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Alcohol-based fuels are slowly emerging as most promising alternative fuel. Among different alcohols, diethyl ether (DEE) appears to have the largest potential to be used as fuel. In this study, a ...

The exhaust emissions from the compression ignition engines are harmful to both human beings and the environment. After-treatment devices placed in the exhaust are designed to reduce these emissions. These devices have significant conversion efficiency but have various drawbacks such as the cost and availability of the precious catalyst for catalytic converters. In this work, an emission reduction setup was developed that can reduce NO, HC, CO and smoke simultaneously. The emission reduction setup is based on the concept of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and plasma generation by corona discharge technique. Both diesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) were separately used for the test. The results show that HC emissions at full load with ESP system reduced from 0.71 to 0.27 g/kWh for diesel and for WCO it reduced from 0.81 to 0.31 g/kWh. Similarly, the CO emissions reduced from 1.50 to 0.6 g/kWh for diesel and from 1.95 to 0.92 g/kWh for WCO. The smoke emission and NO emission were also reduced by 30.86 and 29.3% for diesel and WCO and 17 and 18% for diesel and WCO, respectively. However, the carbon dioxide emissions were found to increase as the HC and CO generated were also converted to CO2. The study shows that the emission reduction setup can effectively reduce the emissions without any effect on the engine performance.

This study is focused on artificial neural network (ANN) modelling of non-modified diesel engine keyed up by the combination of two low viscous biofuels to forecast the parameters of emission and performance. The diesel engine is energised with five different test fuels of the combination of citronella and Cymbopogon flexuous biofuel (C50CF50) with diesel at precise blends of B20, B30, B40, B50 and B100 in which these numbers represent the contents of combination of biofuel and the investigation is carried out from zero to full load condition. The experimental result was found that the B20 blend had improved BTE at all load states compared with the remaining biofuel blends. At 100% load state, BTE (31.5%) and fuel consumption (13.01 g/kW-h) for the B20 blend was closer to diesel. However, the B50 blend had minimal HC (0.04 to 0.157 g/kW-h), CO (0.89 to 2.025 g/kW-h) and smoke (7.8 to 60.09%) emission than other test fuels at low and high load states. The CO2 emission was the penalty for complete combustion. The NOx emission was higher for all the biodiesel blends than diesel by 6.12%, 8%, 11.53%, 14.81% and 3.15% for B20, B30, B40, B50 and B100 respectively at 100% load condition. The reference parameters are identified as blend concentration percentage and brake power values. The trained ANN models exhibit a magnificent value of 97% coefficient of determination and the high R values ranging between 0.9076 and 0.9965 and the low MAPE values ranging between 0.98 and 4.26%. The analytical results also provide supportive evidence for the B20 blend which in turn concludes B20 as an effective alternative fuel for diesel.

Stringent emission norms impose challenges to original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in reducing diesel engine emissions. Implementing renewable fuels as alternative energy sources in diesel engines leads to increased emission levels particularly NOx. In this work, performance, combustion, and emission parameters from a diesel engine powered with grapeseed oil biodiesel (GSBD) was investigated. Nano additive emulsions of cerium oxide (CeO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) at 100 ppm each were added to grapeseed oil biodiesel. To enhance the NOx reduction task further, an advanced technology called selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system was used. With easy availability of aqueous urea, careful injection, and distribution of the reductant solution, a paradigm change was brought about in NOx reduction technology. The experiments were carried out with and without SCR for better understanding and investigation. The percentage reduction of NOx emission by adding cerium oxide and zinc oxide emulsion blends were 4.19% and 13.13%, respectively. The overall reduction in NOx emission were 74.16% and 80.06% with SCR for cerium oxide and zinc oxide emulsion blends. The research conclusions make grapeseed oil biodiesel conceivable as an effective alternate fuel for diesel engines without any engine modifications.

