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While global change is challenging our models of development, integrated approaches such as agroecology, multifunctional forest management or integrated conservation are ways to promote land-sharing. Among the diversity of agro-ecological practices that intend to reach both food production and environmental issues, agroforestry systems (AFS) have the specificity to integrate woody vegetation, crops and/or livestock on the same area of land. Here we identified the different types of AFS and social-ecological processes that explain their dynamics in two Mediterranean protected areas: Ventoux biosphere reserve and Verdon regional nature park. These two territories are characterized by a typical Mediterranean landscape gradient, from areas impacted by urbanization and industrialization of agriculture, to abandoned marginal lands. We conducted 50 semi-directive interviews with stakeholders concerned by AFS. We focused on: i) the main AFS present in the protected areas as well as their dynamics and; ii) the stakeholders, institutional arrangements and policies involved for each type of AFS. We identified two contrasted but inter-connected dynamics along the landscape gradient: i) in intensely used agricultural landscapes, AFS are promoted by environmental stakeholders to support more complex landscapes and soil, water and biodiversity preservation; and ii) in marginal mountainous areas, the main AFS, silvopasture, is affected by multiple issues such as fire prevention, forestry production and maintenance of open environments. In both cases, ongoing social-ecological changes (wolf resettlement, increased droughts, political changes…) call into question the arrangements implemented by stakeholders, inducing new coordination challenges.

The MAGIC research team worked across three different coastal contexts in South Africa, United Kingdom and France. We investigated on the stakeholders' mind-sets about risk associated with climate change and adaptation. The aim was to test through a comparative approach how connectedness between people, and their connectedness with coastal ecosystems, indeed shape people awareness and risk perceptions and influence the way they frame adaptations. This has important consequences for the responses they then implement. Different methods were used to study: - How administration, technicians, elected people and managers frame adaptation to climate change in coastal areas. Interviews were conducted at institutional levels. Two opposing frames emerged across the three different sites: the command and control VS living with the risk frames. On one hand nature is considered as hostile and actions need to be taken to control the risk. On the other hand the variability of nature is accepted and the focus is on actions to reduce the consequences of this variability. - How relationship with place may shape experience of risk in contexts where a variety of groups show constrasted attachment to place. Environmental psychologists have developed several concepts - place meaning, place attachment, sense of place - to study people's relationship with place and have demonstrated that relationship with place influences attitudes and place related behaviors. We conducted extensive survey at each place and found that groups that hold different types of attachment are more sensitive to particular risks and types of adaptations. To conclude we describe these results through a typology of the environmental stewardship approaches which distinguishes 4 main types of stewardship (reformist, adaptive, sustainability and transformative stewardship). This presentation will be complemented with speed talks which focus on the different methods we used. (Texte intégral)

Adaption patterns undertaken by policy makers within their own jurisdiction may bump into adaptation patterns undertaken by others at their own level. The consequences of these interactions may lead to mutual reinforcement or a neutralization of each policy maker's adaptation capacity. Since adaptation plans are proliferating we seek to better understand the processes behind these transfers of vulnerability that might incidentally lead to maladaptation. In this presentation, we adapt Anderies (2014) framework by considering social ecological system (SES) adaptive management as autonomous feedback loop. We identify the interactions between these loops to characterize transfers of vulnerability or robustness as a mechanistic process, without the need to assume any intention of transfer. We use this representation in its capacity to encompass narratives observed in coastal case studies in France, South Africa and England. This enables the interpretation of observations and identification of possible connections between adaptive management autonomous processes, and the proposition of a typology of sources of transfers. We complete our analysis of observations through simulations in an artificial society, SugarScale, and experimentations with serious games. Sugar Scale features transfers of vulnerability between “countries” that use two complementary resources with contrasted exposure to hazards. The possibility to trade resources and migrate from one “country” to another generates virtual examples of vulnerability transfers among populations. Ultimately policy makers seek ways to increase the overall efficiency of adaptation plans but lack understanding of these complex relations. Our serious games raised the awareness of these possible transfers, made them visible and enabled discussion of (1) the plurality of adaptation patterns (and related goals), and (2) the mechanisms behind them that could be corrected. The outcomes of these preliminary experiments demonstrated the considerable potential of these settings to raise awareness and trigger discussion about vulnerability transfers. (Texte intégral)

To explore transfers of vulnerability and their consequences with local stakeholders in southern France, a role-playing game session with 50 elected representatives and experts coming from various sectoral organizations was organized. The role-playing game involved 4 different landscapes of a coastal region: a littoral area, an agricultural plain, an urbanized area, and a river valley—with each landscape set up on a separate table. The participants were positioned either as land managers in different sectors (urban, agricultural, biodiversity conservation, green tourism, mass tourism) or elected decision-makers in charge of collective decisions and negotiation with other territories. For each round, the players had the option of placing infrastructures (dikes, irrigation networks, labelling, nature reserves) in management units under their responsibility in order to influence development trajectories. Based on their decisions, the land cover and use of these areas were updated (resident and tourist populations, agricultural crops, biodiversity). Different events, e.g. coastal erosion, river flooding, salinity change, droughts, and population growth affected the different territories. Participants had to meet their individual goals and collectively address the various pressures associated with changes in their territory. This experiment and its collective debriefing showed that adaptations at the local scale enabled players to temporarily cope with the pressures of global change by transferring these pressures to other territories. Overall, the weight of urbanization in short-term decision-making remains crucial. Protecting farmland and biodiversity remains challenging in the face of demographic pressure. Financial resources and coordination are not enough, it is key to have trust and flexible regulations in order to be able to innovate and adapt. Sensitizing land users to the processes of vulnerability transfers may improve social-ecological solidarity between them and gives meaning to their actions and their consequences. We assume that through this learning experiment, participants reinforce their resilience to future changes. (Texte intégral)

