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U-Pb and Sm-Nd geochronology establishes an important Paleoproterozoic (~1.9 Ga) history for the Kramanituar Complex, located in the interior of the Archean western Churchill Province, and provides further insight into the Snowbird tectonic zone, a crustal-scale (> 2000 km) feature whose role during Precambrian time remains controversial. The Kramanituar Complex is a window of deep-crustal rocks, dominated by a granulite-facies metagabbroic suite of ~1902 Ma age, with minor supracrustal rocks and charnockite. These yield peak equilibrium conditions of 12-15 kbar and 850-900 [degrees] C, which are bracketed between ~1910 Ma, the age of prograde metamorphic monazite in sillimanite- and kyanite-bearing paragneiss, and 1901 Ma; the cooling ages of titanite and rutile in gabbroic and paragneissic rocks. Although mineral assemblages reflecting peak metamorphic conditions are widespread, some rocks record near-isothermal decompression to ~8 kbar and 800 [degrees] C. The timing of uplift and exhumation is tightly bracketed between magmatic crystallization of gabbroic anorthosite under granulite-facies conditions at 1902 Ma and widespread rutile cooling ages of 1901 Ma. Time-averaged cooling rates of > 100 [degrees] C/Ma are estimated for gabbroic anorthosite and leucogranite. Rocks surrounding the Kramanituar Complex are mainly amphibolite-facies Archean plutonic and supracrustal rocks. Those to the north were at deep-crustal conditions coeval with the complex, whereas those to the south appear to preserve a record of older, mainly Neoarchean tectonometamorphic assemblages and fabrics. The southern boundary of the complex is inferred to be a normal fault that accommodated tectonic unroofing of the Kramanituar Complex at ~1.9 Ga. This geochronological data set highlights the protracted history of a segment of the geophysically defined Snowbird tectonic zone, a structure along which latest significant magmatism and tectonometamorphism has been interpreted as either ~2600 or ~1800 Ma. Penetrative ~1900 Ma activity in the east-trending Chesterfield segment, as documented at the Kramanituar Complex, suggests that the complex may have represented a favorably oriented segment of a crustal-scale Archean fault that was reactivated during Paleoproterozoic time, possibly in response to collision between the Slave and Churchill cratons (Thelon Orogen) at ~1.97-1.9 Ga.

The maximum flow length of a polymer for a given set of processing conditions is important in injection molding to avoid incomplete mold filling. Experimental analysis, using various processing conditions, can generate the actual influence of processing conditions on the maximum flow length. However, the experimental determination of the flow length for all known industrial polymers would be time consuming and expensive. A non-Newtonian, nonisothermal model of mold filling was developed to evaluate the flow length without requiring large amounts of computation time. The model implements the use of both a temperature and shear rate-dependent viscosity as well as viscous heating. This paper presents the model and its numerical implementation, followed by simulation results. The model is compared with other simulation programs and experimental results using both an amorphous Styron 484-27 polystyrene and a semicrystalline 640I polyethylene in a spiral mold geometry. Good agreement between the three is observed., INTRODUCTION The capability of a polymer melt to flow in the injection molding process is a strong function of the temperature and shear-rate dependent viscosity. The viscous heating developed in [...]

Adrian Kilcoyne,1 Edward Jordan,1 Kimberly Thomas,2 Alicia N Pepper,2 Allen Zhou,2 Dale Chappell,1 Miyuru Amarapala,1 Rachel-Karson Thériault,2 Melissa Thompson2 1HEOR, Humanigen Inc, Burlingame, CA, USA; 2Value & Evidence Services, EVERSANA, Burlington, Ontario, CanadaCorrespondence: Adrian Kilcoyne, HEOR, Humanigen Inc, Burlingame, CA, USA, Tel +1-848-240-6613, Email akilcoyne@humanigen.comPurpose: To estimate the clinical and economic benefits of lenzilumab plus standard of care (SOC) compared with SOC alone in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the National Health Service (NHS) England perspective.Methods: A cost calculator was developed to estimate the clinical benefits and costs of adding lenzilumab to SOC in newly hospitalized COVID-19 patients over 28 days. The LIVE-AIR trial results informed the clinical inputs: failure to achieve survival without ventilation (SWOV), mortality, time to recovery, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) use. Base case costs included drug acquisition and administration for lenzilumab and remdesivir and hospital resource costs based on the level of care required. Clinical and economic benefits per weekly cohort of newly hospitalized patients were also estimated.Results: In all populations examined, specified clinical outcomes were improved with lenzilumab plus SOC over SOC treatment alone. In a base case population aged < 85 years with C-reactive protein (CRP) < 150 mg/L, with or without remdesivir, adding lenzilumab to SOC was estimated to result in per-patient cost savings of £ 1162. In a weekly cohort of 4754 newly hospitalized patients, addition of lenzilumab to SOC could result in 599 IMV uses avoided, 352 additional lives saved, and over £ 5.5 million in cost savings. Scenario results for per-patient cost savings included: 1) aged < 85 years, CRP < 150 mg/L, and receiving remdesivir (£ 3127); 2) Black patients with CRP < 150 mg/L (£ 9977); and 3) Black patients from the full population (£ 2369). Conversely, in the full mITT population, results estimated additional cost of £ 4005 per patient.Conclusion: Findings support clinical benefits for SWOV, mortality, time to recovery, time in ICU, time on IMV, and ventilator use, and an economic benefit from the NHS England perspective when adding lenzilumab to SOC for hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Keywords: economic analysis, CRP, GM-CSF, ventilator-free survival, survival without ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation