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Purpose: This study sought to examine how preservice physical educators conceptualize and intend to use standards-based grading (SBG) after receiving a 1-hr workshop on implementing SBG into a physical education (PE) setting. Methods: Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the researchers utilized class reflection assignments, a perceptions survey, and interviews with 10 undergraduate physical educators at a Midwestern university. Findings: The SBG workshop positively influenced participants' views of the importance of PE, enhanced their attitudes toward organized and meaningful instructional planning, and shaped participants' perceived norms and level of control when implementing SBG in their future classrooms. Discussion/Conclusion: SBG provides a means for preservice physical educators to validate their field and area of study and to visualize the interconnectedness of teaching, learning, and assessment within PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autistic children can benefit from physical activity (PA) in a variety of ways. However, autistic children tend not to meet PA recommendations and, consequently, may not experience the associated benefits. Parental PA support can facilitate PA participation among autistic children, but parents of autistic children may lack the skills to help their child engage in PA. Few studies, to date, have examined the outcomes of parent-mediated PA interventions for autistic children. The purpose of this study was to explore parents' perceived behavioral control (PBC) to support their autistic children in PA after their participation in a PA intervention. Methods: The theory of planned behavior served as the framework for this descriptive–qualitative investigation. Fifteen parents (each with 1 autistic child in the intervention) participated in semistructured interviews (3 wk after the intervention), which were transcribed and then analyzed using thematic line-by-line analysis. Results: Three themes characterized the changes to parents' PBC after completing the PA intervention. Those themes were: (1) I learned by son! (2) You are my coach! and (3) I can do it! Conclusions: The results showed that by participating in a parent-mediated PA intervention, parents experienced improved confidence and awareness of their child's abilities, thus enhancing their PBC. Future research is needed to examine how these improvements in PBC may influence the actual PA behaviors of autistic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Container deposit schemes are often hailed as a useful avenue to increase consumer recycling rates. Yet, there is little research investigating within-person changes in peoples beliefs and behavior following the implementation of these schemes, or tests of the mechanisms by which such change has occurred. METHODS: The current study fills this knowledge gap and assessed container recycling behavior and habits as well as the social cognition factors of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions in a sample of 90 Queenslanders before the implementation of the container deposit scheme and one and three months post-implementation. RESULTS: Analysis of variance indicated more frequent recycling behavior following the implementation of the scheme, as well as stronger habits, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. CONCLUSIONS: Such a concomitant change in behavior, beliefs, and habits provides support for behavior change theory, while also flagging potential targets for strategies that can be paired with container deposit schemes to enhance their efficacy and uptake.

BACKGROUND: Few adolescents meet guideline levels of physical activity associated with good health, highlighting the need for intervention. Interventions promoting adolescents physical activity should be guided by research applying behavioral theory to identify potentially modifiable correlates and associated processes. We applied an integrated social cognition model to identify theory-based constructs and processes that relate to physical activity intentions in a secondary analysis of two samples of Finnish adolescents using a correlational design. METHOD: Participants in the first sample (n = 455) completed self-report measures of social cognition constructs from theory of planned behavior, habit, self-discipline, and past and current physical activities. Participants in the second sample (n = 3878) completed identical measures plus measures of socio-structural and socio-environmental factors. Participants from the first sample also wore accelerometers for 1 week. Hypothesized model effects were tested using variance-based structural equation modeling in data from the first sample and subsequently confirmed in a pre-registered analysis of data from the second sample. RESULTS: Across both samples, habit, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and self-reported past behavior were associated with physical activity intention. Effects of self-reported past physical activity on intention were partially mediated by social cognition constructs. Effects of accelerometer-based physical activity were small by comparison. Effects of socio-structural and socio-environmental factors on intention in the second sample were partially mediated by the social cognition constructs. CONCLUSION: Results corroborate beliefs and habit as consistent correlates of adolescents physical activity intentions and provide preliminary evidence that social cognition constructs account for effects of socio-structural and socio-environmental factors on intentions.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females. Assessing self-screening practices for breast cancer patients is vital for developing targeted interventions. The current study aimed to assess self-screening practices for breast cancer and associated factors via the theory of planned behavior constructs among female students in Ethiopian universities. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted using the theory of planned behavior constructs. The data were collected from January 30, 2022, to February 30, 2022, in Ethiopia. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used. The validity and reliability tests were checked to use the questionnaire in the main study through a pilot test. The data were collected through online Google Forms by distributing them to university students via Telegram groups, Imo, emails, and Facebook. The collected data were exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Bivariate analysis was used to identify the candidate variables for multiple logistic regression (P value < 0.02). Those variables with a P value less than 0.05 were considered significant predictors of breast cancer screening practices. Results: A total of 418 female students participated in the study. The respondents were aged between 18 and 37 years. In the current study, 318 (76.1%; 95% CI: 72.0, 80.4) university students had good screening practices for breast cancer. Nonhealth-related departments (AOR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.44), having training in breast cancer self-examination (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.35), having a good attitude (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.47), having good behavioral control (AOR = 4.1; 95% CI: 2.18, 7.71), and having good behavioral intentions (AOR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.24) were associated with self-screening practices for breast cancer patients. Conclusion: Designing a theory of planned behavior-based educational interventions improve self-screening practices for breast cancer among university female students. These insights could guide the development of future breast cancer awareness and prevention programs in university settings, with the goal of increasing early detection rates and lowering the risk of breast cancer. The study also serves as foundational information for designing future research using more advanced study design methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Academic engagement of Chinese college students has received increasing research attention due to its impact on Students' Mental health and wellbeing. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies marked the beginning of a new era in education, offering innovative tools and approaches to enhance learning. Still, it can be viewed from positive and negative perspectives. This study utilizes the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a theoretical framework to analyze the mediating role of students' attitudes toward AI, perceived social norms, perceived behavioral control, and their intention to use AI technologies in the relationships between Students' academic engagement and Mental health. Methods: The study involved a total of 2,423 Chinese college students with a mean age of approximately 20.53 ± 1.51 years. The survey was conducted through Questionnaire Star, using a secure website designed specifically for the study. The Hayes' PROCESS Macro (Version 4.2) Model 80 with SPSS 29.0, a multivariate regression analysis with a chain mediation model that allows for multiple mediators to be tested sequentially, has been used. The statistical test explored the direct and indirect effects of students' engagement (X) on mental health (Y) through a series of mediators: attitude toward AI (M1), subjective norm (M2), perceived behavioral control over AI use (M3), and AI use behavioral intention (M4). Results: The direct positive relationship between engagement and mental health (β = 0.0575; p < 0.05), as well as identifying key mediating factors such as perceived behavioral control (β = 0.1039; p < 0.05) and AI use of behavioral intention (β = 0.0672; p < 0.05), highlights the potential of AI tools in enhancing students' well-being. However, the non-significant mediating effects of attitude toward AI (β = 0.0135), and subjective norms (β = –0.0005), suggest that more research is needed to understand the nuances of these relationships fully. Discussion: Overall, the study contributes to the growing body of literature on the role of AI in education and offers practical implications for improving mental health support in academic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe deteriorating environment necessitates immediate remedial measures to preserve life forms in their natural state. There is an urgent need to regulate anthropogenic activities. This scholarly work examined the factors that lead to environmentally friendly consumption among consumers. We extended the TPB model with additional variables, namely social media marketing (SMM) and environmental concern (EC) to investigate consumers’ green purchase behavior. Furthermore, the moderating effect of greenwashing (GW) was examined. Data from 388 respondents were analyzed using the PLS-SEM technique. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study to incorporate greenwashing as a moderating variable between GPI and GPB. Finally, the study discusses theoretical and managerial implications and outlines several strategies for marketers to promote green products and mitigate the negative effects of greenwashing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies linking religion to CSR have produced conflicting findings due to a failure to draw distinctions among religious influences and different CSR practices, and to theorize their connection. Drawing on social identity theory and the theory of planned behavior, we first argue that religion will influence CSR when ethical values from a CEO's religious social identification resonate with an aspect of CSR. Second, CEO attitudes congruent with those values and forms of CSR—interpersonal empathy and proactiveness—will strengthen that relationship. Third, the relationship between religious social identification and CSR will be strengthened by a CEO's ability to enact CSR policies, a function of personal and firm market power. Our research on 270 CEOs from 242 publicly traded US firms from 2007 to 2020 supports these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of entrepreneurship in students has become an increasingly pertinent goal within global educational systems. Previous research examining the impact of entrepreneurial education programs on students' entrepreneurial intentions has yielded conflicting results. This article delves into the hypothesis that this relationship is influenced by endogenous factors, such as locus of control and self-efficacy. It posits that the role of these variables contributes to elucidating the ambiguities prevalent in the literature. Employing the Theory of Planned Behavior, as a theoretical framework, this study investigates the connection between entrepreneurial training programs, endogenous factors, and entrepreneurial intention. The analysis is based on a sample of Italian students who participated in the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students' Survey (GUESSS). The hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and subsequently fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The results affirm that entrepreneurial intention is positively influenced by a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors. The study offers insights for a more profound understanding of entrepreneurial training dynamics and the development of flourishing and dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystems. Furthermore, it demonstrates that integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) provides a useful framework for capturing the complex nature of the entrepreneurial intention phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Design Measurements and Sample Results Conclusion To investigate the prevalence of sexual and gender‐based violence (SGBV) among female college students, identify factors influencing intention to seek professional help among SGBV survivors, and compare help‐seeking determinants among survivors based on their prior utilization of healthcare services.A cross‐sectional online survey was employed among female students aged 18–24 years from two universities in Eswatini.A total of 271 female college students were recruited to assess SGBV experience, attitudes, social norms, perceived control, help‐seeking intention, and other factors not originally included in the theory of planned behavior. Data analyses utilized descriptive statistics, comparative analyses, and multiple regression methods.Among the participants, 73.1% reported experiencing one or more forms of SGBV, while only 43.4% sought professional help through health services. Help‐seeking intentions of survivors were significantly associated with positive attitudes, subjective norms, and marital status, collectively explaining 66% of the variance. In subgroup analyses, the subjective norm and attitude emerged as the most robust predictors of help‐seeking intentions.The results revealed a high prevalence of SGBV and a concerning trend of low help‐seeking behavior, with attitudes and subjective norms emerging as the most influential factors shaping intention. These results provide valuable insights for designing theory‐driven and culturally sensitive public health nursing interventions and educational programs aimed at effectively supporting SGBV survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Saudi Arabia has one of the highest childhood obesity rates worldwide. The primary factor associated with the high prevalence of obesity among adolescents is a lack of physical activity (PA). Compared tomale adolescents, very few Saudi female adolescents meet the World Health Organization recommendation of achieving 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA per day, putting them at a higher risk of overweight and obesity. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between the theory of planned behavior and psychosocial factors, including attitude toward PA, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), PA intention, and selfreported PA among Saudi female adolescents. Methods: A convenience sample of 329 Saudi female adolescents was recruited from all-female public intermediate and high schools in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using online self-administered questionnaires. The theoretical model was examined using structural equation modeling. Results: The findings revealed a higher prevalence of overweight compared to obesity among participants. About half the participants were from families with a medium monthly income. The mean PA score indicated a low level of PA. The model demonstrated significant explanatory power for both PA intention and PA behavior, respectively. The strongest predictor of adolescents' intention was attitude, followed by PBC. Moreover, the female adolescents' attitudes and PBC had significant indirect effects on self-reported PA through intention, whereas intention had a direct effect on PA. The model did not support a direct or indirect relationship between subjective norms and PA. Discussion: The findings provide essential support for targeting attitude and perceived behavior control of female adolescents in order to enhance their PA intention. This theoretical understanding can help design effective theory-based interventions that promote PA among Saudi female adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There are a variety of benefits associated with the use of YouTube for learning purposes, such as YouTube is a free open-access tool students can use to facilitate their learning. This study investigates whether an attitudinal factor (i.e. perceived usefulness) and the factor's antecedents, resource quality factors (i.e. credibility, currency, coverage and relevance), normative factor (i.e. subjective norm) and control factor (i.e. perceived ease of use) all affect college freshmen's behavioral intentions to use YouTube for academic learning purposes. Design/methodology/approach: This research employs the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explore the attitudinal, normative and control factors associated with college freshmen's behavioral intentions to use YouTube for academic learning. After developing a quantitative survey given to 182 college freshmen in a Southeastern institution in the United States of America, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the seven hypotheses and the research constructs. Findings: The results indicate that attitudinal factor (i.e. perceived usefulness) and its antecedents, resource quality factors (i.e. currency, coverage and relevance) and normative