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This article reviews the use of the smartphone in exotic pet medicine. The mobile app is the most instinctive use of the smartphone; however, there are very limited software dedicated to the exotic pet specifically. With an adapter, the smartphone can be attached to a regular endoscope and acts as a small endoscopic unit. Additional devices, such as infrared thermography or ultrasound, can be connected to the smartphone through the micro-USB port. The medical use of the smartphone is still in its infancy in veterinary medicine but can bring several solutions to the exotic pet practitioner and improve point-of-care evaluation., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Our objective was to determine how readily disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) occurred as a result of bone drilling during a craniotomy to implant microelectrodes in rat cortex. While the phenomenon of heat production during bone drilling is well known, practices to evade damage to the underlying brain tissue are inconsistently practiced and reported in the literature., Approach: We conducted a review of the intracortical microelectrode literature to summarize typical approaches to mitigate drill heating during rodent craniotomies. Post mortem skull-surface and transient brain-surface temperatures were experimentally recorded using an infrared camera and thermocouple, respectively. A number of drilling conditions were tested, including varying drill speed and continuous versus intermittent contact. In vivo BBB permeability was assayed 1 h after the craniotomy procedure using Evans blue dye., Main Results: Of the reviewed papers that mentioned methods to mitigate thermal damage during craniotomy, saline irrigation was the most frequently cited (in six of seven papers). In post mortem tissues, we observed increases in skull-surface temperature ranging from  +3 °C to  +21 °C, dependent on drill speed. In vivo, pulsed-drilling (2 s-on/2 s-off) and slow-drilling speeds (1000 r.p.m.) were the most effective methods we studied to mitigate heating effects from drilling, while inconclusive results were obtained with saline irrigation., Significance: Neuroinflammation, initiated by damage to the BBB and perpetuated by the foreign body response, is thought to play a key role in premature failure of intracortical recording microelectrodes. This study demonstrates the extreme sensitivity of the BBB to overheating caused by bone drilling. To avoid damage to the BBB, the authors recommend that craniotomies be drilled with slow speeds and/or with intermittent drilling with complete removal of the drill from the skull during 'off' periods. While saline alone was ineffective at preventing overheating, its use is still recommended to remove bone dust from the surgical site and to augment other cooling methods.

The following topics are discussed in this article. A historical review of the evolution of breast cancer imaging from thermography through digital breast tomosynthesis, molecular breast imaging, and advanced breast magnetic resonance imaging. Discussion of multiple clinical trials, their strengths, and weaknesses. Historical perspective on the Mammography Quality Standards Act and its relationship with development and implementation of the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS).

With the development of near-infrared (NIR) technology, real-time utility of NIR and its fluorophores has gained vast interest among surgeons of various sub-disciplines. The purpose of this review is to assess and explore the most recent developments in NIR-guided surgery in an upper gastrointestinal (UGI) surgical setting. Queries of PubMed and Medline literature databases was performed for experimental and clinical studies relevant to NIR use in the context of UGI surgery. NIR-guided UGI surgeries have been reported to be valuable in: (1) esophageal anastomosis; (2) sentinel lymph node biopsy in gastric cancer; (3) detection of liver and pancreatic tumors; and (4) detection of extra bile duct and bile duct injuries. Although NIR technology has shown tremendous promise in UGI surgery, its full clinical translation and wider adaptation remains to be seen., (Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Image-guided ablation of tumors is assuming an increasingly important role in many oncology services as a minimally invasive alternative to conventional surgical interventions for patients who are not good candidates for surgery. Laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT) is a percutaneous tumor-ablation technique that utilizes high-power lasers placed interstitially in the tumor to deliver therapy. Multiple laser fibers can be placed into the treatment volume and, unlike other interstitial heating techniques, can be fired simultaneously to rapidly treat large volumes of tissue. Modern systems utilize small, compact, high-power laser diode systems with actively cooled applicators to help keep tissue from charring during procedures. Additionally, because this approach to thermal therapy is easily made magnetic resonance (MR) compatible, the incorporation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for treatment planning, targeting, monitoring, and verification has helped to expand the number of applications in which LITT can be applied safely and effectively. We provide an overview of the clinically used technology and algorithms that provide the foundations for current state-of-the-art MR-guided LITT (MRgLITT), including procedures in the brain, liver, bone, and prostate as examples. In addition to advances in imaging and delivery, such as the incorporation of nanotechnology, next-generation MRgLITT systems are anticipated to incorporate an increasing presence of in silico-based modeling of MRgLITT procedures to provide human-assisted computational tools for planning, MR model-assisted temperature monitoring, thermal-dose assessment, and optimal control.

Thermal imaging of the skin has been used for several decades for monitoring of temperature distribution of human skin for the detection of thermal abnormalities indicating pathologies (malignancies, inflammation, infection, and vascular, dermatological, and rheumatic disorders). Literature has shown that to detect and monitor the thermal abnormalities related to pathologic conditions, there is a need to extend acquisition over 8, 12, 16, or 24 hours. A wearable device is strongly needed in contact thermography to reach the objective of long-term monitoring of contact thermography, especially in telemedicine applications. A wearable system has been designed and constructed that allows the continuous thermographic monitoring of a skin region at the point of affixation. Measurement allowed by this system is direct and not hampered by the influence of the environment--as with IR thermography--nor by the geometry of skin surface (curvatures, roughness) thanks to the flexible adaptation of the sensing head to the surface. The validation of the system embedded in a pilot preliminary telemedicine application was successful. The next step will be the wide focusing and adaptation to telemedicine clinical applications to assess the response to the chemotherapy and tune the therapy at home of the breast cancer or the response to the inflammation care.

