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Ce volume livre le bilan de dix ans d’activité d’un collectif d’archéologues et d’historiens, regroupés en équipes pluridisciplinaires, consacrant leurs efforts à caractériser les formes d’habitat rural en Gaule narbonnaise et leur évolution de la conquête romaine au Moyen Âge. Sans prétendre fournir ici de résultats définitifs, plusieurs équipes s’attachent à présenter une information inédite, précisant la nature de l’habitat reconnu par la prospection et la fouille, la date de son implantation et la durée de son occupation, ainsi que diverses données sur son rapport à l’environnement. On trouvera dans ce recueil des contributions consacrées à l’habitat rural antique en Languedoc oriental, en moyenne vallée du Rhône, dans la région structurée par le cadastre B d’Orange et en Provence/Côte-d’Azur. This volume is an evaluation of ten years’ activity of a group of archaeologists and historians, organised into pluridisciplinary teams, who devote their energies to characterising the forms of rural habitat in Gallia Narbonensis and their evolution front the Roman Conquest to the Middle Ages. Without claiming to give final results in this book, set end teams are particular about presenting an unpublished information which states precisely the nature of the habitat identified through survey and excavation, the date of its establishment and duration of its occupation, and also different data about its relation with environment. Here you can find contributions dealing with the antique rural habitat in East Languedoc, in the middle Rhône valley, in the area framed by landregister B of Orange and in Provence-Côte-dʼAzur.

Apicomplexan parasites possess secretory organelles called rhoptries that undergo regulated exocytosis upon contact with the host. This process is essential for the parasitic lifestyle of these pathogens and relies on an exocytic machinery sharing structural features and molecular components with free-living ciliates. However, how the parasites coordinate exocytosis with host interaction is unknown. Here, we performed a Tetrahymena-based transcriptomic screen to uncover novel exocytic factors in Ciliata and conserved in Apicomplexa. We identified membrane-bound proteins, named CRMPs, forming part of a large complex essential for rhoptry secretion and invasion in Toxoplasma. Using cutting-edge imaging tools, including expansion microscopy and cryo-electron tomography, we show that, unlike previously described rhoptry exocytic factors, TgCRMPs are not required for the assembly of the rhoptry secretion machinery and only transiently associate with the exocytic site-prior to the invasion. CRMPs and their partners contain putative host cell-binding domains, and CRMPa shares similarities with GPCR proteins. Collectively our data imply that the CRMP complex acts as a host-molecular sensor to ensure that rhoptry exocytosis occurs when the parasite contacts the host cell.

Bacterial keratitis is an important ophthalmic emergency and one of the most common causes of corneal blindness. The main causes of treatment resistance in bacterial keratitis are failure to eliminate predisposing factors, misdiagnosis and mistreatment. At first, exogenous, local and systemic predisposing factors that disturbing ocular surface must be eliminated to improve corneal ulcers and to prevent recurrences. Smears and scrapings for staining and culture are indispensable diagnostic tools for cases of sight-threatening keratitis (centrally located, multifocal, characterized by melting, painful). Main treatment agents in bacterial keratitis treatment are topical antibiotics. Until the results of culture antibiograms reach the ophthalmologist, empirical antibiotic selections based on direct microscopic examination and gram stain findings are the most appropriate initial treatment approach currently. S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), the most common gram-positive agents, have resistance rates of more than 30% for fluoroquinolone and methicillin. Multidrug resistance rates are similarly high in these microorganisms. P. aeruginosa is the most common gram-negative micro-organism, in case of multidrug-resistant isolates, both functional and anatomical prognosis of the eyes are very poor. In cases of sight-threatening and resistant keratitis, antibiotic susceptibility testing containing imipenem, colistin, and linezolid is seeming to be an important requirement. Despite its efficiency limited to superficial cases, a nonpharmaceutical anti-infective treatment option such as corneal crosslinking for bacterial keratitis is an emerging hope, while antibiotic resistance increases.

