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Different blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), and their harakeke fiber‐reinforced composites were studied. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the PLA and PBS are incompatible and poorly miscible. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of the blends were found to reduce as the amount of PBS increased. Reinforcement alone was not able to significantly improve the mechanical performance of the blend, which is lower than that of neat PLA. Therefore, simultaneous reinforcement and reactive compatibilization were performed using harakeke fiber, and dicumyl peroxide as reinforcement and compatibilizer, respectively. This produced about 201% increase in the crystallinity of PLA. Compared with the PLA/PBS blend, the dual effect approach increased the tensile strength and tensile modulus by 31% and 148%, respectively. Likewise, dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the thermomechanical properties of the composite greatly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, three fillers produced with carbon fiber powder (CFP) and rare earth elements were developed for low‐density polyethylene production. These fillers included CFP with a grain size of less than 400 microns and over 90% pure lanthanum and cerium oxides. Polyethylene was employed to ensure the thermoplasticity and homogeneity of the fillers. The fillers were mixed with the matrix material separately, first mechanically and then homogenously in the extruder, then the test bars were produced with an injection machine. In the mechanical tests, it was determined that the tensile strength of the test bars improved by ~20% and the elastic region increased due to the increasing amount of filler. Similarly, an improvement of about 40% in bending stress was realized. In addition, as the fluidity of the mixtures has improved, it has been possible to produce at lower temperatures and save energy in the production. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to determine the melting/crystallization temperatures and material losses in the compounds. The scanning electron microscope analysis showed that the fillers were irregularly distributed on the surface in parallel and perpendicular directions. In addition, x‐ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses were performed on the surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating Mahua oil cake microcellulose (MOCM) on the mechanical and sound absorption properties of flax fiber‐reinforced polymer composites fabricated using the compression molding technique. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that MOCM had a crystallite size (Cs) of 6.71 nm and a crystallinity index (CI) of 63.25%, indicating its potential for mechanical reinforcement. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated that MOCM exhibits thermal stability up to 355.44°C, which is suitable for high‐temperature applications. Mechanical testing revealed that the incorporating 7.5 wt.% MOCM into flax fiber composites achieved optimal results, with the tensile strength reaching 70.23 MPa, flexural strength peaking at 113.23 MPa, and impact strength at 33.4 kJ/m2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the improved interfacial bonding between the fibers and matrix, contributing to enhanced mechanical performance. The noise reduction coefficient (NRC) and sound absorption coefficient (SAC) also improved with increasing MOCM content, with the highest SAC (0.328) and NRC (0.312) values observed at 10 wt.% MOCM. These findings suggest that MOCM enhances both the mechanical and acoustic properties of flax fiber composites, making it a promising material for applications in the automotive, aerospace, and construction industries, where both structural integrity and sound absorption are critical. Novel use of MOCM as sustainable cellulose for polymer composites Synergy of MOCM and flax fibers enhances mechanical and acoustic properties 7.5% MOCM compositions optimally improves strength and sound absorption MOCM: eco‐friendly alternative to synthetic fillers in polymers Comprehensive MOCM characterization for future biomaterial applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel slag (SS) as solid waste, has low resource utilization efficiency and seriously endangers environmental safety and human health. To explore the potential utilization value of SS and address the flammability challenge of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), with a novel flame‐retardant system composed by SS and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was explored. The DMMP/SS system effectively improved the high temperature stability of the RPUF composites. When the mass ratio of SS and DMMP was 1:1, the limiting oxygen index of RPUF/DMMP/SS reached 23.1 vol% and UL‐94 vertical combustion tests passed V‐2 level. Upon incorporation of 15 wt% DMMP, the initial decomposition temperature (T−5 wt%) reduced to 165.3°C, a decrease of 32.2%, while the Tmax2 and residue yield at 700°C exhibited negligible alteration. The peak heat release rate of RPUF/DMMP/SS composite (118.20 W g−1) was 11.02% lower than that of pure RPUF, indicating the significant enhancement of fire safety of the composites. Results confirmed that a synergistic flame‐retardant mechanism was existed between DMMP and SS in enhancing the fire safety of RPUF composite. Introducing a 20 wt% SS content reduces the ID/IG ratio to 1.85, thereby markedly enhancing its heat resistance. This work provides a new application field of SS and paves a novel approach to enhance fire safety of polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new gram scale experiment with well characterised boundary conditions is proposed for pyrolysis experiments. The set-up consists of a tube furnace, based on ISO19700, with a newly designed concept for a balance within the oven, allowing for online mass loss measurements. Samples with a length up to 50 cm can be investigated in this apparatus. The oven allows for experiments at fixed temperatures or at fixed heating rates, under controlled atmosphere, w.r.t. gas composition and flow rate. A thorough characterisation of the set-up is presented, including aspects like reproducibility of the heating rate or the precision of the balance. The functionality of the balance has been demonstrated with calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) experiments. This material was chosen because it decomposes in a single reaction, which only releases CO 2 . This allows for comparison between the mass loss rate of the balance and the CO 2 production rate, measured by a gas analyser. Results for two different heating rates: 3 K/min and 5 K/min and for different masses (25 g and 8.5 g) are presented. The two measurement methods are in excellent agreement. Finally, the data obtained from the new experimental set-up is compared to results from thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liner materials have extensive applications in automobile industry, packaging, and aeronautics. One of the specific uses of such materials is in thermal barrier, coating rockets, missile, and other systems used in space and defense. Each liner material exhibits different properties according to their chemical structure and composition. In this study, accelerated thermal aging of the liner material, silicone‐hollow glass microsphere composite (SHGC) has been studied along with the determination of its life span. The effect of such aging on the thermal properties of SHGC has been studied using thermogravimetry. Activation energy of the process has been determined to be in the range of 45–55 KJmol−1. The results have been compared with already reported silicon polymers. Shelf‐life of SHGC composite has also been determined using Arrhenius model. Stochastic model has been applied to determine the lower and upper limits of shelf‐life. Shelf‐life of SHGC is found to be 24 years with 28 and 18 years of upper and lower error limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native polyculture microalgae have significant potential as feedstocks for biofuels, but a thorough understanding of their pyrolysis kinetic parameters is required to convert them to biofuels efficiently. This study used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to examine the pyrolysis properties and kinetics of native polyculture microalgae. The biomass was pyrolysed from room temperature to 800 °C at four heating rates: 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C min−1. The