and quickly, even when it requires fine-grained analysis to individualize these objects. He is also capable of perceiving objects and faces as integrated wholes, as indicated by normal Navon effect, 3D-figures perception and perception of Mooney and Arcimboldo face stimuli. However, the patient could not perceive individual faces holistically, showing no inversion, composite, or whole-part advantage effects for faces. We conclude that an occipito-temporal right hemisphere lesion may lead to a specific impairment of holistic perception of individual items, a function that appears critical for normal face recognition but not for object recognition.

Face recognition is an important ability of the human brain, yet its underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Two opposite views have been proposed to account for human face recognition expertise: the ability to extract the most diagnostic local information, feature-by feature (analytical view), or the ability to process all features at once over the whole face (holistic view). To help clarifying this debate, we used an original gaze-contingent stimulus presentation method to compare normal observers and a brain-damaged patient specifically impaired at face recognition (prosopagnosia). When a single central facial feature was revealed at a time through a gaze-contingent window, normal observers' performance at an individual face matching task decreased to the patient level. However, when only the central feature was masked, forcing normal observers to rely on the whole face but the fixated feature, their performance was almost not affected. In contrast, the prosopagnosic patient's performance decreased dramatically in this latter condition. These results were independent of the absolute size of the face and window/mask. This dissociation indicates that expertise in face recognition does not rest on the ability to analyze diagnostic local detailed features sequentially but rather on the ability to see the individual features of a face all at once, a function that is critically impaired in acquired prosopagnosia. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of topographical memory impairment following posterior cerebral artery infarctions (PCAI) and define its anatomical correlations. Methods: We recruited 15 patients (mean duration of 4 months postinfarct). We administered 2 sets of experimental tests to assess topographical memory: one set included 5 computerized tasks (CompT) and the other set consisted of one ecological topographical orientation test (EcolT) that included 4 tasks (i.e., map drawing, picture recognition and ordering, backward path). Fifteen healthy participants served as controls. Patients and controls underwent a volumetric T1 MRI brain scan. Brain lesions in patients were segmented, normalized, and correlated with performance. Results: Topographical memory impairments were evidenced in patients with PCAI using both group and individual analyses (50%), with more severe outcomes in patients with PCAI in the right hemisphere. CompT and EcolT were highly correlated, but the ecological test was more sensitive in revealing topographical memory impairments. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping demonstrated that 2 regions located in the cuneus and the calcarine sulcus correlated significantly with behavioral performance. Conclusions: Topographical memory disorders following PCAI are reported in 50% of the patient population. Our results demonstrate the importance of developing and using dedicated batteries of topographical memory tests, in particular real-life tests, to identify such deficits. Neurology®

A B S T R A C T Purpose: The Wada test is still the gold standard procedure to predict language and memory deficits before temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. As amobarbital was no longer available, our aim was to validate propofol as an alternative. Method: We retrospectively studied 47 patients who underwent a bilateral intracarotid procedure, performed with amobarbital (18), or propofol (29), between 2000 and 2010 during the preoperative evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy. Results: The number of patients experiencing an adverse event (mostly transient disturbance of consciousness or benign ocular symptoms) during both injections did not differ significantly between amobarbital and propofol. Hemispheric dominance was successfully determined in 96.5% patients with propofol vs. 94.4% with amobarbital for language, and in 72.4% under propofol vs. 77.7% under amobarbital for memory with no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Propofol can be used for the Wada test with an efficacy and safety comparable to amobarbital.

Resume Dans l’objectif d’ameliorer l’evaluation des troubles semantiques specifiques dans les phases precoces des maladies cognitives neurodegeneratives, nous proposons un nouvel outil de reconnaissance des personnes celebres, de denomination et d’acces aux connaissances semantiques. La batterie Gretop a ainsi ete developpee en poursuivant les objectifs suivants : etablir un outil facile a manier, realiste dans son temps de passation, informatise, norme sur un grand nombre de sujets temoins, evaluant l’acces semantique sur entree visuelle ou verbale, et permettant un calcul precis de la quantite d’informations semantiques recuperees. Les resultats presentes dans cet article montrent que la batterie possede une bonne coherence interne, que les deux sous-tests visages et noms sont equilibres en termes de difficulte et de familiarite des items, et que les normes ont ete collectees aupres d’un nombre eleve de sujets temoins. De plus, la presentation de huit cas cliniques testes avec la batterie illustre les differents profils cognitifs identifiables et revele le bon degre de specificite de cet outil. Au total, la construction de l’outil, ses normes, ainsi que sa specificite, font donc de Gretop un outil precieux dans le diagnostic precoce de maladies neurodegeneratives