SUMMARYApicomplexan parasites possess secretory organelles called rhoptries that undergo regulated exocytosis upon contact with the host. This process is essential for the parasitic lifestyle of these pathogens and relies on an exocytic machinery sharing structural features and molecular components with free-living ciliates. Here, we performed a Tetrahymena-based transcriptomic screen to uncover novel exocytic factors in Ciliata and Apicomplexa. We identified membrane-bound proteins, named CRMPs, forming part of a large complex essential for rhoptry secretion and invasion in Toxoplasma. In contrast to previously described rhoptry exocytic factors, TgCRMPs are not required for the assembly of the rhoptry secretion machinery and only transiently associated with the exocytic site - prior to invasion. CRMPs and their partners contain putative host cell-binding domains, and CRMPa shares similarity to GPCR proteins. We propose that the CRMP complex acts as host-molecular sensor to ensure that rhoptry exocytosis occurs when the parasite contacts the host cell.

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is a cryo-electron microscopy (EM) approach that allows 3D imaging of cellular structures in near-native, frozen-hydrated conditions with molecular resolution. Continued development of technologies, including direct electron detectors, phase plates, and energy filters, has improved the information yield from cellular samples, which is further extended by newly developed workflows for data collection and analyses. Moreover, advanced sample-thinning techniques, such as cryogenic focused ion-beam (cryo-FIB) milling, provide access to parasitic events and structures that were previously inaccessible for cryo-ET. Cryo-ET has therefore become more versatile and capable of transforming our understanding of parasite biology, particularly that of apicomplexans. This review discusses cryo-ET's implementation, its recent contributions, and how it can reveal pathogenesis mechanisms in the near future using apicomplexans as a case study.

The medical and university department of biology pathology at Henri Mondor hospital in Creteil has been engaged in an NF EN ISO 15189 accreditation process since 2014. One of the elements of this process concerns the quality of handling of samples and their transportation to laboratories, including the implementation place requires fighting against pre-examination non-conformities, which are the source of many dysfunctions. The pre-examination group has implemented several actions in a targeted care service. Thanks to these, the rate of non-conformities has halved in 18 months. In parallel, a work project targeting student nurses on internship was born to follow up on the results of a statistical study carried out by the pre-examination group on non-conformities. The objective of the project was to include nursing students on internship in a full support course on good sampling practices and pre-analytical non-conformities. This was based on the realization of two knowledge quizzes (before and after training), theoretical training, and visits to several laboratories. This study lasted 10 months with the participation of 37 students. The results showed a marked improvement in knowledge of pre-analytics as well as total satisfaction of all students. Our approach has helped to better understand the needs of laboratories and demonstrates the usefulness of training students in good sampling practices in order to ensure better patient care as well as an improvement in their comfort and well-being.

Bacterial keratitis is an important ophthalmic emergency and one of the most common causes of corneal blindness. The main causes of treatment resistance in bacterial keratitis are failure to eliminate predisposing factors, misdiagnosis and mistreatment. At first, exogenous, local and systemic predisposing factors that disturbing ocular surface must be eliminated to improve corneal ulcers and to prevent recurrences. Smears and scrapings for staining and culture are indispensable diagnostic tools for cases of sight-threatening keratitis (centrally located, multifocal, characterized by melting, painful). Main treatment agents in bacterial keratitis treatment are topical antibiotics. Until the results of culture antibiograms reach the ophthalmologist, empirical antibiotic selections based on direct microscopic examination and gram stain findings are the most appropriate initial treatment approach currently. S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), the most common gram-positive agents, have resistance rates of more than 30% for fluoroquinolone and methicillin. Multidrug resistance rates are similarly high in these microorganisms. P. aeruginosa is the most common gram-negative micro-organism, in case of multidrug-resistant isolates, both functional and anatomical prognosis of the eyes are very poor. In cases of sight-threatening and resistant keratitis, antibiotic susceptibility testing containing imipenem, colistin, and linezolid is seeming to be an important requirement. Despite its efficiency limited to superficial cases, a nonpharmaceutical anti-infective treatment option such as corneal crosslinking for bacterial keratitis is an emerging hope, while antibiotic resistance increases., Video abstract Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/wQSeNbG9dtI

The characteristics of the fission fragments (FF) as well as those of the prompt neutrons and gammas can be deduced using FIFRELIN Monte Carlo simulation code. The quality of the results obviously depends on the experimental entry data, the theoretical and phenomenological models, and the various assumptions done in the code. The goal of this paper is to highlight new features of the code and to present some selected new results focusing on the use of a temperature-dependent spin cut-off, the prompt gamma de-excitation capability, a ROOT-based tool for the analysis of the FF histories, the estimation of correlated quantities, and so on. The influence of some experimental data on the neutron multiplicity and the influence of the level density parameter models on fission observables are also presented. Finally a preliminary result concerning the neutron spectrum for the 238U(n,f) reaction at 1.8 MeV is shown.