The present work details the effects of injection of higher order alcohols, namely hexanol (Hex) and octanol (Oct) as secondary fuels in a CI engine. The last decade has seen an exponential increase in the carbon emission chief of which have been contributed by fossil fuels. Vegetable oils provide a viable alternative to the current scenario as they can be synthesized easily from nature and can be readily adapted for use in CI engines. Neem oil (NO) is non-edible and widely available and hence taken as a base fuel for this research. The poor properties of neem oil were improved by the addition of novel low viscous biofuel, namely wintergreen oil (WGO). During the course of this research work, a blend containing a mixture of 50% of neat neem oil and 50% of wintergreen oil (NO50-WGO50) was optimized based on trial tests and taken as pilot fuel while Hex and Oct were injected along with intake air as secondary fuels. The alcohols were injected into the engine successively in the 10%, 20%, and 30% (by mass) ratios. Experiments were conducted in a single-cylinder CI engine fabricating 5.2-kW power at a constant speed of 1500 rpm at varying load conditions. It is observed that inferior performance of NO led to more smoke, HC, and CO in comparison to diesel at all the loads and these are improved with NO50-WGO50 blend. Nevertheless, a minor increase in NOx emission was perceived with the blend. Addition of higher order alcohol promoted reduction of both NOx and smoke emission without affecting performance. Among the various combinations, NO50-WGO50 + Hex30 and Oct30 reduced NOx emission by 12% and 9.5% and smoke emission by 13% and 19% respectively. These results are on par with the diesel performance and emission characteristics.

The present study aims to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from a CI engine using calcite/activated carbon-based post-combustion CO2 capture system fueled with Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel ...

Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emission is a major threat in recent times. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a major source of greenhouse gas emission from CI engine. The present study aims to investigate the effect of pre-combustion, oxygenate and post-combustion system with biofuel blends in single cylinder CI engine on CO 2 emission. All the experiments were conducted in a single cylinder CI engine with 5.2 kW rated power at 1500 rpm at 50% and 100% load. Diesel is replaced with Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) and both are taken as baseline data. Low carbon biofuel namely orange oil (ORG) was blended on an equal volume basis with KOME and tested. Zeolite based post-combustion capture system (ZPCS) and fuel ionization filter (FIF) as pre-combustion capture system was tested along with 20% methanol (M) blend with KOME-ORG. FIF electrochemically ionizes the fuel molecules and aids in quick dispersion of the ions for improved combustion. Hydrocarbon based biofuels are converted to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ions, where hydrogen takes part in combustion and oxygen enhances the combustion process. At 100% load, CO 2 emission for KOME-ORG + M20 + FIF + ZPCS is 68% less compared to KOME. The combination also reduces NO and smoke by 48% and 51% compared to KOME at 100% load. The combined effect of FIF, ZPCS and methanol aided in the simultaneous reduction of NO, smoke and CO 2 emission.

The present study intends to explore the effect of the addition of fuel additives with camphor oil (CMO) on the characteristics of a twin-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. The lower viscosity and boiling point of CMO when compared to diesel could improve the fuel atomization, evaporation, and air/fuel mixing process. However, the lower cetane index of CMO limits its use as a drop in fuel for diesel in CI engine. In general, NOX emission increases for less viscous and low cetane (LVLC) fuels due to pronounced premixed combustion phase. To improve the ignition characteristics and decrease NOX emissions, fuel additives such as diglyme (DGE)—a cetane enhancer, cumene (CU)—an antioxidant, and eugenol (EU) and acetone (A)—bio-additives, are added 10% by volume with CMO. The engine used for the experimentation is a twin-cylinder tractor engine that runs at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The engine was operated with diesel initially to attain warm-up condition, which facilitates the operation of neat CMO. At full load condition, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for CMO is higher (29.6%) than that of diesel (28.1%), while NOX emission is increased by 9.4%. With DGE10 (10% DGE + 90% CMO), the ignition characteristics of CMO are improved and BTE is increased to 31.7% at full load condition. With EU10 (10% EU + 90% CMO) and A10 (10% A + 90% CMO), NOX emission is decreased by 24.6 and 17.8% when compared to diesel, while BTE is comparable to diesel. While HC and CO emission decreased for DGE10 and CU10, they increased for EU10 and A10 when compared to baseline diesel and CMO.

The present study is intended to investigate the effect of hybrid minor vegetable oil blends in twin cylinder compression ignition (CI) engines used in tractors on performance, emission and combust...

The present study deals with performance, emission and combustion studies in a single cylinder CI engine with lower and higher alcohol fuel synergies with biofuel blends and exhaust treatment system. Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME), widely available biofuel in India, and orange oil (ORG), a low carbon biofuel, were taken for this study, and equal volume blend was prepared for testing. Methanol (M) and n-pentanol (P) was taken as lower and higher alcohol and blended 20% by volume with KOME-ORG blend. Activated carbon-based exhaust treatment indigenous system was designed and tested with KOME-ORG + M20 and KOME-ORG + P20 blend. The tests were carried out at various load conditions at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The study revealed that considering performance, emission and combustion studies, KOME-ORG + M20 + activated carbon are found optimum in reducing NO, smoke and CO2 emission. Compared to KOME, for KOME-ORG + M20 + activated carbon, NO emission is reduced from 10.25 to 7.85 g/kWh, the smoke emission is reduced from 49.4 to 28.9%, and CO2 emission is reduced from 1098.84 to 580.68 g/kWh. However, with exhaust treatment system, an increase in HC and CO emissions and reduced thermal efficiency is observed due to backpressure effects.