thermal decomposition was analysed using two model-free methods: Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO). It was found that thermal decomposition occurred in three stages: the dehydration stage, the active pyrolysis stage, and the passive pyrolysis stage. The maximum decomposition occurred between 186.7 to 531.7 °C, indicating the simultaneous decomposition of carbohydrates and proteins. The higher heating rates increased the total volatile matter and moved the peak pyrolysis temperature to a higher value due to limited heat transfer. The average activation energy determined by the KAS method (144.11 kJ mol−1) and the FWO method (147.43 kJ mol−1) were in agreement with each other, indicating that the obtained results are reliable. Also, a high R2 of 0.96 – 0.99 indicates that the points fit well. These findings provide useful information for designing pyrolytic systems using polyculture microalgal feedstock and suggest that polyculture microalgae could be a cost-effective alternative for biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐efficient flame retardants (ZrP‐DDM) were synthesized successfully via ion‐exchange method, using diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) modified layered zirconium phosphate (α‐ZrP). Trace addition of ZrP‐DDM in epoxy resins (EP) can enhance the flame‐retardant, smoke‐inhibition, mechanical, and thermal stability properties of EP composites. As shown in the results, ZrP‐DDM exhibits a better synergistic effect than α‐ZrP, and the EP composites containing 0.5 wt% ZrP‐DDM (EP/0.5ZrP‐DDM) show excellent flame‐retardant and smoke‐inhibition properties. Especially, EP/0.5ZrP‐DDM possesses a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 33.7% with UL94 V‐1 rating, while the EP composites containing 0.5 wt% ZrP (EP/0.5ZrP) has a LOI of 30.1% and fails to achieve the UL94 rating. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release rate (THR), and smoke density rating of EP/0.5ZrP‐DDM decrease by 10.2%, 3.7%, and 8.2% compared with EP/0.5ZrP. Based on condensed‐phase product analysis, EP/ZrP‐DDM sample provides a gas source for intumescent char layer, and produces a stable phosphorus‐rich crosslinking structures during combustion, thus decreasing the fire hazard of the composite material. Meanwhile, the introduction of ZrP‐DDM has a less impact on tensile strength of EP composites compared with α‐ZrP, suggesting the addition of ZrP‐DDM effectively enhances the compatibility with the EP matrix, thereby maintaining excellent mechanical properties of the EP matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuously exacerbating situation of global warming can be effectively mitigated by controlling carbon emissions from combustion processes through economically attractive membrane technology. Carbon capture efficiency of prospective membranes can be significantly improved via synergistically incorporating CO2‐selective ZIF‐300 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into polysulfone (PSF) matrix. Solution‐casting coupled with phase‐inversion processes were employed to concoct hybrid membranes containing varying loadings of both nanofillers. Manufactured composite membranes showed improved matrix structure, uniform nanofillers scattering, enhanced thermal resistance, and ameliorated nanofillers‐polysulfone interfacial adhesion as evidenced by morphological and thermal analysis. Both sorption and permeation measurements for CO2 and N2 gases performed on created membranes indicated upgraded CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 permselectivity on account of collegial impact of added nanofillers. In contrast to pristine polysulfone membrane rendering CO2 intake of 4.1 and CO2/N2 sorption selectivity of 12, hybrid membrane containing 15% ZIF‐300 and 3% CNTs uplifted corresponding values to 12 and 22, respectively. As compared to unadulterated polysulfone membrane, CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 permselectivity of hybrid membrane doped with optimized nanofillers loading of were, respectively, elevated by five‐ and three‐folds. Unique features of manufactured membranes can best be manifested in terms of their ability to maintain gas separation performance from post‐combustion effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of white pollution caused by waste agricultural mulch film (WAMF) has a long history and has brought great damage to the soil and ecological environment. The recycled WAMF has no processing performance because it is doped with a large amount of cotton straw and soil inorganic particles. In this study, it was reported for the first time that high‐quality and efficient recovery of WAMF was carried out by means of solid‐state shear milling (S3M) technology. After the pretreatment of S3M, the recycled WAMF is transformed into an active composite powder with a particle size of microns, which regains certain processing performance. Then we prepared a composite material similar to WPC (wood‐plastic composite) by using the composite powder. It was found that under the action of strong three‐dimensional shear force, the phase domain size of the composite decreased significantly, and the compatibility of each component improved. The macroscopic performance was that the tensile strength was increased by 65% and the bending strength was increased by 74%, reaching 8.30 and 17 MPa, respectively. The 24‐h water absorption of this composite decreased by 13%. More importantly, the thermal stability was not significantly reduced during the milling process. This process does not require sorting, cleaning, or other operations, which can greatly simplify the process flow and improve recovery efficiency. It provides an effective solution to the problem of white pollution caused by WAMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utility of polymers in the fabrication of nanofibres via electrospinning is well established. Paramount to their application is understanding of their thermal properties, as these dictate not only their processability but also their mechanical robustness, stability under elevated temperatures, and suitability for intended applications. The electrospinning process, which involves heating polymers and subjecting them to high voltage, inherently modifies their thermal characteristics. This study attempts to elucidate these alterations, particularly by focusing on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres. Employing techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), the study compares the thermal properties of electrospun PAN nanofibre mats with those of their virgin counterparts. The PAN nanofibres were synthesised by electrospinning the PAN polymer solution and collecting the resultant mat on a flat plate collector. For a comparative analysis, virgin PAN, from which nanofibres were derived, underwent identical thermal testing. The findings reveal a reduction in the glass transition temperature of PAN nanofibres by approximately 3–5 % compared to virgin PAN. In addition, a significant reduction in heat capacity of about 42 % was observed in the nanofibres. Additionally, the TGA results indicated solvent evaporation at approximately 110 °C. Therefore, this investigation sheds light on the nuanced alterations in the thermal characteristics of PAN nanofibre mats as a result of the electrospinning process, providing vital insights for their application in various thermal management scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torrefaction encourages homogeneity and enhances the energy-producing capabilities of biomass. In the current study, bean husk (BH) and sesame stalks (SS) were torrefied for 30 and 60 min at operating temperatures of 200, 225, 250 and 275, and 300 °C with nitrogen purging. Mass yield (MY), higher heating value (HHV), energy yields (EY), and torrefaction severity index (TSI) were examined. The variations of the biochar characteristics, pyrolysis kinetics by applying two models (Coats and Redfern (CR) and Direct Arrhenius (DA)), and crystallinity index (CRI) were depicted. Depending on pyrolysis kinetics, thermodynamic activation parameters were derived to elucidate biomass pyrolysis. The alterations in the torrefied materials' composition were also analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The calculations revealed that the torrefied SS and BH decreased MY by 32.74, 29.02% and decreased EY 26, 20.97%, increased high heating values by 14.1, 13.52%, increased fixed carbon by 55.1, 39.91% respectively, and had a slight reduction in bulk density (approximately 