National audience; Species identification is a major constraint for biodiversity conservation.Conventional identification tools are usually difficult to use for non specialists, mainly because they require important botanical knowledge during the identification process. For this reason, we developed a graphical identification approach that resulted in the IDAO (IDentification Assistée par Ordinateur) software. Through simple clicks on vector drawings, the user selects morphological (shape, size, position, color and texture of organs) or ecological characters corresponding to the plant he/she wants to identify, thus building a sort of “identikit picture” for the species. The software compares this set to all those available in its database with a simple matching coefficient, and provides a probable identification. At any time during the process, the user may consult species description files. Missing information is tolerated, users can thus access to a result of their identification, without the use of all characters of identification. Numerous illustrations are present in each species description in order to facilitate identification.This graphic multi-entry identification system has been adapted to various floras (weeds, trees, orchids) around the world (West Africa, India, Cambodia, etc.), for weed control or biodiversity conservation. It is accessible on-line on Internet (http://umramap.cirad.fr/amap2/logiciels_amap/index.php?page=idao), or available on Cd-rom. Current developments on the new version of this identification tool include (i) a free open version, which will allow adaptation of the graphic interface by users according to their own flora, (ii) generalisation of the use of open drawing format (SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics), (iii) the extension of this approach to new characters (such as anatomical characters of the wood), and floras (such as paddy fields weeds). There is no constraint for the use of this tool for the identification of animal species; it wasn't realized however until today.

National audience; Species identification is a major constraint for biodiversity conservation. Conventional identification tools are usually difficult to use for non specialists, mainly because they require important botanical knowledge during the identification process. For this reason, we developed a graphical identification approach that resulted in the IDAO (IDentification Assistée par Ordinateur) software. Through simple clicks on vector drawings, the user selects morphological (shape, size, position, color and texture of organs) or ecological characters corresponding to the plant he/she wants to identify, thus building a sort of “identikit” for the species. The software compares this set to all those available in its database with a simple matching coefficient, and provides a probable identification. At any time during the process, the user may consult species description files. Missing information is tolerated, and users can thus access to an identification result without needing to use all characters in the set. Numerous illustrations are present in each species description file in order to facilitate identification.This graphic multi-entry identification system has been adapted to various floras (weeds, trees, orchids) around the world (West Africa, India, Cambodia, etc.), for weed control or biodiversity conservation. It is accessible on-line on Internet (http://umramap.cirad.fr/amap2/logiciels_amap/index.php?page=idao), or available on CD-ROM. Current developments for the new version of this identification tool will include (i) a free open version, which will allow adaptation of the graphic interface by users according to their own flora, (ii) generalisation of the use of open drawing format (SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics), (iii) the extension of this approach to new characters (such as anatomical characters of the wood), and floras (such as paddy fields weeds).

International audience

International audience

Electron microscopy offers a unique potentiality to visualize individual molecules. For the last 30 years it has been used to study the structure and the interactions of various biological macromolecules. The contribution of electron microscopy is important because of its capacity to demonstrate the existence of conformational structures such as kinks, bents, loops, etc., either on naked DNA, or on DNA associated with various proteins or ligands. Increasing interest was given to such observations when it was found that they provide a direct visualization of interacting molecules involved in DNA metabolism and gene regulation. Technical advances in the preparation of the specimens, their observation in the electron microscope, and the image processing by computers have allowed the shifting from qualitative to quantitative analysis, as illustrated by a few examples from our laboratory.

