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The thick target neutron spectra from the 13C(α,n0)16O reaction were measured for the energy range of 3.0 to 6.5 MeV at 10 angles in the laboratory angle interval of 0 to 150 deg. The thick target yield (TTY) was determined by integration of the neutron spectra over the neutron energy range corresponding to the 13C(α,n0)16O reaction followed by integration of the obtained angular distribution of the differential TTY over the solid angle 4π. The content of 13C atoms in the target was determined by ion beam analysis with accuracy of <1%. The obtained TTY values support the calculated ones based on the 16O(n,α0)13C reaction cross-section evaluation from the ENDF/B-VIII.0 library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excitation functions of the reactions natDy(p,x)159m+gHo, 161m+gHo, 162mHo, 162gHo, 155m+gDy, 157m+gDy, 159m+gDy, 155Tbcum, 155Tb, 156Tbcum, 160Tb, 161Tb, 159m+gGd were measured in the energy range of 7.4–35.9 MeV using the stacked foil technique and off-line γ-ray spectrometry. The obtained cross-sections were compared with previously published experimental data and prediction of the TALYS nuclear reaction model code adopted from the TENDL-2019 library. Thick target yields were calculated from the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sections for reactions induced by protons in the 14.2–33.6 MeV energy domain on natural strontium targets (Sr) were experimentally studied through stacked foil irradiations by using the activation method. The excitation functions for the formation of the radionuclides 88,87m,87g,86g,85m,85g,84mY, 83g,85m,85g,87mSr and 82m,83,84gRb were derived, without any chemical target processing, from analysis of high resolution γ-ray spectra obtained on the irradiated foils. Our data are compared with published experimental data and with values calculated with the theoretical code TALYS 1.9, publicly available in the on-line library TENDL-2019. For interesting studied radioisotopes thick target yields are calculated, based on fits to the experimental cross-section values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New measurement of experimental cross-sections for 165Ho(α,x)165–168Tm nuclear reactions. • Calculations of physical thick target yields for 165–168Tm radioisotopes. • Comparison of the 165Ho(α,x)165–168Tm excitation functions with TENDL-2019 library. • Detailed review of previous experimental data. The production cross sections of 165–168Tm radioisotopes produced in α-particle induced reactions on 165Ho were measured from 49.6 MeV down to the respective thresholds using the stacked-foil activation technique and HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry. The measured excitation functions were compared with previous measurements as well as the TENDL-2019 library. We also calculated the thick target yields for all the assessed radioisotopes by integration of the measured excitation functions and found that they show good agreement with the directly measured thick target yields except for 168Tm production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We activated natDy with a 45-MeV energetic proton beam and studied the production cross-sections of the reaction products 162m,161,159Ho, 159,157,155Dy, and 161,160,156,155Tb. The activation was carried out using an external beam from the MC-50 Cyclotron at the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Korea. The stacked-foil activation method and off-line γ-ray spectrometry were used to measure the excitation functions of the natDy(p,x) reactions. The thick target yields of the reaction products were also estimated. The excitation functions of the natDy(p,x) reactions were theoretically calculated using TALYS 1.9 code. The measured results were compared with the literature data and the calculated values from the TENDL-2017 library and were found to be in close agreement for most of the reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the excitation functions of residual radionuclide productions from α particles bombardment on natural titanium in the energy range of 10.4–50.2 MeV. A well-established stacked-foil activation technique combined with HPGe γ-ray spectrometry was used to measure the excitation functions for the 51,49,48 Cr, 48 V, 43 K, and 43,44m,44g,46g+m,47,48 Sc radionuclides. The thick target yields for all assessed radionuclides were also calculated. The obtained experimental data were compared with the earlier experimental ones and also with the evaluated data in the TENDL-2015 library. A reasonable agreement was found between this work and some of the previous ones, while a partial agreement was found with the evaluated data. The present results would further enrich the experimental database and facilitate the understanding of existing discrepancies among the previous measurements. The results would