2%). Generally, 275 °C and 30 min were the optimal conditions for a balanced torrefaction of SS and BH based on the HHV that reached to 20.5, 16.2 MJ/kg and EY that reached to 86.16 and 85.56% respectively. The FTIR, XRD, and the thermogravimetric results showed that the torrefaction treatment altered samples owing to carbohydrate breakdown, a rise in lignin, and a reduction in hemicellulose as the temperature of the torrefaction process increased. The CR methodology yielded greater frequency factor (A) and activation energy (Ea) values than the DA method. The broadest peak width, lowest average Ea, and lnA were seen in sesame stalks that had been torrefied at 300 °C and 30 min that reached to 107.85 (kJ/mol) and 13.57 (min−1). Results indicated an excellent linear relationship with the index of comprehensive pyrolysis (CPI), CRI, atomic H/C ratio, severity index, and EY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of electronic devices and wireless communication technology, the quality of human life has improved. However, shielding from electromagnetic interference (EMI) is required due to device malfunctions and harmful effects on human health. Polymer‐based shielding materials getting much attention due to their light weight, flexibility, good processability, and other desirable traits. However, achieving consistent dispersion of conductive fillers and optimizing the balance between electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties remain challenges despite the advantages of polymer‐based materials. Especially, epoxy resins are promising polymer materials for EMI shielding applications due to their excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and excellent adhesive properties. Additionally, epoxy resin exhibits remarkable processability allowing for various fabrication techniques such as casting, molding, and three‐dimensional printing. However, one of the significant drawbacks of epoxy resin is the difficulty in achieving uniform dispersion of conductive fillers within the epoxy matrix. In this study, we propose an iron‐nickel alloy (FeNi) embedded in an epoxy matrix (FeNi/Epoxy) for EMI shielding material. It is manufactured by facile fabrication process due to the advantages of epoxy, which has excellent processability. EMI shielding effectiveness at 12 GHz is enhanced from 9.12 to 17.86 dB by the increase of FeNi concentrations. Furthermore, thermal and mechanical properties were improved by the increase of FeNi concentration. Thermal conductivity for efficient heat dissipation is increased from 0.63 to 1.49 Wm−1 K−1. Moreover, polydopamine (PDA) was employed as a surface coating material for FeNi to overcome the non‐uniform dispersion of FeNi particles in the epoxy matrix. Surface coating by PDA significantly enhanced the dispersion uniformity and strengthened the adhesion between the filler and matrix. Elastic modulus is greatly increased from 83.03 MPa to 1.29 GPa by the surface coating. The enhancement of mechanical properties is derived from the chemical bonds between the filler and matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this survey, the different weight ratios of polybenzimidazole (PBI)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend polymer membranes were produced using the solution‐casting method. The crosslinking agents of phosphoric acid (PA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) were studied separately to prevent the PVA water solubility in the PBI/PVA blend membrane structure. The GA crosslinking (24 h) successfully prevented membrane solubility, reducing it to below 1%. The chemically crosslinked blend membrane (Cr‐PBI/PVA‐9:1) has the highest proton conductivity result which is 0.209 S cm−1 at 80°C and it has excellent oxidative stability since the membrane only lost 4% of its weight in a Fenton agent after 96 h. The Cr‐PBI/PVA‐9:1 also has higher proton conductivity than the commercial PBI membrane (0.122 S cm−1 at 80°C). The glass transition temperature of the synthesized Cr‐PBI/PVA‐9:1 blend membrane is greater than the synthesized PBI membrane (390°C). The current density and power density measured at 0.6 V for the synthesized Cr‐PBI/PVA‐9:1 membrane were found to be 504 mA cm−2and 251 mW cm−2. This work sheds light on the potential use of PVA in PEMFC applications by mixing PVA with a high‐temperature polymer like PBI and crosslinking the membrane with a prepared GA crosslinking agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyamide 6 (PA6) thermoplastic‐based composites are often used in automobile, aerospace, marine, and biomedical applications. Here, PA6 and its composites with varied chopped glass fiber (GF) concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mass% were fabricated by injection molding. The specimens were characterized by structural, thermal kinetic, mechanical, as well as tribological analyses. Tribological performance was evaluated in dry pin‐on‐disc test apparatus with three different levels of time, speed, and load factors. The PA6/GF composites showed high decomposition activation energy compared to pure PA6. Thermal activation, Ea increased to 46.16% with increasing of GF content up to 10 mass% in the composites compared to PA6. PA6/5GF exhibited best mechanical properties (e.g., strength = 44.46 MPa and Hardness = 45.2). Addition of GF in PA6 significantly improved tribological properties, coefficient of friction (COF) and specific wear rate (WR) besides thermal stability and mechanical properties of the composites. Especially, COF and WR of PA6/5GF composite decreased by 17%–65% and 68%–92%, respectively, compared to PA6. ANOVA statistical results determined the significant contribution of the tribological factors to the performance metrics of the composites for COF and WR. Therefore, the PA6/5GF composite would highly be useful for tie‐rod gears and bearings as a crucial structural component in automotive bodywork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six varieties of alkoxy polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) featuring methoxy, ethoxy, n‐propoxy, isopropoxy, n‐butoxy, and n‐hexoxy as terminal groups were synthesized using the direct dehydrogenation condensation method. These POSSs were then incorporated as cross‐linking agents into hydroxy‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HPDMS) to create various formulations of room temperature vulcanized silicone rubbers (RTV SRs), denoted as SRM, SRE, SRP, SRI, SRB, and SRH. The morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the resulting SRs are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and universal tensile testing machine. The findings indicate that the incorporation of POSS into SRs results in significant enhancements in thermal stability and mechanical properties when compared to the control group (TEOS/SR). SRB and SRH exhibit the highest cross‐linking density and tensile strength. Specifically, SRB‐4 demonstrates the highest tensile strength at 2.66 MPa, representing an 8.6‐fold increase compared to TEOS/SR. The maximum decomposition rate temperature of SRP‐4 reaches 527°C and is 194°C higher than TEOS/SR. Because the alkoxy groups with different chain lengths on POSS have different chemical reactivity, they have a great effect on the dispersion of POSS in SRs, which affect the cross‐linking density, tensile strength, and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The escalating global population, coupled with increased transportation needs and car production, has led to a surge in waste tire generation, reaching billions annually. Recognizing the environmental impact, there's a growing focus on utilizing waste tires as secondary raw materials and energy sources. Despite challenges posed by tire resilience and resistance to degradation, the current study advocates for pyrolysis as an eco-friendly method to recycle tires. It explores key process parameters (temperature and residence time) in pyrolysis, emphasizing qualitative and quantitative analyses of resulting oils compared to other products. The goal is to contribute to sustainable tire waste management and resource recovery.METHODS: The study employed Thermogravimetric analysis for rubber's thermal characteristics, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for pyrolysis oil analysis, Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis using a VARIAN CP-3800 instrument, and a bomb calorimeter (Parr 1256) for measuring heat capacity in obtained oils.FINDINGS: The yields of pyrolysis oil, char and gas were 20–32.5, 45-60 and 5-30 wt.%, respectively. The Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis results were ranged from 5-20 that showed that pyrolysis oils consisted mainly of 2,3-dimethylbutene, 2-Methylbutene, t-Isobutyl-4-ethyl-benzene, and 1-m-4-Isopropyl-benzene. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy showed that increasing of aromatic component with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Measuring of highest calorific value of pyrolysis oil was 10309 Cal/g that showed good compatibility with commercial heating oils.CONCLUSION: Pyrolysis oils from waste tires exhibit calorific values comparable to commercial heating oils, suggesting a promising alternative fuel source with versatile compositions. The findings help understanding the feasibility and potential applications of waste tire pyrolysis in sustainable energy solutions.