factor (i.e. subjective norm) have a statistically significant effect on college freshmen's intentions to use YouTube for academic learning purposes. Research limitations/implications: This study suggests that individual motivations (i.e. perceived usefulness and subjective norm) and resource quality factors (i.e. currency, coverage and relevance) play into college freshmen's decisions to use YouTube for learning purposes, while other research indicates that the system or application itself factors into students' decisions to use technology for learning. Practical implications: This study suggests that college freshmen are more likely to use YouTube for academic learning purposes when the freshmen hold favorable attitudes about the platform and when the freshmen believe the freshmen's peers are also using YouTube to supplement in-class learning. Originality/value: This is an initial study that focuses on college freshmen's behavioral intentions to use YouTube for academic learning purposes. This research demonstrates the roles that peers as well as resource quality factors play in students' decisions to use specific technology to enhance the students' learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of e‐cigarette or vape devices is a growing concern on an international scale, given the devices' addictive nature and questions regarding their short‐ and long‐term health impacts. Their use is especially an issue in young people, many of whom have little or no previous nicotine use experience. This study tested an integrated dual process model in 363 young Australian undergraduates where prospectively measured e‐cigarette use was predicted by the psychological constructs of the theory of planned behavior, supplemented with risk perception, e‐cigarette dependence, habit, and implicit attitude. Intention to use an e‐cigarette was predicted by affective attitude, subjective norm, and e‐cigarette dependance, but not instrumental attitude, perceived behavioral control, or risk perception. E‐cigarette use was predicted by e‐cigarette dependance, intention, habit, implicit attitude, and previous nicotine use, although perceived behavioral control did not directly predict behavior nor moderate the intention–behavior relationship. Current findings provide evidence for important psychological predictors of e‐cigarette use, signposting potential intervention targets. Specifically, interventions may benefit from using strategies that tap affective or normative beliefs alongside automatic constructs and dependence, while focusing less on beliefs about the health impacts of e‐cigarettes or control over using. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global fashion industry influenced by fast fashion trends has led to severe ecological issues and resource depletion. Despite growing consumer awareness of sustainable and environmentally friendly clothing this awareness often fails to translate into actual purchasing behavior. This study aims to explore the factors influencing the gap between the intention to purchase environmentally friendly clothing and actual purchasing behavior using the theory of planned behavior TPB . Understanding and addressing this gap can help develop more effective strategies to promote sustainable fashion consumption so as to reduce the environmental impact of the fashion industry. A comprehensive survey was conducted with 414 consumers to collect data on their attitudes subjective norms perceived behavioral control environmental knowledge perceived aesthetic risk and the availability of environmentally friendly clothing. The TPB framework was extended by incorporating these additional variables. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationships among these factors and their influence on purchase intention and behavior. Additionally moderation analysis was performed to understand how perceived aesthetic risk and the availability of environmentally friendly clothing affect the intention-behavior relationship. The research innovatively extends the TPB framework by including environmental knowledge and exploring the moderating roles of perceived aesthetic risk and the availability of environmentally friendly clothing. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors bridging the gap between consumers' intentions and their actual purchasing behaviors regarding environmentally friendly clothing. The inclusion of environmental knowledge as a predictor variable and the exploration of aesthetic concerns and product availability as moderating factors add significant depth to the traditional TPB model. Additionally this study addresses a critical gap in existing literature by focusing on the barriers preventing consumers from translating their positive environmental attitudes and intentions into actual purchasing behaviors. The findings indicate that environmental knowledge positively affects attitudes towards environmentally friendly clothing. Attitudes subjective norms and perceived behavioral control significantly influence purchase intentions. Specifically higher environmental knowledge enhances positive attitudes towards purchasing environmentally friendly clothing. Subjective norms reflecting social pressures and expectations significantly impact consumers' intentions to buy such products. Perceived behavioral control indicating the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior also positively affects purchase intentions. However perceived aesthetic risk negatively moderates the relationship between purchase intentions and actual behavior suggesting that concerns about the fashionability and style of environmentally friendly clothing can deter actual purchases. Conversely the availability of environmentally friendly clothing positively moderates this relationship indicating that making such products more accessible can facilitate the conversion of purchase intentions into actual behavior. The study' s insights suggest several strategic recommendations for environmentally friendly clothing companies. Enhancing consumers' environmental knowledge through education and awareness campaigns can foster more positive attitudes towards sustainable fashion. Addressing aesthetic concerns by