also help to enhance the prediction capability of the nuclear reaction model codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measured differential cross sections for deuteron induced γ-ray emission from the reactions 12 C(d,pγ) 13 C, ( E γ = 3089 keV), 14 N(d,pγ) 15 N ( E γ = 8310 keV) and 16 O(d,pγ) 17 O ( E γ = 871 keV) available in the literature were assessed. In order to cross check the assessed γ-ray production cross section data, thick target γ-yields calculated from the differential cross sections were compared with available measured thick target yields. Recommended differential cross section data for each reaction were deduced for particle induced γ-ray emission (PIGE) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of the Co-ordinated Research Project of the IAEA, we measured in detail cross-sections of the nuclear reactions nat Mo(p,x) 93g Tc, 93m Tc, 93m+g Tc, 94g Tc, 94m Tc, 95g Tc, 95m Tc, 96m+g Tc, 97m Tc, 99m Tc, 90 Mo, 93m Mo, 99 Mo, 88g Nb, 88m Nb, 89g Nb, 89m Nb, 90m+g Nb, 90m+g Nb cum , 91m Nb, 92m Nb, 95g Nb, 95m Nb, 95m+g Nb, 96 Nb, 97m+g Nb, 88m+g Zr cum and 89m+g Zr cum in the energy range of 6.9–35.8 MeV. The data for formation of 97m Tc, 88g Nb, 88m Nb and 89m Nb are reported for the first time. The obtained results were compared to the prediction of the nuclear reaction model code TALYS adopted from the TENDL-2015 library and to the previously published cross-sections. The thick target yields for all the radionuclides were calculated from the measured data. We suggest recommended cross-sections and thick target yields for the 100 Mo(p,2n) 99m Tc, 100 Mo(p,x) 99 Mo and nat Mo(p,x) 96m+g Tc nuclear reactions deduced from the selected experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a proton induced γ-ray emission method based on 18 O(p,αγ) 15 N nuclear reaction to determine bulk oxygen in materials. The determination involves the measurement of 5.27 MeV γ-rays emitted following the de-excitation of 15 N nuclei. A description of the energetics of the reaction is given to provide an insight into the origin of 5.27 MeV γ-rays. In addition, thick target γ-ray yields and the limits of detection are measured to ascertain the analytical potential of the reaction. The thick-target γ-ray yields are measured with a high purity germanium detector and a bismuth germanate detector at 0° as well as 90° angles in 3.0–4.2 MeV proton energy region. The best limit of detection of about 1.3 at.% is achieved at 4.2 MeV proton energy for measurements at 0° as well 90° angles with the bismuth germanate detector while the uncertainty in quantitative analysis is <8%. The reaction has a probing depth of several tens of microns. Interferences can arise from fluorine due to the occurrence of 19 F(p,αγ) 16 O reaction that emits 6–7 MeV γ-rays. The analytical potential of the methodology is demonstrated by determining oxygen in several oxide as well as non-oxide materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton, deuteron and alpha-particle induced reactions on 87,88 Sr, nat Zr and 85 Rb targets were evaluated for the production of 87,88 Y. The literature data were compared with nuclear model calculations using the codes ALICE-IPPE, TALYS 1.6 and EMPIRE 3.2. The evaluated cross sections were generated; therefrom thick target yields of 87,88 Y were calculated. Analysis of radio-yttrium impurities and yield showed that the 87 Sr(p, n) 87 Y and 88 Sr(p, n) 88 Y reactions are the best routes for the production of 87 Y and 88 Y respectively. The calculated yield for the 87 Sr(p, n) 87 Y reaction is 104 MBq/μAh in the energy range of 14→2.7 MeV. Similarly, the calculated yield for the 88 Sr(p, n) 88 Y reaction is 3.2 MBq/μAh in the energy range of 15→7 MeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excitation functions of the 54 Fe(d,n) 55 Co, 56 Fe(p,2n) 55 Co and 58 Ni(p,α) 55 Co reactions were analyzed with relevance to the production of the β + -emitter 55 Co ( T ½ =17.53 h), a promising cobalt radionuclide for PET imaging. The nuclear model codes ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and TALYS were used to check the consistency of the experimental data. The statistically fitted excitation function was employed to calculate the integral yield of the product. The amounts of the radioactive impurities 56 Co and 57 Co were assessed. A comparison of the three investigated production routes is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thick target yields for proton induced γ-ray emission (PIGE) on low-Z nuclei, namely B, N, Na, Al and Si, were measured for proton energies from 2.5 to 4.1 MeV and emission angles of 0°, 45° and 90°, at the 3 MV Tandetron laboratory of INFN-LABEC in Florence. The studied reactions were: 10 B(p,α′γ) 7 Be ( E γ = 429 keV), 10 B(p,p′γ) 10 B ( E γ = 718 keV) and 11 B(p,p′γ) 11 B ( E γ = 2125 keV) for boron; 14 N(p,p′γ) 14 N ( E γ = 2313 keV) for