Previous studies have shown that acquired prosopagnosia is characterized by impairment at holistic/configural processing. However, this view is essentially supported by studies performed with patients whose face recognition difficulties are part of a more general visual (integrative) agnosia. Here, we tested the patient PS, a case of acquired prosopagnosia whose face-specific recognition difficulties have been related to the inability to process individual faces holistically (absence of inversion, composite, and whole-part effects with faces). Here, we show that in contrast to this impairment, the patient presents with an entirely normal response profile in a Navon hierarchical letter task: she was as fast as normal controls, faster to identify global than local letters, and her sensitivity to global interference during identification of local letters was at least as large as normal observers. These observations indicate that holistic processing as measured with global/local interference in the Navon paradigm is functionally distinct from the ability to perceive an individual face holistically.

How a visual stimulus is initially categorized as a face in a network of human brain areas remains largely unclear. Hierarchical neuro-computational models of face perception assume that the visual stimulus is first decomposed in local parts in lower order visual areas. These parts would then be combined into a global representation in higher order face-sensitive areas of the occipito-temporal cortex. Here we tested this view in fMRI with visual stimuli that are categorized as faces based on their global configuration rather than their local parts (2-tones Mooney figures and Arcimboldo’s facelike paintings). Compared to the same inverted visual stimuli that are not categorized as faces, these stimuli activated the right middle fusiform gyrus (Fusiform face area, FFA) and superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), with no significant activation in the posteriorly located inferior occipital gyrus (i.e., no occipital face area, OFA). This observation is strengthened by behavioral and neural evidence for normal face categorization of these stimuli in a brain-damaged prosopagnosic patient (PS) whose intact right middle fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus are devoid of any potential face-sensitive inputs from the lesioned right inferior occipital cortex. Together, these observations indicate that face-preferential activation may emerge in higher order visual areas of the right hemisphere without any face-preferential inputs from lower order visual areas, supporting a non-hierarchical view of face perception in the visual cortex.

Prosopagnosia is classically defined as a disorder of visual recognition specific to faces, following brain damage. However, according to a long-standing alternative view, these patients would rather be generally impaired in recognizing objects belonging to visually homogenous categories, including faces. We tested this alternative hypothesis stringently with a well-documented brain-damaged prosopagnosic patient (PS) in three delayed forced-choice recognition experiments in which visual similarity between a target and its distractor was manipulated parametrically: novel 3D geometric shapes, morphed pictures of common objects, and morphed photographs of a highly homogenous familiar category (cars). In all experiments, PS showed normal performance and speed, and there was no evidence of a steeper increase of error rates and RTs with increasing levels of visual similarity, compared to controls. These data rule out an account of acquired prosopagnosia in terms of a more general impairment in recognizing objects from visually homogenous categories. An additional experiment with morphed faces confirmed that PS was specifically impaired at individual face recognition. However, in stark contrast to the alternative view of prosopagnosia, PS was relatively more impaired at the easiest levels of discrimination, i.e. when individual faces differ clearly in global shape rather than when faces were highly similar and had to be discriminated based on fine-grained details. Overall, these observations as well as a review of previous evidence, lead us to conclude that this alternative view of prosopagnosia does not hold. Rather, it seems that brain damage in adulthood may lead to selective recognition impairment for faces, perhaps the only category of visual stimuli for which holistic/configural perception is not only potentially at play, but is strictly necessary to individualize members of the category efficiently.

We report a new case of a right temporal pole variant of frontotemporal dementia (Rtv-FTLD), MD, who presented a slowly progressive deterioration of the recognition of familiar and famous people. We thoroughly investigated MD's face processing and semantic abilities, including a neuroimaging investigation. This analysis revealed a cross-modal person-based deficit together with a more general semantic alteration. However, there was no evidence of impairment in face perception, including holistic processing, or of an abnormal pattern of brain activation in face-sensitive cortical areas. We discuss the nature of face processing in the Rtv-FTLD and the context of a person-based semantic defect.