The exhaust emissions from the compression ignition engines are harmful to both human beings and the environment. After-treatment devices placed in the exhaust are designed to reduce these emissions. These devices have significant conversion efficiency but have various drawbacks such as the cost and availability of the precious catalyst for catalytic converters. In this work, an emission reduction setup was developed that can reduce NO, HC, CO and smoke simultaneously. The emission reduction setup is based on the concept of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and plasma generation by corona discharge technique. Both diesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) were separately used for the test. The results show that HC emissions at full load with ESP system reduced from 0.71 to 0.27 g/kWh for diesel and for WCO it reduced from 0.81 to 0.31 g/kWh. Similarly, the CO emissions reduced from 1.50 to 0.6 g/kWh for diesel and from 1.95 to 0.92 g/kWh for WCO. The smoke emission and NO emission were also reduced by 30.86 and 29.3% for diesel and WCO and 17 and 18% for diesel and WCO, respectively. However, the carbon dioxide emissions were found to increase as the HC and CO generated were also converted to CO

Stringent emission norms impose challenges to original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in reducing diesel engine emissions. Implementing renewable fuels as alternative energy sources in diesel engines leads to increased emission levels particularly NO

International audience; The present study investigates the effect of blending oxygenate namely diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) with minor vegetable oil namely rubber seed oil (RSO), babassu oil (BSO), and their blends in various proportions (R75B25, R50B50, and R25B75) on NOx-smoke trade-off and other engine characteristics. The tests were conducted on a commercial twin cylinder compression–ignition (CI) engine commonly used in tractors. The potential of the blends with diglyme is assessed based on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of the engine at different load conditions. The tests were conducted at a constant speed of 1500 rpm maintaining the original injection timing and pressure. Compared to diesel, RSO, and BSO, and their blends exhibited inferior combustion due to poor physical properties like high viscosity and density. This resulted in a lower brake thermal efficiency with increase in HC, CO, and smoke emissions compared to diesel at all the load conditions. The augmented effect is observed with increase in BSO proportion for the blends and neat BSO. The poor combustion of minor vegetable oil and its blends lead to lower NOx emission as a result of lower in-cylinder temperature. To improve the performance and NOx-smoke trade-off, diglyme (DGM) was added with all the test fuels with the optimum share of 20% (by volume). Addition of DGM, increased brake thermal efficiency by 2–7% for all the test fuels due to improved combustion as a result of additional fuel bound oxygen in DGM and improved fuel blend properties. DGM addition reduced smoke, HC, and CO emission drastically with a slight increase in NOx emission compared to minor vegetable oil blends. The study shows that addition of DGM showed a promising note in NOx-smoke trade-off without affecting the other engine parameters.

The present study presented an inclusive analysis of engine exhaust emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine fuelled with diesel and biofuel. Biofuel used in this investigation was obtained by steam distillation from pine oil. A single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine was used for this purpose. In this work, performance characteristics like brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were analysed. The engine pollutants, namely nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke, were examined. In addition, combustion characteristics like in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were presented. Two engine modification techniques, namely thermal barrier coating and the addition of antioxidant to biofuel, were attempted. The advantage of thermal barrier coating is to reduce heat loss from the engine and convert the accumulated heat into useful piston work. In this work, partially stabilised zirconia was used as the coating material. The usage of antioxidant-treated biofuel in a diesel engine was said to be the prominent approach for NOx emission reduction. Three different antioxidants, namely butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), were exclusively dissolved at a concentration of 1% by volume with PO fuel. The obtained performance and emission characteristics of the uncoated engine were compared with the thermally coated engine. From the results, it was observed that the PO biofuel may be a promising alternative in the near prospect with the thermal barrier coating technique to enhance the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine. The PO+TBHQ blend was considered as more beneficial than PO+BHT and PO+BHA on account of its performance, combustion and emission characteristics. The effectiveness of the antioxidant was shown in the order of TBHQ>BHA>BHT.

The present study intends to explore the effect of the addition of fuel additives with camphor oil (CMO) on the characteristics of a twin-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. The lower viscosity and boiling point of CMO when compared to diesel could improve the fuel atomization, evaporation, and air/fuel mixing process. However, the lower cetane index of CMO limits its use as a drop in fuel for diesel in CI engine. In general, NO