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Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding technique widely employed to join materials such as Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), and their respective alloys. These materials find extensive use in industries like transportation, where lightweight materials with superior mechanical properties are in demand due to their reduced mass. Conventional fusion welding methods can adversely affect the mechanical properties of these welds.Over the last two decades, FSW has emerged as a specific and significant advancement in welding technology. Various parameters, including shoulder diameter, shoulder profile, pin length, pin diameter, tool angle, rotating speed, feed rate, and weld speed, play crucial roles in determining weld strength, quality, heat generation, and material mixing.The current research focuses on investigating the process variables that influence the characteristics of welded products. Furthermore, it includes an in-depth exploration of FSW fundamentals, recent advancements, and comprehensive literature reviews.

The cubic phase of Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles is synthesized by the sol-gel method. The nanoparticles were subjected to annealing at 500∘C to enable stress and strain analysis. Characterization of the annealed nanoparticles was performed using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Through analysis of the XRD peak profile, key properties, such as crystallite size, lattice strain, deformation stress, and deformation energy density, were determined. These parameters were estimated using three models such as the Williamson–Hall-Isotropic Strain Model (W-H-ISM), the Williamson–Hall-Anisotropic Strain Model (W-H-ASM), and the Williamson–Hall-Energy Density Model (W-H-EDM). The estimations were based on the W-H plot derived from the powder XRD data. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the structural and mechanical characteristics of annealed MgO nanoparticles, thus informing their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12, BTO) thin films were deposited on a platinized silicon (Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si) substrate using a spin-coating method with varying thicknesses (138–528 nm). XRD results revealed that the growth temperature and film thickness were major factors that influenced the quality and morphology of the film surface. The thickness-dependent structural, morphological, and optical properties of BTO thin films were analyzed. The Bi/Ti ratio was quantitatively assessed through EDS analysis to obtain compositional data. The decreasing of the substrate clamping effect and the interfacial-layer effect caused the dielectric constant to increase the thickness. A series capacitor model was used to illustrate the relationship between dielectric behavior and thickness. The optimum value of the dielectric constant (4228 at 100 Hz) and dielectric loss (0.074) was observed for the PT/BTO/Pt interfacial layer with a film thickness of 528 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor technology is robust and has quick response times. In this work, aluminium and tin co-doped zinc oxide (ASZO) thin films were synthesized by a sol–gel dip-coating process as sensors for the greenhouse gas nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The prepared ASZO thin films were characterized using such techniques as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and photoluminescence (PL) emission studies in order to analyze the elemental confirmation, particle size, surface roughness and optical emission properties, respectively. The XRD data reveals the hexagonal structure of ASZO and that the preferential orientation is along 2θ = 36.19°. SEM images of the ASZO thin film exhibit rod-like formations of ASZO on the substrate. The ASZO films show enhanced sensing behaviour, sensing NO2 gas even at 2 ppm at an operating temperature of 170 °C. The response and recovery times were determined to be 30 and 20 s, respectively.

The (BiFeO3)x-(BiCrO3)1−x (BFO)X-(BCO)1−X (where x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0) composite thin film has been deposited on glass substrate by sol gel spin coating method. X-ray diffraction results reveals the formation of dual phase composite (BFO)X-(BCO)1−X thin film with high purity. Jana2006 refinement results confirm the good compatibility between the two constituent phases. Surface morphological behavior of (BFO)X-(BCO)1−X thin film with different composition was identified with the help of transmission electron microscopy. Effect of Cr concentration on the optical properties like absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and optical conductivity of composite thin film was quantitatively from diffused reflectance spectroscopy. Ultraviolet visible spectrum reveals that the direct band gap value was found to be decreased with increasing Cr concentration in the composite thin film. Among all the studied compositions, (BFO)0.75-(BCO)0.25 display the combined behavior of high optical transmittance and good photovoltaic effect and the reason behind this mechanism are discussed in briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]