AbstractThe mortar materials from the internal and external walls of ancient Chinese pagodas in Shaanxi (Luoshan Temple Pagoda (847–858 AD), Daxiang Pagoda (960–1279 AD), and Qianjin Pagoda (1609 AD)) were investigated. Qualitative and semi-quantitative techniques including scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis with differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) were employed. The physical and chemical characteristics including microstructural morphology, chemical composition, element distribution, and organic additives of the mortar samples were studied. SEM indicated that the mortar from the external wall exhibits a tightly bonded matrix, with the irregularly shaped particles, and the carbonation of the calcium carbonate in the mortars closely resembles that of aragonite crystals. The results of EDS, XRD, FTIR and TGA-DSC revealed that mortar from external wall of these ancient pagodas were air-hardened lime, and complete carbonization with no traces of calcium hydroxide, while mortars from internal wall primarily comprises local clay and lime. In addition, ATR-FTIR and iodine-starch discoloration tests confirmed that the presence of starch in the external wall of Daxiang Pagoda, whereas no organic additives were detected in the Qianjin and Luoshan Temple Pagoda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) was achieved at the expenses of the transparency and/or toughness. In the present work, a phosphorus/nitrogen‐containing compound (FDNP) was synthesized by one‐pot method using 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phospha‐phenanthrene‐10‐oxide, furfural and N‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine as raw materials, and further adopted as a functional agent for epoxy resin. The results demonstrated that the FDNP remarkably improved the fire safety of EP. The incorporation of 4 wt% FDNP enabled EP to pass UL‐94 V‐0 rating test and achieve a limiting oxygen index value of 35.5%; meanwhile, the peak heat release rate, total heat release rate and total smoke release were significantly reduced by 41.3%, 41.6% and 72.5% as compared with the pure EP, respectively. What is more, the EP/4 wt% FDNP composite kept almost the same transparency of the pure EP, simultaneously its impact strength was more than doubled as that of the pure EP. Herein, the improved flame retardancy is contributed to a synergistic biphasic flame retardant effect including the formation of a compact protective carbon layer and the release of both non‐combustible gases and phosphorus‐containing radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dots (CDs) are an interesting nanomaterial due to their tunable photoluminescence and other functional properties. Herein, by introducing amine‐functionalized CDs nanoparticles onto macromolecular chains of maleic anhydride grafted styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MA) via a possible ring‐opening reaction of anhydride with amine, a mechanically robust and ultrastretchable thermoplastic elastomeric materials with fluorescence and dielectric functionality was developed. The amine‐functionalized CDs nanoparticles were synthesized from pyrene precursor by hydrothermal treatment. The transmission electron micrograph, Raman, Fourier transform infrared, and x‐ray photoelectron spectra confirmed the formation of highly crystalline graphitized structure of the CDs nanoparticles. Fluorescence and UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to evaluate the optical properties of the developed materials. The developed CDs/SEBS‐g‐MA nanocomposites exhibited strong intense green fluorescence compared with the pure SEBS‐g‐MA film. The thermal stability of the developed nanocomposites was improved by an increase of the Tmax by about 18°C. In addition, the developed composite showed high stretchability (strain at break ~1000%), good mechanical strength, and dielectric properties (room temperature dielectric constant ~5.2). The enhanced dielectric property of the developed composites may be due to the space charge accumulation and induced interfacial polarization at the filler–matrix interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co‐filled composites of micro magnesium dihydrate (MDH) and hydrophobically treated nano aluminum nitride (nH‐AlN) fillers in high temperature vulcanizing silicone gum are studied for thermal and dielectric characteristics for use as an insulating material in high voltage applications. The study begins with description of the compounding protocol adopted, followed by spectroscopic and optical characterization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis are used to verify the presence of nH‐AlN and MDH in the composites. Thermal analysis through thermogravimetric analysis revealed a stark enhancement in the onset of polymer degradation temperature, with an improvement of 208 °C achieved at 30 phr by weight loading level of MDH. Volume resistivity of 9.71 E14 Ω‐cm is obtained at 30 phr weight loading of MDH and 5 phr of nH‐AlN. AC, +DC, and −DC dielectric strength improved by 1.09, 2.06, and 1.08 times for co‐filled composites at 30 phr MDH and 5 phr nH‐AlN loading levels over unitary filled composite. Effect of dielectric polarization on dielectric constant and dissipation factor is studied at various frequencies. Limitations while conducting dry arc resistance test at standard voltage of 12.50 kV is discussed, with modification in dry arc resistance test voltage to 16.95 kV. The results are presented and discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid flexible separators having adequate ion conductivity at ambient temperature along with good thermal and voltage stability are potential candidates for separators in all solid-state ion batteries. In the present work, zirconium and niobium-doped Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7 (PO4)3 ceramic particles have been incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based blend that served as a flexible matrix to create a flexible polymer–ceramic framework and have been examined for conductivity, dielectric properties, voltage stability, thermal stability, and electrochemical performance. The flexible polymer–ceramic framework shows high thermal stability, improved conductivity, and a high-voltage window. Optimized dc conductivity of 9.8 × 10−5 S cm−1 has been observed among all investigated samples, with an improved voltage stability of 4.94 V. Further, the Trukhan model has been used to understand the effect of filler loading on ion migration properties. The optimized solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) shows improved ion mobility (μ) of 5.13 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s, number density (n) = 2.39 × 1015 cm³, and diffusion coefficient (D) of 2.09 × 10−3 cm² s−1. It also shows a very high specific capacitance of ~10−4 Fg−1, excellent cycling stability, and 93.75% capacity retention after 100 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dammar, Ketone Resin N, MS2A, and Paraloid B67 resins and varnishes. • Morphological and physical-chemical alterations were studied upon mid-IR Er:YAG (2940 nm) laser irradiation. • The order of thermal stability of the resins was determined through TGA analysis, and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method determined the raw resins' activation energies. • Er:YAG laser transmission ws conducted to identify the risks of laser light transmission through the irradiated varnish films. • ATR/FT-IR was performed to monitor chemical changes in the varnishes after the 2940 nm laser irradiation. This research aims to comprehensively analyse the interaction between a 2940 nm wavelength Er:YAG laser and several commercial varnishes commonly used in