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I 2007 blev der udgivet en rapport med titlen ”Håndbog om dyrearter på Habitatdirektivets bilag IV”, der opsamlede viden og erfaringer om bilag IV-arter i Danmark til brug i administration og planlægning. Håndbogen beskrev arternes levevis og udbredelse samt registreringsmetoder og håndtering i forvaltningsmæssig sammenhæng. I de 15 år der er gået siden da, er der opbygget ny viden om arterne og gjort erfaringer med virkningen af forvaltningstiltag. Der er derfor behov for at få opdateret og synliggjort den nye viden om arterne og få samlet op på de erfaringer, der er gjort i forbindelse med håndtering af arterne. Det er således ønsket, at nærværende rapport videregiver relevante og opdaterede oplysninger om disse arter.

I 2020 omfattede artsovervågningen i alt seks arter af leddyr, snegle og en mos på Habitatdirektivets Bilag II og IV. Det var grøn kølleguldsmed, sortplettet blåfugl, sumpvindelsnegl, skæv vindelsnegl, kildevældsvindelsnegl og grøn buxbaumia. For sortplettet blåfugl dækker rapporten indsamlinger i både 2017 og 2020 og for vindelsneglene er der indsamlinger fra både 2018 og 2020. Overvågningsresultaterne viste at grøn kølleguldsmed, sumpvindelsnegl og skæv vindelsnegl er i fremgang. Sidstnævnte er dog fragmenteret i sin udbredelse. Sortplettet blåfugl er stabil med en meget begrænset bestand og udbredelse. Endelig er udviklingstendensen for kildevældsvindelsnegl og grøn buxbaumia usikker/ukendt.

Since late 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has been spreading globally. The pandemic has affected all aspects of global society and has caused specific challenges for both the government and private sectors in most countries. While we do not yet know the full impact of the pandemic on poor African countries, we already know that the impacts on economies, health conditions and politics are significant – and will continue to be substantial. In this brief, we discuss the long-term implications and effects of the pandemic on Domestic Resource Mobilisation in sub-Saharan Africa. The brief builds on the report Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for revenue generation in poor African countries .

Denne rapport er udarbejdet på baggrund af en bestilling fra Miljøstyrelsen som en del af det faglige grundlag for Vildtforvaltningsrådets udarbejdelse af en indstilling til Miljøministeren med henblik på revision af gældende jagttider i 2022. Rapporten giver for 23 udvalgte jagtbare vildtarter en opdateret oversigt over den eksisterende viden om biologiske, bestandsmæssige, jagtlige og forvaltningsmæssige forhold, som er relevante for en faglig vurdering af den gældende jagttid. Endvidere giver rapporten en vurdering af de bestandsmæssige muligheder for en eventuel jagttid for 18 udvalgte p.t. ikke-jagtbare arter.

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic the need in poor countries in Africa for more revenues is obvious and growing - also because aid agencies are quite stingy in helping them in this crisis. The pandemic’s negative impact on revenues is especially pronounced in countries that are most dependent on international trade, tourism and petroleum exports. The good news is that sub-Saharan African tax collectors have performed almost as well as their peers in the much wealthier Latin America and substantially better than in South Asian countries. Increased domestic revenue mobilization (DRM) is possible depending on a country’s specific situation and political economy - and it will not be easy: The IMF’s position is that increasing the tax-to-GDP ratio by five percentage points by 2030 is a reasonable aspiration for poor countries. That was unrealistic before COVID-19: it is even more so now. No silver bullet (“tax the rich”!) will generate substantial additional revenues on its own. Better utilization of a range of revenues sources are needed. A stop for Illicit Financial Flows will clearly help but is not the golden egg that many believe. Inequality may increase due to COVID-19. However, major redistribution through domestic taxation (as in the Danish welfare state model) is unrealistic in countries with low revenue-to-GDP ratios. Nor is there strong organised political support for such redistribution in poor African countries. Donor support to DRM in poor countries can provide manifold returns on investments if targeted strategically. Support to relevant local and international civil society organisations is also important to help to foster public engagement in tax reforms and improved fiscal accountability. The Sustainable Development Goals in poor countries are strongly under-financed. The progress and sustainability of the SDGs will increasingly depend on poor countries’ own revenue