nitrogen; 23 Na(p,p′γ) 23 Na ( E γ = 441 and 1636 keV) and 23 Na(p,α′γ) 20 Ne ( E γ = 1634 keV) for sodium; 27 Al(p,p′γ) 27 Al ( E γ = 844 and 1014 keV) and 27 Al(p,α′γ) 24 Mg ( E γ = 1369 keV) for aluminum; 28 Si(p,p′γ) 28 Si ( E γ = 1779 keV) and 29 Si(p,p′γ) 29 Si ( E γ = 1273 keV) for silicon. The PIGE thick target yields have been measured with an overall uncertainty typically better than 10%. The use of the measured thick target yield to benchmark and validate experimental cross sections available in the literature is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the thick target production yields of 94 g Tc, 95 g Tc, 95 m Tc, 96 m + g Tc, 99 m Tc and 99Mo radionuclides produced by 8.0 - 18.0 MeV proton induced reactions on natural molybdenum targets. The measurements were carried out at the superconducting linear accelerator of the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences by using the stacked-foil activation technique. In addition, the proton beam current was determined by the natTi(p,x)48V monitor reaction. The obtained results were compared with the available literature data from EXFOR database, the calculation results using our fitted experimental cross-sections data and the theoretical calculations predicted by TALYS-1.95 and FLUKA-2020.0. Our measurements are in good agreement with the calculations results using our fitted data. Besides, our data have similar trends with the theoretical calculations predicted by TALYS-1.95 and FLUKA-2020.0 although there are discrepancies between them for the radionuclides 94 g Tc, 99 m Tc and 99Mo. • Proton induced reactions on natural molybdenum. • Thick target yield measurements of the nuclides94g,95g,95m,96m+gTc, 99mTc and 99Mo. • 1-hour EOB, physical and saturation thick target yields are given in this paper. • Excitation functions are predicted by TALYS, FLUKA and using our fitted data. • The new measurements can strengthen the database of the investigated reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proton induced nuclear reactions on 86 Sr, 88 Sr and nat Zr were investigated for the production of 86 Y. The literature data were compared with the results of nuclear model calculations using the codes ALICE-IPPE, TALYS 1.6 and EMPIRE 3.2. The thick target yields of 86 Y were calculated from the recommended excitation functions. Analysis of radioyttrium impurities was also performed. A comparison of the various production routes showed that for medical applications of 86 Y, the reaction 86 Sr(p,n) 86 Y is the method of choice, which gives efficient yield with minimum impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin nat Cr targets were obtained by electroplating, using 23.75 μm Cu foils as backings. In five stacked foil irradiations, followed by high resolution gamma spectroscopy, the cross sections for production of 52g Fe, 49,51cum Cr, 52cum,54,56cum Mn and 48cum V in Cr and 61 Cu, 68 Ga in Cu were measured up to 39 MeV incident α-particle energy. Reduced uncertainty is obtained by simultaneous remeasurement of the nat Cu(α,x) 67,66 Ga monitor reactions over the whole energy range. Comparisons with the scarce literature values and results from the TENDL-2013 on-line library, based on the theoretical code family TALYS-1.6, were made. A discussion of the production routes for 52g Fe with achievable yields and contamination rates was made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proton-induced reaction cross-sections on natural tungsten within the proton energy range of 12.50 ± 0.79 MeV to 44.08 ± 0.33 MeV are determined by using the stacked-foil activation method and offline γ-ray spectrometry at the MC50 cyclotron of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science. The proton beam intensity is determined by using the natCu(p,xn)62Zn and natCu(p,xn)65Zn monitor reactions. The residual nuclide activities are measured using an HPGe γ-ray detector. The experimental results in this work contains 63 individual measured points for seven identified nuclides 181;182m,g;183;184m,g;186Re via the natW(p,xn) reactions. In addition, the thick target yields are determined for the 181;182m,g;183;184m,g;186Re products produced from the natW(p,xn) reactions. The present data are compared with literature data and the theoretical predictions from the TALYS-1.9 code and the TENDL-2019 library. • Excitation functions of the natW(p,xn)181; 182m,g; 183; 184m,g; 186Re reactions are measured. • The natCu(p,xn)62Zn and natCu(p,xn)65Zn reactions are used as monitor reactions. • The thick target yields for the production of 181; 182m,g; 183; 184m,g; 186Re products produced from the natW(p,xn) reactions are measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Experimental cross section data for the production of 7Be by 9Be(d,x)7Be reactions are presented for the first time at deuteron energies up to 50MeV. For the 9Be(p,x)7Be reaction values up to 65MeV are presented and compared to literature values. The cross sections were measured using an activation method in stacked foil irradiations followed by gamma-ray spectroscopy. Thick target yields were calculated and discussed in comparison with other 7Be producing reactions. The cross section data calculated with the latest versions of the TALYS code (TENDL2012 and TENDL2013 libraries) are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Activation cross-sections of the natFe(d,x)55,56,57,58g+mCo, 52g,54,56Mn, 51Cr, 59Fe reactions were measured from their respective thresholds to 24MeV via a stacked foil activation technique combined with HPGe γ-ray spectrometry. An overall good agreement is found with some of the earlier measurements, whereas partial agreements are obtained with the theoretical data extracted from the TENDL-2011 library. The present measurement reports four cross-sections of 58g+mCo, 56Mn and 59Fe radionuclides in the energy range of 20–24MeV for the first time. Physical thick target yields deduced from the measured cross-sections are compared with the directly measured yields available in the literature. The measured 58Fe(d,p)59Fe cross section is underestimated by the original TENDL-2011 library while overestimated by the TENDL-2011 library renormalized by Ignatyuk for the FENDL-3 library. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Excitation functions of the natTi(d,x)48V and natTi(d,x)43,44m,44g,46,47,48Sc nuclear reactions were measured up to a 24-MeV deuteron energy by using a stacked-foil activation technique combined with γ-ray spectrometry with a high-purity germanium detector at the AVF cyclotron of the RIKEN RI Beam Factory, Wako, Japan. An overall good agreement is found between the measured cross-sections and the literature ones, whereas partial agreements are obtained for the theoretical calculations based on the TALYS code. Physical thick target yields, i.e., induced radioactivities per unit fluence of the 24-MeV deuteron were also deduced, and they were compared with the directly measured ones in the literature. The present results will have an important role in enrichment of the literature database of the deuteron-induced reactions on natural titanium leading to various applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: New experimental data for production of 7Be and 22,24Na in deuteron irradiation of natMg and Al up to 50MeV are presented. The induced activity, measured with HPGe spectroscopy, allows us to determine excitation functions of natMg(d,x) and 27Al(d,x) reactions involved in the activation process with reference to natTi(d,x)48V monitor cross sections. A comparison with experimental literature values and results from updated theoretical codes is discussed. Thick target yields were derived from fits to our cross-sections and integrated personnel dose was calculated for different irradiation cycles and exposure scenarios around high power deuteron accelerator facilities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to check and complement available experimental data for production of 7Be in deuteron irradiation of natC, new measurements with incident particle energy up to 50MeV were performed. The 7Be content, measured with HPGe spectroscopy, allows determination of the excitation function of the natC(d,x)7Be reactions. A comparison with experimental literature values and results from updated theoretical codes (ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D, EAF2007 and TENDL2010 on-line libraries) is discussed. Thick target yields were derived from fits to our cross-sections and integrated personnel dose was calculated for different irradiation cycles and exposure scenarios around the IFMIF facility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Experimental excitation functions for deuteron induced reactions up to 40MeV on natural vanadium were measured with the activation method using a stacked foil irradiation technique. From high resolution gamma spectrometry cross-section data for the production of 51Cr, 48V, 48,47,46Sc and 47Ca were determined. Comparisons with the earlier published data are presented and results for values predicted by different theoretical codes are included. Thick target yields were calculated from a fit to our experimental excitation curves and compared with the earlier experimental data. Depth distribution curves used for thin layer activation (TLA) are also presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Experimental excitation functions for deuteron induced reactions up to 40MeV on mono-isotopic Ta (181Ta) were measured with the activation method using a stacked foil irradiation technique. From high resolution gamma spectrometry and X-ray analysis cross-section data for the production of 181W, 177,178g,180g,182m+gTa, and 179m2,180mHf were determined. Comparison with the scarce earlier published data are presented and results for values predicted by different theoretical codes, adapted for more reliable calculations for d-induced reactions, are included. Thick target yields for 182m+g,180g,178gTa and 181W were calculated from a fit to our experimental excitation curves. Using dose conversion factors and irradiation scenarios, possible occupational doses to maintenance or scientific personnel around high power accelerators where Ta based structural elements (collimators, beam stoppers, shielding) are present could be derived. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Deuteron particle induced reactions for generation of 64Cu used in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine and its possible short lived contaminant 61Cu were investigated with the stacked foil activation technique on natural nickel targets up to E d =20.5MeV. Excitation functions for the reactions 64Ni(d,2n)64Cu and natNi(d,x)61Cu are obtained by gamma spectroscopy and are compared with earlier literature values. Thick target yields have been deduced from the experimental cross sections and the predictive capability of the ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE II and GNASH model codes is tested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Deuteron-induced nuclear reactions for generation of carrier-free Lu isotopes were investigated using the stacked-foil activation technique on natural Yb targets at incident energies up to E d =20MeV. Excitation functions are reported for the first time for the generation of 170,171m+g,172m+g,173,174g,177gLu and 169cum,175,177g+mYb. Special attention is paid to cumulative, direct and indirect production of the therapeutically-relevant radioisotope 177gLu via the 176Yb(d,p)177Yb→ 177Lu and 176Yb(d,n)177Lu reactions. Thick target yields for all investigated radionuclides, optimal irradiation conditions and comparison of production routes for the medically-relevant isotopes are derived. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: α-particle-induced nuclear reactions for generation of 211At used in therapeutic nuclear medicine and possible contaminants were investigated with the stacked foil activation technique on natural bismuth targets up to . Excitation functions are reported for the reactions 209Bi(α,2n)211At, 209Bi(α,3n)210At and 209Bi(α,x)210Po. Results obtained from direct α-emission measurements and γ-spectra from decay products are compared and correspond well with earlier literature values. Thick target yields have been deduced from the experimental cross-sections and optimised production pathways for minimal contamination are presented. A comparison with the results of the theoretical model code ALICE-IPPE is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Alpha particle induced nuclear reactions were investigated with the stacked foil activation technique on natural niobium targets up to 43 MeV. Excitation functions were measured for the production of 96mgTc, 95mTc, 95gTc, 94gTc, 95mgNb and 92mNb. Cumulative cross-sections, thick target yields and activation functions were deduced and compared with available literature data. Applications of the excitation functions in the field of thin layer activation techniques and beam monitoring are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The cross-sections of the natTi(3He,x)48V,48Cr and the 165Ho(3He,xn)166,165,163Tm reactions were measured from the threshold to 47 MeV using well-established method of stacked-foil activation and off-line γ-ray spectrometry. The 3He-ion induced nuclear reaction cross-sections on 165Ho were measured for the first time. Their comparison with the prediction adopted from the TENDL-2017 library revealed significant difference. Thick target yields deduced from the experimental data are provided. • The first measurement of the cross-sections for the (3He,xn) nuclear reactions on 165Ho. • Benchmark for the prediction of 3He-induced nuclear reaction cross-sections in nuclear reaction model codes. • New cross-sections for the monitoring reaction natTi(3He,x)48V are provided. • New cross-sections for the potential monitoring reaction natTi(3He,x)48Cr were measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental cross section data for the production of (7)Be by (9)Be(d,x)(7)Be reactions are presented for the first time at deuteron energies up to 50 MeV. For the (9)Be(p,x)(7)Be reaction values up to 65 MeV are presented and compared to literature values. The cross sections were measured using an activation method in stacked foil irradiations followed by gamma-ray spectroscopy. Thick target yields were calculated and discussed in comparison with other (7)Be producing reactions. The cross section data calculated with the latest versions of the TALYS code (TENDL2012 and TENDL2013 libraries) are discussed., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)