the mid-twentieth century. A selection of triterpenoid, poly(cyclohexanone), poly(cyclohexanol) and poly(isobutyl methacrylate) resins was chosen to make dammar, Ketone Resin N, MS2A and Paraloid B67 varnishes. Before creating varnish films, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to determine the thermal stability of the resins as received from the manufacturer. The resins were measured at six different heating rates, and the kinetic activation energies (E a) were calculated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. Also, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to determine the resins' glass transition temperatures (Tg). After a 170.6 klux·h dose of radiation (λ>310 nm) simulating daylight through window glass of approximately 53 museum years, the varnish films were irradiated with an Er:YAG laser. The laser was used in the Very Short Pulse (VSP ≃ 100 µs) and Short Pulse (SP ≃ 300 µs) modes. The 2940 nm laser beam with a 4 mm diameter was fired onto dry and prewetted varnishes using a working distance of 20 cm. Single laser pulses with fluences ranging between 0.5 and 2.7 J/cm2 were used. A prewetting solution of 1 % v/v Tween®20 surfactant in deionised water was applied to the varnish films. Er:YAG transmission through the aged varnishes was monitored in real time and showed that the transmitted energy increased almost linearly with fluence, except for the Paraloid B67 films which did not interact with the laser. Chemical changes were monitored using Attenuated Total Reflectance/Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR/FT-IR) spectroscopy. A reduction in hydroxy groups and carbon-hydrogen bonding was observed as a function of fluence for dammar and Ketone N films, while no change was observed for the dry and prewetted MS2A films. FTIR was also employed to experimentally determine the absorption coefficient of the varnish films. Optical Microscopy and low-vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in the Backscattered Electron (BSE) mode were used to compare the dry and prewet irradiated spot areas. These analyses revealed that laser spots were less noticeable on prewetted varnishes than on dry-irradiated films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The escalating global population, coupled with increased transportation needs and car production, has led to a surge in waste tire generation, reaching billions annually. Recognizing the environmental impact, there's a growing focus on utilizing waste tires as secondary raw materials and energy sources. Despite challenges posed by tire resilience and resistance to degradation, the current study advocates for pyrolysis as an eco-friendly method to recycle tires. It explores key process parameters (temperature and residence time) in pyrolysis, emphasizing qualitative and quantitative analyses of resulting oils compared to other products. The goal is to contribute to sustainable tire waste management and resource recovery. METHODS: The study employed Thermogravimetric analysis for rubber's thermal characteristics, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for pyrolysis oil analysis, Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis using a VARIAN CP-3800 instrument, and a bomb calorimeter (Parr 1256) for measuring heat capacity in obtained oils. FINDINGS: The yields of pyrolysis oil, char and gas were 20-32.5, 45-60, and 5-30 wt.%, respectively. The Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis results ranged from 5-20 showed that pyrolysis oils consisted mainly of 2,3-dimethylbutene, 2-methylbutene, t-isobutyl-4-ethyl-benzene, and 1-m-4-Isopropyl-benzene. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy showed the increase of aromatic components with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The measuring of highest calorific value of pyrolysis oil was 10309 Cal/g which showed good compatibility with commercial heating oils. CONCLUSION: Pyrolysis oils from waste tires exhibit calorific values comparable to commercial heating oils, suggesting a promising alternative fuel source with versatile compositions. The findings help to understand the feasibility and potential applications of waste tire pyrolysis in sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whenever a new material is replaced in concrete, some other tests other than strength and durability need to be carried out to validate the viability of the material replaced. This study aims to investigate the sustaining capacity of the light weight concrete manufactured with compost and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) for M sand and cement respectively subjected to high temperature. Four concrete samples are tested, which includes the control specimen and three specimens are opted based on the optimum mix arrived from the strength and durability studies. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is done on the samples and they are heated up to 1,000 °C. For the specimens tested, the loss in mass with respect to the temperature is obtained. It is noted that the mass loss of the concrete samples with 15% GGBS along with compost at 0 & 10% is found lower than the control specimen. Also, from the loss in mass, the loss of chemically bound water and free CH content can be found, which aids in contributing strength to the concrete. For the concrete to be sustainable, compost can be replaced at 10% and GGBS at 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a systematic experimental approach aimed at enhancing the production process of poly(urea‐formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules filled with 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbonene (ENB) using in situ emulsion polymerization. Essential parameters were identified through a prior Plackett Burman (PB) design, leading to the implementation of a 24‐1 fractional factorial design. The key parameters selected encompassed stirring speed, poly(ethylene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) (EMA) emulsifier content, pH of the reaction, and the quantity of 1‐octanol. Optimal conditions for polymeric microcapsule synthesis were determined using a statistical analysis of the complete factorial design, facilitating the development of representative mathematical models for the process. A comprehensive evaluation of response variables including microcapsule diameter, yield, encapsulated content, stability, and thermal degradation was conducted. Utilizing response surface analysis (RSM), it was determined that the PUF/ENB(2C) condition (stirring at 700 rpm, a reaction pH of 3.0, and EMA content of 0.425 g) resides within the optimized synthesis region, producing microcapsules exhibiting favorable morphological characteristics, yield of 52% and encapsulated content of 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) copolyester is a new type of biodegradable polymer material, but it cannot meet the market requirements because of its poor thermal stability. In this work, P34HB with a low degree of cross‐linking was successfully prepared by incorporating a small amount of a multiple epoxy chain extender, known as Joncryl ADR‐4380 (styrene‐methacrylic acid glycidyl ester copolymer), through reactive extrusion. The rheological properties, thermal stability, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties of the materials were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel content test showed that there was a significant chemical interaction between P34HB and ADR4380, and a cross‐linked structure was produced. Compared with pure P34HB, the samples after chain extension showed improved rheological properties, with increased viscosity and melt elasticity due to the formation of a gel network. Thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic time scanning experiment, and melt flow index (MFI) provided strong evidence for the enhanced of thermal stability of P34HB. The onset decomposition temperature of P34HB increased by 13.5°C, and its MFI decreased from 23.30 to around 5 at 170°C, and the complex viscosity remained relatively stable with time after modification. In terms of mechanical properties, the maximum elongation at break increased by 88.08% due to the improvement of toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anionic ring opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactam (CL) results in the formation of high molecular weight polyamide 6 (PA6) within a few minutes. The monomer conversion rate is an important characterization parameter for polymerization process as well as the end products. This