The presentation is based on new study for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark The purpose of the study is to provide inputs for strategic discussions about possible future Danish aid to domestic revenue mobilisation (DRM) in partner countries in Africa by: Examining how and to what extent the pandemic affects DRM Assessing the potential of various revenue instruments to raise additional revenues in the future Drawing policy implications of this for Danish aid to DRM The report is published as DIIS WP 3: 2020: Taxation in sub-Saharan Africa after Covid-19 | DIIS

I denne rapport fremlægges resultaterne af overvågningen af arter i NOVANA forperioden 2012-2017. Overvågningen omfatter udvalgte plante- og dyrearteromfattet af Habitatdirektivet. Artsovervågningen i NOVANA har til formål at bidragemed konkret viden om ændringer i arternes udbredelse og bestandsstørrelse.Rapporten indgår i grundlaget for Danmarks afrapportering til EU i henhold tilHabitatdirektivet.

The general public has access to information about Danish aid on OpenAid.dk run by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It builds on the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI), which aims at improving aid coordination, accountability and effectiveness. The central idea is that OpenAid.dk empowers citizens, politicians, journalists and civil society organisations themselves to extract information about the "what", "where", "when" and "which results" of Danish aid. The publication of Danida's Annual Reports is therefore deemed unnecessary. How useful is the database in answering such questions? (a) OpenAid.dk does throw light on a wealth of detailed financial information about bilateral Danish funding over time at the country level. However, it is not user-friendly; (b) it hardly provides any information about the performance and results of such activities; (c) the purposes and results of Denmark's support to multilateral organizations and to Danish ministries dealing with refugees are largely left in the dark. Denmark's aid transparency is mediocre, which international comparisons also show. As a result aid accountability and democratic debates on aid suffer. Improving public access to relevant, user-friendly and more transparent information about Danish aid and its results is clearly needed. Six proposals on this are presented in the working paper.

SDGs (The Sustainable Development Goals) are underfinanced in developing countries, especially in low-income countries. This conclusion is based on a review of SDG financing needs and available financing sources - including international private finance, blended finance, remittances, domestic resource mobilization, ODA and debt financing. The underfinancing in low-income countries is substantial, but in a global perspective it constitutes only half a percentage point of world GDP in 2030. To address the underfunding of the SDGs, policy priorities and allocation decisions in developing as well as donor countries must change significantly. Whether this is possible depends on the local and international political contexts. Realistically not all SDGs will be fully funded.

A demand-supply framework has been developed and applied to Tanzania to explore the link between democratisation, economic liberalisation and the use of tax exemptions to fund political parties’ electoral campaigns. In Tanzania, the demand for this type of money has increased since one-party rule was abolished in 1992. This led to reduced state subsidies to parties, while growing inter- and intra-party competition for political power through the ballot box increased the campaign costs of the last three elections. Political liberalisation also raised the cost of keeping together increasingly fragmented political elites. The increased supply of political funding for the ruling party is driven by mutual interest between the funding demands of political elites, the interests of companies and emerging capitalists for tax exemptions and other rents to succeed in business. This demand-supply framework helps to explain an increased use of tax exemptions for private companies and individuals around election years in Tanzania. The framework is also relevant to the analysis of political financing through tax exemptions elsewhere on the African continent. A demand-supply framework has been developed and applied to Tanzania to explore the link between democratisation, economic liberalisation and the use of tax exemptions to fund political parties’ electoral campaigns. In Tanzania, the demand for this type of money has increased since one-party rule was abolished in 1992. This led to reduced state subsidies to parties, while growing inter- and intra-party competition for political power through the ballot box increased the campaign costs of the last three elections. Political liberalisation also raised the cost of keeping together increasingly fragmented political elites. The increased supply of political funding for the ruling party is driven by mutual interest between the funding demands of political elites, the interests of companies and emerging capitalists for tax exemptions and other rents to succeed in business. This demand-supply framework helps to explain an increased use of tax exemptions for private companies and individuals around election years in Tanzania. The framework is also relevant to the analysis of political financing through tax exemptions elsewhere on the African continent.