Coastal systems are special cases of coupled infrastructure systems (CIS). Here, system fragilities that exist elsewhere are magnified due to the unique features of the coastal natural infrastructure which exhibits a concentration of resource scarcity within a densely linked CIS in the vicinity of several key thresholds (e.g., salt vs freshwater). Accordingly, coastal regions warrant special attention and can provide early insights into other systems of intertwined human and natural infrastructure. In order to better understand the characteristics of such CIS, existing common pool resource (CPR) theories and methodologies were applied to the comparative analysis of coastal vulnerability to global change in three regions: Cornwall, Britain; Languedoc, France; and Eden District, South Africa. Utilizing an interdisciplinary, collaborative approach, we iteratively “translated” local research findings from the three systems into the Robustness Framework and applied the design principles of long-enduring CPR governance systems before comparing the outcomes. We found that: (1) the density of connections in the coastal systems magnified unintended consequences of poorly coordinated rules (e.g., rules governing coastal development, environmental protection, watershed management, etc.) which often pursue disparate goals; (2) a devolution of authority from the national to the local level coupled with government austerity measures is limiting the ability of local governments to mitigate the effects of climate change, and is fostering an under-provisioning of public soft infrastructure; and (3) short-term political agendas are favoring the production of large-scale hard infrastructure projects over long-term mitigation/adaptation strategies. These three characteristics inhibited institutional robustness, magnified CIS fragilities, and caused vulnerability transfers. We argue that our iterative and transdisciplinary comparative approach provides insights into key features of complex coastal CIS which may be useful to the examination and understanding of other densely linked systems. (Texte intégral)

In a context of global changes, coastal social-ecological systems are submitted to growing and combining pressures. To reduce their vulnerability, agents respond through adaptations that occurs at multiple scales (from individual to collective), leading to nested feedback loops with consequences that can be expected or not. Artificial societies are of great help to explore these complex and uncertain adaptation dynamics. Taking inspiration from Anderies et al. robustness framework, we modified Epstein and Axtell' Sugarscape model to integrate a multi-scale perspective and explore vulnerability transfers following adaptation processes. Harvesters (users) are evolving in a cell-environment composed of spice and sugar (resources) which is divided in 6 States (infrastructure providers). This environment is unequally submitted to two types of perturbations: a slowly increasing demographic pressure (exogenous drivers on users) and shocks on resources availability that simulate climatic extreme events (exogenous drivers on resource). Harvesters and States are responding by the implementation of adaptation strategies, respectively migration and opening or closing of the State borders (infrastructures). Vulnerability indicators were developed at several levels (individual, State and environment) to analyse consequences of adaptation, and more particularly vulnerability transfer across levels. We demonstrate a cumulating effect of perturbations, as well as mitigated effects of adaptation strategies. We discuss the outcome of developing multi-scales agentbased models to explore adaptation to global changes, moving from Sugarscape to Sugarscale. At this point, agents decision making are based on abstract Epstein and Axtell's Sugarscape model (based on welfare function defined in economics). The resulting model is to be used as a conceptual thought experiment that include main issues of coastal systems.