paper used PA6 films with different polymerization degrees as research object for the first time, and systematically compared the performance of four methods for measuring CL conversion rate. The analytical methods were solvent extraction (methanol, ethanol, or water), vacuum removal, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and absorbance ratio respectively. For all PA6 products, solvent extraction based on methanol/water and vacuum removal were effective methods for determine their conversion rates. And TGA was only applicable for samples with high degree of polymerization. The CL conversion rate obtained by solvent extraction based on ethanol and absorbance ratio was slightly higher than the real value, especially the latter. Moreover, a new method was discovered and validated during the research process, namely atmospheric devolatilization. The methodology and results in this study can be employed for guiding the production and application of polymers, especially the reactive processing of PA6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylate had developed rapidly because of its excellent chemical resistance, high‐gloss surface, and weather resistance. However, the poor heat resistance of acrylate limited its application in coatings. To overcome this problem, an organic–inorganic hybrid polymer of zirconium silicone resin (ZSR)‐modified acrylate has been successfully synthesized by solution polymerization. The results indicated that the heat resistance of acrylate was significantly improved due to the SiOSi and SiOZr structures of ZSR and the increased cross‐linking density induced by ZSR. After the incorporation of ZSR, the decomposition temperatures of 5% of acrylate increased from 300.4 and 349.2°C. The performance of the ZSR/(P(MMA/BA)) showed no significant change in uniformly heating at 200°C for 24 h. The composite films showed hydrophobicity, with the contact angles increasing to more than 90°. The S4 sample displayed the outstanding comprehensive performance, that is, 5% weight loss at 341.3°C, water contact angle of 97.9°, elongation at break of 852%, and tensile strength of 9.9 MPa. The high‐performance heat resistant coating is a promising material for application in architecture, decoration, and mechanical equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to increase the flame retardancy of epoxy‐based composites by using various flame retardants together with colemanite filler (CLM), which is a very mineral‐rich boron type. As a flame retardant, aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and boron‐containing compounds: borax (BRX) and natural minerals (tincal (TNC) and colemanite (CLM)), as well as barium metaborate (BaMB) synthesized by us were used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), contact angle (CA), and particle size analysis were used to characterize the composites and additives. All boron compounds increased the thermal stability of the composites. Except for the ER/CLM‐BaMB composite, other composites' surface contact angles were over 90°. In terms of both combustion and thermal properties, the best CLM‐BaMB‐Al(OH)3‐TNC ratio was determined as 15:5:15:15. The tensile strength, self‐extinguishing time, estimated and experimental Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) values for this composite were determined as 96 MPa, 65 s, 29.6%, and 25%, respectively. In addition, ANOVA was applied to determine the effect of hybrid filler type and different weight ratios on the mechanical properties of composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanate ester (PT‐30) resin possesses exceptional thermal and mechanical properties, including high heat distortion temperature, high glass transition temperature (Tg), and outstanding mechanical characteristics. Conversely, the Tg of the homopolymer of tris(2‐hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (T‐acrylate) surpasses that of other acrylates. The combination of PT‐30 and T‐acrylate results in the formation of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) through a dual curing mechanism. Furthermore, the combination of these two polymers enables the tuning of rheology for shear thinning behavior for Ink Extrusion 3D printing technology by adjusting the amount of photoinitiator and rheological modifier. Here, 3D printable ink was formulated using PT‐30, T‐acrylate with a higher Tg, a photoinitiator, and a powdered rheological additive. The printed structures underwent a dual‐curing process involving exposure to UV light and thermal curing. Thermomechanical properties of the printed samples were characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and tensile testing. The successful formation of an IPN structure through the polymerization of T‐acrylate and PT‐30 was observed, resulting in improved mechanical properties and an elevated Tg. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis verified the formation of cross‐linked samples. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of Ink Extrusion 3D printing, using a cyanate ester resin and tris(2‐hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate with a dual‐curing mechanism. The enhanced mechanical properties at elevated temperatures (~80% retention of room temperature tensile strength at 200°C for sample with 70/30 wt%) and high Tg of 349 ± 3°C for printed structures shown in this study make them suitable for high‐performance structural applications in industries such as aerospace, defense, and microelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resin matrix composites (RCs) have better thermal and chemical stability, so they are widely used in engineering fields. In this study, the aging process and mechanism of two different types of resin-based three-dimensional four-way braided composites (H15 and S15) under different hygrothermal aging conditions were studied. The effect of aging behavior on the mechanical properties of RCs was also studied. Three different aging conditions were studied: Case I, 40 °C Soak; Case II, 70 °C Soak; and Case III, 70 °C-85% relative humidity (RH). It was found that the hygroscopic behavior of RCs in the process of moisture-heat aging conforms to Fick's second law. Higher temperatures and humidity lead to higher water absorption. The equilibrium hygroscopic content of H15 was 1.46% (Case II), and that of S15 was 2.51% (Case II). FT-IR revealed the different hygroscopic mechanisms of H15 and S15 in terms of aging behavior. On the whole, the infiltration behavior of water molecules is mainly exhibited in the process of wet and thermal aging. At the same time, the effect of the aging process on resin matrices was observed using SEM. It was found that the aging process led to the formation of microchannels on the substrate surface of S15, and the formation of these channels was the main reason for the better moisture absorption and lower mechanical strength of S15. At the same time, this study further found that temperature and oxygen content are the core influences on post-aging strength. The LVI experiment also showed that the structural changes and deterioration effects occurring after aging reduced the strength of the studied material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrinking resources of fossil oil prompt search for other biosphere‐present substrates to obtain polyols, which in turn are basic components to synthesize polyurethane foams (PUF). Widely available examples are biopolymers like starch, cellulose, and chitosan. It has been shown that oligomeric chitosan as well as water soluble chitosan can be applied to obtain polyols and rigid PUF of good performance properties. In this paper, the higher molecular mass chitosans, insoluble in organic solvents and water, were converted to polyols and ultimately into foamed polyurethane plastics. The polyols were characterized by the infrared spectra (IR), 1H‐NMR, and MALDI‐ToF methods. Their properties, such as density, viscosity, surface tension and hydroxyl numbers, were determined. The PUF were obtained from these polyols of various molecular mass. The biodegradable, rigid PUF of enhanced thermal resistance were obtained. Their physical parameters like apparent density, water volume absorption, dimension stability, heat conductance, compressive strength, and heat resistance at 150 and 175°C were studied and compared with those synthesized previously from oligomeric chitosan and water soluble chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulverized coal (coal) possesses a layered structure similar to graphite and is a potential reinforcing