International audience

Identification of crop weeds is essential to get the information needed for elaborating efficient control methods. Non specialised people had difficulties to do this identification with classical tools, such as floras or field guides (too technical, unsuitable for seedlings or partial samples, process difficult to follow…). That brought us to develop a new system for plant recognition assisted by computer that was called IDAO (IDentification Assistée par Ordinateur). This software has the distinctive feature to use a graphical identification system by identikit. This identikit allows the user to build the image of the plant from traits freely chosen according to the specimen or to the user. It tolerates observation errors or polymorphism. Species are listed by their probability of similarity with the identikit. Descriptions, illustrations and information (biology, ecology, control…) are available at any time in local or online Html pages. These descriptive files can be regularly updated on the Web site. IDAO is a multilingual and multiplatform system. It can be used on PC (from cdrom or downloaded) or directly in the field on ultra mobile computer. Several applications have been published on weed floras of different cropping systems (rice, cotton, food crops, sugarcane…) and for different world areas (Africa, Asia, India, Indian Ocean), and also for other kinds of plants (trees, orchids…). The IDAO system will evolve during the Pl@ntnet project that will start in early 2009. IDAO will be available as free software on an Internet platform, for every body can develop by himself or under collaboration new applications available for all the user community. This identification system will be linked to an automatic recognition tool, using image analysis, L’identification des adventices d’une culture est une phase primordiale pour accéder à l’information nécessaire à l’élaboration de moyens de lutte performants. Les difficultés rencontrées par les non botanistes pour réaliser cette identification avec les outils classiques comme les flores ou les manuels (trop techniques, inefficaces pour les plantules ou les spécimens incomplets, processus difficile à suivre…) nous ont amené à développer un nouveau système de reconnaissance assistée par ordinateur appelé IDAO (IDentification Assistée par Ordinateur). Ce logiciel a la particularité d’utiliser un système d’identification graphique par portrait robot qui permet à l’utilisateur de construire l’image de la plante à partir de caractères choisis librement en fonction du spécimen ou de l’utilisateur et de tolérer les erreurs d’observation ou le polymorphisme. Les espèces sont listées en permanence en fonction de leur similitude avec ce portrait robot. Descriptions, illustrations et informations (biologie, écologie, lutte…) sont accessibles à tout moment sous la forme de pages au format Html disponibles localement ou sur un site Internet, et donc régulièrement actualisables. IDAO est multilingue et multiplateformes informatique. Il peut être utilisé sur PC (installable à partir de cdrom ou téléchargeable) ou directement au champ sur ordinateur ultra mobile. Une série d’applications a déjà été développée pour des flores de différents systèmes de cultures (riz, cotonnier, vivrier, canne à sucre…) et de différentes régions du monde (Afrique, Inde, Asie, Océan Indien) ainsi que pour d’autres types de plantes (arbres, orchidées…). Le système IDAO va évoluer dans le cadre du projet Pl@ntnet qui démarrera début 2009. Il sera mis à disposition sous forme de logiciel libre sur une plateforme Internet permettant ainsi à tout utilisateur de développer seul ou en partenariat une application et de la mettre à disposition de la communauté d’utilisateurs. Ce système d’identification sera associé à un outil de reconnaissance automatique par analyse d’images.

International audience; The structure of the non-coding region of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA has been studied by electron microscopy analysis of DNA molecules end-labelled with streptavidin-ferritin. We have shown that the effect of a protein modifying the shape of the DNA double-helix can be studied and precisely located by this method. It was found that the non-coding region contains curved segments and that the mitochondrial protein mtDBP-C preferentially enhances the curvature of the promoters-replication origin region. electron microscopy / DNA-binding pro, rein / mitochondrial DNA / DNA bending / DNA curvature

The fluctuation in exchange rates has thrown the agricultural policy mechanisms worked out for fixed rates into confusion. For years two zones have existed in Europe — that of strong currencies with fixed compensatory payments to subsidize their agricultural exports and that of weak currencies on whose exports was levied a variable tax. The persistence of this situation has led to distortion in exchanges and in the geographical implantation of the production. Banking mechanisms enable the uncertainty caused by fluctuation in exchange rates to be lifted. The European monetary system has given rise to the hope that the stock of monetary compensatory payments may some day be reduced., La fluctuation des taux de change a perturbé Jes mécanismes d'une politique agricole commune conçue pour des parités fixes. Pendant des années l'Europe a vu coexister deux zones : celle des pays à monnaies fortes qui bénéficiaient de montants compensatoires monétaires fixes subventionnant .leurs exportations agricoles et celle des pays à monnaies faibles dont les exportations étaient taxées d'un montant variable. Le maintien durable de cette situation a entraîné des distorsions au niveau des échanges et dans la localisation de la production. Les mécanismes mis en place par les banques permettent de lev&r en partie les incertitudes créées par il a fluctuation des taux de change. Le système monétaire européen a fait naître l'espoir d'une réduction à terme des stocks de montants compensatoires monétaires., Bentolila M., Theveny M. Problèmes monétaires, montants compensatoires. In: Économie rurale. N°133, 1979. pp. 49-53.