During the last four decades, nature conservation in protected areas (PAs) has been characterized by major changes. Early PAs have often been perceived as human-exclusion areas, whereas modern PAs have been designated more as integrated conservation and development projects. This evolution has involved major changes in objectives, management practices, governance systems, and relationship of PA’s to their surrounding environments. Nowadays, PA managers take into account processes that go beyond PA boundaries, investigate economic and social issues of development, and pay a special attention to local involvement. Here, we focus on French Nature Reserves (NRs), one of the main regulatory tools of the French nature protection policy. We characterize the interactions between NRs and the socioecosystems in which they interact. This study focus on two scales: the national scale and all of the 277 nature reserves, and the local scale with 10 case studies. At the national scale, we show how the emergence of sustainable development discourses in the nature reserve network have led us to analyze institutional, organizational, cultural and political issues. We describe the distribution of NR practices along a gradient going from a traditional model to an integrative model. We explain the observed practices as a combination of three types of variables : (i) general geographical characteristics of the NRs; (ii) value systems and perceptions of managers and (iii) characteristics of surrounding environments. On the basis of 10 case studies, we characterize the socioecosystems constituted by NRs and their surroundings territories. We analyze the articulation identified at the national scale between conservation practices, characteristics of NRs, territories and managers, both inside the reserves and beyond their spatial and functional boundaries. On the basis of frameworks for analyzing sustainability of complex socioecosystems, ecological solidarity, political ecology and institutional approaches, we identify the key variables in the implementation of collective action and adaptive management of both NRs and socioecosystems. Our analysis illustrates the limits of the implemented institutional arrangements. We conclude on the idea of NR trajectories, and on the practical implications of this work for the French NR system.; Les politiques de conservation de la nature ont largement évolué ces quarante dernières années. Si les premières aires protégées ont été créées selon un modèle ségrégatif, elles s’inscrivent aujourd’hui dans des modèles intégratifs. De fait, les aires protégées et leurs gestionnaires ne jouent plus les mêmes rôles au sein des socioécosystèmes. Leurs objectifs, leurs pratiques de conservation, les modes de régulation et de prise de décision, l’articulation avec les territoires environnants ont évolué. Nous nous concentrons ici sur les réserves naturelles françaises (RN), l’un des principaux outils réglementaires de protection de la nature en France. Nous caractérisons les interactions entre RN et territoires et les enjeux qui y sont liés, dans la perspective de cette transition ségrégatif – intégratif. Cette étude porte sur deux échelles distinctes : l’échelle nationale et l’ensemble des 277 RN, et l’échelle locale avec 10 études de cas. À l’échelle nationale, l’analyse de l’émergence des thématiques liées au développement durable des territoires dans le réseau des RN met en évidence les enjeux institutionnels, organisationnels, culturels et stratégiques de ce réseau, et permet de discuter la thèse d’une institutionnalisation inachevée. Nous montrons ensuite qu’il existe différents types de RN selon les pratiques mises en œuvre par les gestionnaires. Nous analysons ces investissements variés sur la base de trois types de facteurs : (i) les caractéristiques géographiques des RN ; (ii) le gestionnaire : son système de valeur et son profil socioculturel et (iii) les caractéristiques du territoire environnant. Avec nos 10 cas d’étude, nous caractérisons les socioécosystèmes constitués par les RN et les territoires environnants. Nous analysons dans le détail l’articulation identifiée à l’échelle nationale entre perceptions des acteurs, pratiques, caractéristiques des sites, des territoires et des gestionnaires, à l’intérieur des RN, mais également au-delà de leurs limites spatiales et fonctionnelles. À l’aide des cadres d’analyse des socioécosystèmes complexes, de la solidarité écologique, de la political ecology et de l’analyse institutionnelle, nous identifions les interactions entre RN et territoire, et mettons en lumière les limites des arrangements institutionnels mis en œuvre. Nous concluons sur la notion de trajectoire des sites, et dans une perspective de recherche appliquée, sur les implications de nos résultats pour le réseau des RN.

Coastal areas around the world are facing multiple challenges leading to diverse adaptations to manage their vulnerability. Since coastal regions represent complex social-ecological systems (SES) that are characterized by high interdependency among individual components, adaptations can have a wide range of positive and negative consequences. To better anticipate these feedbacks and identify interdependencies among multiple components of a SES, frameworks of analysis can be particularly useful. We used Anderies et al.'s (2004, 2015) Robustness Framework to analyse a case study located along the Languedoc coastline in southern France. Through the examples of land-use planning and coastal management policies, we identified the main changes taking place, the responses to those changes, and resulting consequences at the system scale. We found that the presence of multiple, interacting global changes place growing pressure upon resources and infrastructures, leading to a redefinition of social organization. The study highlights the importance of envisioning coastal SES at multiple scales and considering them as a combination of nested and interdependent feedback systems where choices made in separate decision-making contexts will have cross-scale implications for the whole SES. This modular configuration can be seen as a network of adjacent action situations and raises challenges about the definition of modules' boundaries and coordination. Refining the robustness framework with additional institutional analysis can be helpful to analyze multiple interdependencies, to foresee consequences of adaptation in inter-related decisional contexts, and to promote collective action to cope with global change along coastlines. (Texte intégral)

People living along coastlines are facing multiple risks such as flooding, submersion and erosion. The association of growing issues and risks in the face of global change is challenging the responses of individual, collective and public authorities to manage vulnerability of these areas and of their social and ecological components. Depending on the context and on the dominant world views, decision-makers are referring to a multitude of discursive arguments to tell their stories about coastal management and to comment on their adaptation choices. Here, we identify the main frames mobilized in coastal management in three contexts: Cornwall in England, Languedoc in France and Garden Route in South Africa. Through a revision of coastal management documents and a thematic analysis of interviews conducted with institutional decision-makers, we identify the main frames mobilized in the three study cases. Two opposed frames of response emerged across the three sites: the command and control VS living with the risk frames. However, these frames are unequally mobilized through the case studies, and differently introduced and justified. Determinants related to the context, occurrence of extreme events, availability of resources to adapt or socio-political history of the country are pushing towards the use of one of the frame rather than the other. Conversely, the use of the same frame in two different contexts can be explain by a different set of determinants related to the context. This study highlights how adaptation reflects both how different stakeholders diversely interpret information about global change and adaptation, but also how these rationales are strongly context-dependent, leading to diverse cognitive and non-cognitive barriers and opportunities for renewed responses in the face of global change along coastlines. (Texte intégral)