filler. In this paper, ball milling is used to reduce the particle diameter of coal. The coal is modified with KH‐560 to obtain K‐COAL and prepared K‐COAL/styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) composites. In addition, carbon black (CB) is modified to obtain CB‐Si69, K‐COAL and CB‐Si69 are added to SBR in different ratios to prepare COAL/CB/SBR composites. The results show that the addition of K‐COAL can improve the vulcanization performance, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of SBR composites, but the reinforcing effect is weak. In the COAL/CB/SBR composites, the vulcanization and mechanical properties of the composites gradually increase with the increase of CB, while those of the thermal stability decrease. The tensile strength of the 10 phr COAL/30 phr CB/SBR composite is 24.1 MPa, which is elevated by 1105% and 205% compared with the pure SBR and 40 phr K‐COAL/SBR composites, respectively. The composites maintain high elasticity while the tensile strengths are greatly improved, and the mechanical properties are significantly enhanced. In conclusion, this paper provides a reference for the clean utilization of coal and shows new possibilities for finding new fillers to replace CB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we report the effect of low‐temperature plasma treatment on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradable properties of polymer composite blown films prepared from carp fish scale powder (CFSP) and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE). The CFSP was melt compounded with LLDPE using a filament extruder to prepare 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of CFSP in LLDPE polymer composite filaments. These filaments were further pelletized and extruded into blown films. The blown films extruded with 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of CFSP in LLDPE were tested for thermal and mechanical properties. It was observed that the tensile strength decreased with the increased loading content of CFSP, and 1% CFSP/LLDPE exhibited the highest tensile strength. To study the effect of low‐temperature plasma treatment, 1% CFSP/LLDP polymer composite with high tensile strength was plasma treated with O2 and SF6 gas before blow film extrusion. The 1% CFSP/LLDPE/SF6‐extruded blown films showed increased thermal decomposition, crystallinity, tensile strength, and modulus. This may be due to the effect of crosslinking by the plasma treatment. The maximum thermal decomposition rate, crystallinity %, tensile strength, and modulus obtained for 1% CFSP/LLDPE/SF6 film were 500.02°C, 35.79, 6.32 MPa, and 0.023 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, the biodegradability study on CFSP/LLDPE films buried in natural soil for 90 days was analyzed using x‐ray fluorescence. The study showed an increase in phosphorus and calcium mass percent in the soil. This is due to the decomposition of the hydroxyapatite present in the CFSP/LLDPE biocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn starch and peanut protein blend films were prepared with and without gallic acid addition (0.25%, w/v) at pH 7, 9, and 11 by casting. The ultrasound (160 W, 20 kHz, 10 min) treatment was applied to the film‐forming solutions. This study aimed to develop biopolymer‐based films with gallic acid and to determine the interactions of components at different pHs and with ultrasound. The barrier, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties of films were examined. Moreover, structural characterization of films was conducted by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), x‐ray diffraction, and trinitro benzenesulfonic acid assay to enlighten the crosslinking interactions of gallic acid with biopolymers at different pHs. At neutral pH, gallic acid behaved as plasticizer. By acting as a crosslinker at pH 9, gallic acid provided the lowest moisture content, darker and more opaque appearance, enhanced barrier performance and thermal stability. The crosslinking degrees of gallic acid‐enriched films were 49.1% (pH 7), 77% (pH 9), and 67.4% (pH 11). Additionally, gallic acid increased antioxidant capacity. The ultrasonication adversely affected the film properties by breaking bonds in the film structure. Peanut protein‐corn starch‐gallic acid films under mild alkaline conditions exhibited outstanding thermal stability, mechanical durability, light, and water barrier characteristics, making them appropriate for sustainable food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABS resin is easily oxidized and deteriorated during use or processing. The addition of antioxidants is an effective method for improving ABS oxidation. The hindered phenol antioxidant DBHMIE and the asymmetrically hindered 245 were added separately or together to ABS; the oxidation induction temperature of ABS increased by 10.6, 12.1 and 14°C, with the addition of DBHMIE, 245 and their combination, respectively, and the initial decomposition temperature T3% increased by 29.7, 16.2 and 51.3°C, respectively. The addition of these two antioxidants to ABS did not greatly affect the mechanical properties of the material, but the impact strength increased by 2.24 kJ/m2 when both antioxidants were added together. During the thermal aging test, the decomposition temperature of the ABS splines prepared with the combined antioxidants increased during the first few cycles. The impact strength of the splines prepared with the combined antioxidants was the highest, with the smallest decrease of only 5.18%. The yellow index of the spline prepared with the combined antioxidants was between those of splines prepared with the antioxidants added alone. The combination of DBHMIE and 245 induced synergistic effects, improved thermal‐oxidative aging resistance, and improved and protected the toughness of ABS resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within this research semi‐crystalline polylactide and composites with 50 wt.% native potato starch were compounded and injection molded. The material was mechanically characterized by tensile, three‐point bending, and Charpy impact tests. These tests were carried out in the freshly molded state and after 332 and 792 h of storage at accelerated temperature or humidity. The respective activation energy was calculated by applying the Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa method. The focus of the study was to investigate the correlation between the activation energy and the related mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed that the addition of native potato starch as a filler prevents the decrease in activation energy over the course of the experiments. Thus, the PLA/starch composite is more resistant to the two aging conditions than the pure PLA. When considering the mechanical properties, the pure PLA showed a large deviation of results compared to the initial value in a range of +63.88% to −33.96% with regard to the respective aging conditions, whereas the PLA/starch composite properties nearly always remained at the initial values. Through the investigation of the mechanical and thermal properties, it was shown that the steady activation energies are consistent with the mechanical properties, as these have shown only a small deviation of the mechanical properties during the duration of experiments for the PLA/starch composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there has been a shift away from synthetic materials towards natural fibers. Composite materials are now being created by using fillers, which are essential for maintaining mechanical strength. Hence, the amalgamation of organic fibers and additives serves as a superior substitute for artificial substances in lightweight applications. The study selects Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) fibers as the reinforcement phase and polyester as the matrix material. Subsequently, five composite laminates are produced by incorporating alumina filler with varying weight fractions into each sample in order to assess the impact of the composite on the antibacterial conductivity, mechanical characteristics, and thermal stability of the ramie fibre (RF) composite. Among the RF composite samples, Sample A (120 g RF, 25 g alumina filler, and 120 g epoxy matrix), which consisted of 25 g of alumina particles, had the most superior mechanical qualities, such as tensile strength (34.89 MPa), flexural strength (39.25 MPa), and impact strength (0.023 J/mm2). The antibacterial findings of ramie raw fibre indicate that the presence of ramie cellulose stimulates