The article presents obtained results on using remote infrared thermograph in medical practice in Ukraine. It was shown that appearance of domestic thermographs with matrix photoreceiver enhances considerably an area of their use. New results related to diagnosis of a patient's state were obtained. Taking into account that this method is harmless, not difficult to perform, allows carrying out diagnostics many times during treatment and appearance of a new type of thermographs with high temperature sensitivity, it is necessary to renew the use of remote infrared thermography in medical practice in Ukraine.

Focused ultrasound is very well suited for inducing noninvasive local hyperthermia. Since magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be employed to obtain real-time temperature maps noninvasively the combination of these two technologies offers great advantages specifically aimed toward oncological studies. Real-time identification of the target region and accurate control of the temperature evolution during the treatment has now become possible. Thermal ablation of pathological tissue, local drug delivery using thermosensitive micro-carriers and controlled transgene expression using thermosensitive promoters have recently been demonstrated with this unique technology. Based on these experiments combined focused ultrasound and MRI thermometry holds promise for future oncological diagnostics and treatment. In this paper, we review some of the recent methodological developments as well as experimental and first clinical studies using this approach.

Introduction: Thermal imaging is a non-contact, non-invasive diagnostic method for study human body temperature. Therefore infra red thermal imaging finds increasing application in clinical medicine., Purpose: The aim of this paper was to present and discuss the history and applications of thermal imaging in medicine., Material and Methods: The literature dealing with the history and applications of thermal imaging in medicine has been reviewed., Results: Medical thermography was born in 1957 when a surgeon, Dr. R. Lawson discovered that his breast cancer patients had higher skin temperature over the cancer area. Since the 1970's thermography has been used in many areas of medicine. Early problems such as low detector sensitivity, but most significantly, poor training ofthermography technicians was the source of error in thermography and retarded the acceptance of this technique until 1990. Since that time, thermographic equipment has evolved significantly. Modern thermal imaging systems comprise technically advanced thermal cameras coupled to computers with sophisticated software solutions. The recorded images are now of good quality and may be further processed to obtain reliable information. Thermography can be applied as a diagnostic tool in oncology, allergic diseases, angiology, plastic surgery, rheumatology, and elsewhere. Contemporary thermal imaging must be per formed according to certain principles aimed at reliability and reproducibility of results., Conclusions: 1. Thermography is a safe, accurate and, most importantly, a non-invasive diagnostic method in clinical medicine. 2. Ignoring any of the principles worked out by the European Association of Thermology leaves thermography open to error and thus reduces acceptance of this technique in medical diagnostics.

Since the early days of thermography in the 1950s, image processing techniques, sensitivity of thermal sensors and spatial resolution have progressed greatly, holding out fresh promise for infrared (IR) imaging techniques. Applications in civil, industrial and healthcare fields are thus reaching a high level of technical performance. The relationship between body temperature and disease was documented since 400 bc. In many diseases there are variations in blood flow, and these in turn affect the skin temperature. IR imaging offers a useful and non-invasive approach to the diagnosis and treatment (as therapeutic aids) of many disorders, in particular in the areas of rheumatology, dermatology, orthopaedics and circulatory abnormalities. This paper reviews many usages (and hence the limitations) of thermography in biomedical fields.

Modern engineering and space-age technology introduce innovations in thermometry at a crucial time in critical care history. Today's assessment and care decisions are based, in part, on emerging scientific evidence about thermoregulatory responses. Accurate body temperature measurements and the correct interpretation of their meaning are crucial for competent care. Confusion exists as to which instrument or site is "ideal." Interpretation of temperature correlations, between temperature sites or without consideration of linearity, has little meaning outside the clinical context. This article discusses hemodynamic and thermal conditions influencing regional body temperatures along with instrument accuracy, reliability, linearity, precision, safety, comfort, and need for staff training.

Objective: To review the current medical and legal status and future directions of thermography., Data Sources: Medical and legal journals published from 1956 onwards; report of the United States Office of Health Technology Assessment and personal communication with the author of that report; report of Australian Institute of Health and personal communication with the author; personal communication with members of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee, American College of Neurology and with the Chairperson of the Commission of Technology Assessment and Efficacy Studies, American College of Radiology., Study Selection: Reports and position statements of statutory bodies and specialist colleges in the United States and Australia; legal judgments in both these countries., Conclusion: Acceptance of thermography is largely confined to those who use it and profit by its use.

Computer system with IR imager created at the Central Institute for Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the USSR Ministry of Health, automates and simplifies the thermography procedure, permits a statistical analysis of the image, this making possible wide use of this method for examination of patients.

Medical thermology is a relatively new diagnostic imaging modality that is based on thermography and has just recently gained acceptance by the medical community at large. In fact, the first comprehensive book on thermology appeared in press just a few months ago (2). Thermography is the recording and displaying of images that depict the distribution of temperature on the skin surface of patients. Thermology is the systematic interpretation of clinical thermograms. The leading thermographic technique is now based on remote infrared sensing. using digitizing techniques and microcomputers, the images can be processed to facilitate better thermological interpretation. This paper presents a brief account of the evolvement of this imaging modality, its current technology and medical uses, and its potential to become a major diagnostic tool in a large number of clinical situations. Finally, we will attempt to assess the overall role and place of thermology in medicine while also pointing out the need for fundamental thermological research to support the current empirical diagnostic applications.

A brief history of thermography and recent developments in instrumentation have been reviewed. Important applications are related to thrombophlebitis, the cerebral circulation, peripheral arterial abnormalities and medical-legal situations.

A brief history of thermography and recent developments in instrumentation have been reviewed. Important applications are related to thrombophlebitis, the cerebral circulation, peripheral arterial abnormalities and medical-legal situations.