Prosopagnosia is an impairment at individualizing faces that classically follows brain damage. Several studies have reported observations supporting an impairment of holistic/configural face processing in acquired prosopagnosia. However, this issue may require more compelling evidence as the cases reported were generally patients suffering from integrative visual agnosia, and the sensitivity of the paradigms used to measure holistic/configural face processing in normal individuals remains unclear. Here we tested a well-characterized case of acquired prosopagnosia (PS) with no object recognition impairment, in five behavioral experiments (whole/part and composite face paradigms with unfamiliar faces). In all experiments, for normal observers we found that processing of a given facial feature was affected by the location and identity of the other features in a whole face configuration. In contrast, the patient's results over these experiments indicate that she encodes local facial information independently of the other features embedded in the whole facial context. These observations and a survey of the literature indicate that abnormal holistic processing of the individual face may be a characteristic hallmark of prosopagnosia following brain damage, perhaps with various degrees of severity.

Individual faces are notoriously difficult to recognize when they are presented upside-down. Since acquired prosopagnosia (AP) has been associated with an impairment of expert face processes, a reduced or abolished face inversion effect (FIE) is expected in AP. However, previous studies have incongruently reported apparent normal effects of inversion, a decreased or abolished FIE, but also a surprisingly better performance for inverted faces for some patients. While these discrepant observations may be due to the variability of high-level processes impaired, a careful look at the literature rather suggests that the pattern of FIE in prosopagnosia has been obscured by a selection of patients with associated low-level defects and general visual recognition impairments, as well as trade-offs between accuracy and correct RT measures. Here we conducted an extensive investigation of upright and inverted face processing in a well-characterized case of face-selective AP, PS (Rossion et al., 2003). In 4 individual face discrimination experiments, PS did not present any inversion effect at all, taking into account all dependent measures of performance. However, she showed a small inversion cost for individualizing members of a category of non-face objects (cars), just like normal observers. A fifth experiment with personally familiar faces to recognize confirmed the lack of inversion effect for PS. Following the present report and a survey of the literature, we conclude that the FIE is generally absent, or at least clearly reduced following AP. We also suggest that the paradoxical superior performance for inverted faces observed in rare cases may be due to additional upper visual field defects rather than to high-level competing visual processes. These observations are entirely compatible with the view that AP is associated with a disruption of a process that is also abolished following inversion: the holistic representation of individual exemplars of the face class.

Dans cet article, nous proposons un nouvel outil de diagnostic des troubles de reconnaissance des visages et de dénomination des noms propres. L’objectif de cette batterie est triple : 1) fournir un outil d’évaluation permettant de calculer un score de reconnaissance visuelle et un score de dénomination qui soient indépendants l’un de l’autre et donc d’obtenir un profil différencié de performances ; 2) élaborer une épreuve qui prenne en compte les connaissances médiatiques des participants ; 3) mettre à disposition un outil informatisé facile d’utilisation et qui enregistre les temps de réponse des participants. Nous présentons la procédure d’élaboration et de passation de l’outil ainsi que les résultats de la normalisation sur un échantillon de 240 participants. Par ailleurs, des analyses complémentaires démontrent que l’outil peut être utilisé dans toute la francophonie (Belgique, France, Suisse) et que celui-ci est sensible dans le diagnostic clinique de patients cérébro-lésés. 6;1

Normal observers process individual faces holistically, meaning that facial features are processed simultaneously over a face-wide perceptual span and that the face is represented as a single perceptual unit. Acquired prosopagnosia, an impairment of face recognition following brain damage is thought to be caused by a problem with holistic processing of faces (Sergent & Villlemure, 1989). However, previous studies have only demonstrated an impairment of interactive processing of features in patients who, in addition, present general visual integrative agnosia (e.g., Boutsen & Humphreys, 2002; Levine & Calvanio, 1989), so that direct evidence for a deficit in holistic face processing in prosopagnosia is lacking. In an experiment with a brain damaged case of prosopagnosia (PS, Rossion et al., 2003), we used two gaze-contingent techniques allowing manipulation of the amount of information that was simultaneously available. First, a gaze-contingent foveal mask, prevented the use of foveal, high resolution information, necessary for detailed investigation of the facial features, but allowed holistic processing based on lower resolution peripheral information. Second, a gaze-contingent foveal window covering all peripheral information, prevented the simultaneous use of several facial features, but allowed detailed investigation of each feature individually. In a face matching task, normal control participants showed increased errors and RTs with a foveal window in comparison to conditions with a foveal mask or with a full face. PS, on the contrary, was almost unimpaired by a foveal window relative to a full face, while she had major difficulties recognizing faces with a foveal mask. Moreover, the eye movement data confirmed the findings from previous studies, that for face recognition, PS mainly relies on the mouth region, while normal observers attend to the region just below the eyes. These data provide direct evidence for impairment of holistic face processing in acquired prosopagnosia.