bacterial proliferation, and the energy dispersive study verifies that the alumina filler is significantly affected in this RF composite. The source of the material's failure under mechanical loading of the composite was established using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based twisted laminar yarns were fabricated by the homogeneous incorporation of titanium and graphene nanoparticles into carbon multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) sheets. The titanium and graphene reacted to form titanium carbide (TiC) within the MWNT host matrix when ignited by heating. The reaction between titanium and graphene within the MWNT results in the generation of 50 J/g of released heat. This indicates a roughly 28% increase in heat discharge compared to the exothermic reaction when only pure titanium and graphene are involved. The produced yarns have a Young's modulus of 1.9 GPa, indicating ~ 200% enhancement compared to the 0.63 GPa observed for the pristine yarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design, development, and release kinetics of omeprazole (OME) from solid dosage forms have been investigated. These formulations were examined for their resilience in pH = 4.5 buffer solutions and their rate of disintegration in a small-intestine-like environment (pH = 6.8). The results were compared with those of the well-known brand product Losec®, where its use is accompanied by numerous benefits but drawbacks as well. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were conducted in order to examine the release kinetics of the various dosage forms and provide explanations based on the interactions between the excipients and the active substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to implement timely sustainability solutions, road transportation is gradually transitioning to electric power. However, the maritime sector faces challenges in finding ways to shift towards more sustainable fuel. From the perspective of long-distance shipping, electric transport is economically impractical. Therefore, alternative solutions or proposals contributing to the global reduction of pollutant gas emissions in maritime transport are vitally important. This investigation aims to find solutions that enhance the ecological efficiency of intercontinental cargo ships. In this study, an assessment of a magnesium hydride coating was conducted as it is a prospective coating capable of reducing hydrodynamic resistance to save fuel. Due to MgH2's ability to release hydrogen at higher temperatures or during a reaction with water, it is expected that this could contribute to an enhancement of the Leidenfrost effect, maintaining a vapor layer on the surface. Samples prepared in situ via reactive magnetron sputtering were submitted to thermal analysis for dehydrogenation range evaluation and the experimental rig for critical (Leidenfrost) temperature identification. In conclusion, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis indicated that the volatile content, primarily hydrogen, in the sample reached approximately 13% by mass. The TG curve exhibited variations in MgH2 mass, with the most significant mass loss occurring at 300 °C. After conducting critical temperature experiments, the potential of MgO coating was observed to be greater than anticipated when compared to the main material, MgH2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PAN electrospinning blends with different Kraft lignin (KLp) contents (10–50% by weight) were characterized via FT-IR, TGA and DSC and SEM. FT-IR analyzes identified typical functional groups of PAN and KLp in electrospinning mixtures. DSC and TGA data showed good thermal stability of the mixtures, which supports the subsequent fiber stabilization step. SEM images showed the mixture to be 50% by weight. of lignin, electrospun with a voltage of 18 kV, resulted in fibers with smaller diameters and fewer defects. Carbon blanket from the mixture with 10% by weight of LKp was successfully obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy generation from waste biomass offers a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting a circular economy. This study investigates the energy potential of various organic materials, including rice husk, soybean, lemon myrtle, waste coffee ground, and empty fruit bunch, co-pyrolysed with HDPE at 500 °C and 50:50 blending ratio for 1 h. Proximate, ultimate, and thermogravimetric analyses were conducted up to 700 °C to determine elemental composition and thermal behaviour. Dulong's formula, modified Dulong's formula, and Vandralek's equation were utilised to assess energy content. Proximate analysis revealed rice husk as the highest in volatile matter (73.08 %), while waste coffee ground had the lowest (32.0 %), and HDPE showed 89.90 %. Ultimate analysis showed organic waste carbon ranges from 25.59 % to 48.75 %, and HDPE at 82.24 %. Pyrolysis reactions yielded distinct distributions of bio-oil, char, and gas, with empty fruit bunch producing the highest oil percentage (26.49 %), lemon myrtle yielding the highest gas (31.07 %), and waste coffee ground favouring char production (74.89 %). Discrepancies in heating values were observed, with Dulong's formula underestimating values for rice husk, soybean, and waste coffee ground (−10 % to −35 %) and slightly overestimating for lemon myrtle, empty fruit bunch, and HDPE (1 %–25 %). The modified Dulong formula accentuated underestimations, particularly for soybean (−451 %). The Vandralek formula showed positive error ranges (8 %) for biomass samples but underestimated HDPE. This study underscores biomass and HDPE as viable alternatives to conventional energy sources and suggests avenues for future research while highlighting environmental benefits.

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) recycling is based on the reduction of oxides containing iron and zinc. With regard to the sustainability of industrial processes, hydrogen reduction processes could be the key technology to replace current recycling technologies based on carbothermal reduction. In this context, hydrogen is often claimed to provide better reduction kinetics, but it is mostly unclear how much faster it is. The present work gives a comprehensive comparison of the reduction kinetics of the major zinc- and iron-containing oxides in EAFD (Fe 2 O 3 , ZnOFe 2 O 3 , and ZnO) using hydrogen and carbon monoxide under various process parameters. The influence of specimen size, reduction gas flow rate, and temperature were evaluated. The kinetic advantage of hydrogen compared to carbon monoxide was confirmed, enabling the reduction of direct CO 2 -emission. Hydrogen results in a 2.5 times faster reduction of Fe 2 O 3 and a doubling of the reduction rate for ZnOFe 2 O 3. ZnO reduction was determined to be 1.5 faster. Furthermore, ZnO was found to be the rate-limiting substance in the recycling of EAFD, regardless of the reducing agent. • The kinetical advantage of H 2 compared to CO is the most pronounced for Fe 2 O 3 and decreases for ZnOFe 2 O 3 and ZnO. • The temperature dependency for both reducing agent is only visible for ZnO. for the entire experiment. • Within the applied temperature (800–900 °C) both reducing agents only show a marginal temperature dependency for Fe 2 O 3. • Fe 2 O 3 reduction was found to be controlled by diffusion and ZnO reduction was found to be controlled by chemical reaction. • Doubling of gas flow leads to a doubled reduction rate. Quadrupling of the gas flow results in a tripled reduction rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, triethanolamine (TEA) with choline chloride (ChCl) based deep eutectic solvent (DES) at different mole ratios was prepared. Density at different temperatures (293.15 K to 343.15 K) and pH at different temperatures (303.15 K to 348.15 K). Subsequently, the functional groups and thermal stability of DES at different molar ratios were analyzed using FT-IR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The isolation of cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid using all the different molar ratio of DES with isobutyl ketone and ethyl acetate as the cosolvents was conducted at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa. This isolation of cardanol was identified and characterized in terms of isolation efficiency using GC-MS spectra. Further, the molecular polarity of individual species and their mixtures at different molar ratio of DES were analyzed using sigma surface, sigma profile, and sigma potential at molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]