improving the design and style of environmentally friendly clothing can reduce perceived aesthetic risk and encourage purchases. Increasing the availability of environmentally friendly clothing through wider distribution and better visibility in retail spaces can make it easier for consumers to act on their purchase intentions. By addressing these factors companies can better align consumer intentions with their purchasing actions promoting sustainable fashion development. This alignment is crucial not only for reducing the environmental footprint of the fashion industry but also for meeting the growing consumer demand for environmentally friendly clothing. Future research should investigate additional factors influencing the intention-behavior gap such as social influences situational factors and personal values. Expanding the sample size and conducting cross-cultural studies could provide a more comprehensive understanding of consumer behavior in sustainable fashion contexts. Moreover longitudinal studies could track changes in consumer behavior over time and provide insights into the long-term effects of various interventions. Understanding the psychological and cultural aspects that influence purchasing behavior can also offer deeper insights into consumer motivations. Additionally exploring the impact of technological advancements such as virtual fitting rooms and augmented reality on the purchasing decisions of environmentally friendly clothing can provide new avenues for encouraging sustainable consumption. The research contributes to promoting sustainable fashion by identifying key strategies to bridge the gap between consumer intentions and behaviors ultimately supporting the broader goal of environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global electric vehicle (EV) market overgrew in the previous decade. This paper investigates the factors affecting EV purchase intention in the West Bank, Palestine. This study adopts the exploratory sequential mixed methods approach by conducting unstructured interviews and questionnaires in a developing country context. We obtained 384 survey responses from EV owners and non-EV owners – this study used the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) tool for empirical analysis. The study results show that environmental concerns, subjective norms, cognitive status, incentive policies, and product perception significantly affect consumers' intentions to purchase EVs in the West Bank. Environmental concerns indirectly correlate with consumers' intentions to purchase EVs through attitudes as a mediator. However, perceived behavior control has no significant impact on purchasing intent. These results will help policymakers in improving transportation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research work is to merge two theories (i.e. the perceived risk theory and the extended theory of planned behavior) to explain for the formation of behavioral and switching intentions toward artificial intelligent-based facial recognition technology, particularly in terms of restaurant payment. The moderating role of cultural differences is explored in the framework. Sixteen hypotheses are tested by using a sample of 337 South Korean and 342 U.S. consumers. Time and privacy risks significantly influence the attitude of only the Koreans, while psychological risks only influence the Americans. Attitude and subjective norms significantly affect intention to switch to face recognition payment and use this method for both groups. Moreover, the findings reveal that cultural differences play a significantly moderating role in the relationship between psychological risk and attitude toward artificial intelligent-based facial recognition technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces and validates the Comprehensive Model of Vaccination Intention (CMVI) to offer a holistic understanding of COVID-19 vaccination uptake in New Zealand. The CMVI excels by presenting a highly explanatory model, incorporating trust in the government's vaccination policy along with and a spectrum of social, cognitive, contextual, and affective variables from theories of Interpersonal Behavior, Planned Behavior, and Health Belief Model. A nationally representative sample of 993 participants was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The findings underscore the positive impact of subjective norms and societal perceptions of vaccination, attitude toward vaccination, trust in government, and vaccination habits on COVID-19 vaccination intention. This study highlights the importance of normalizing vaccination to boost intention and shows how emotions shape attitudes. It also finds that better vaccine accessibility and trust in the government lower perceived costs and raise perceived benefits, improving overall attitude and strengthening vaccination intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with dramatic pressures connected with COVID-19, the health systems were challenged by the need of providing care to COVID-19 patients, without jeopardising the lives of physicians. Telemedicine was a candidate solution, but just having a well-performing technology is not enough. Theoretical models on technology adoption alert that to be effectively and timely adopted, technology – e.g. telemedicine – has to be accepted. In this article, we investigate the innovation journey of a firm (Firm A) that designed and developed a telemedicine platform, collaborating with different actors – adopters (physicians, nurses and patients) and health decision-makers – according to an open innovation (OI) approach. During the COVID-19 emergency, Firm A has rapidly and successfully modified its product to provide a Local Health District with an effective solution for patients monitoring. The case study shows an interwoven relationship between the OI approach adopted in the development of the telemedicine platform and the acceptance of the technology itself, paving the way to a new role for OI: not only an enabler supporting knowledge exchanges, but also an enabler of Technology Acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of whether free will exists has been debated extensively for centuries. Instead of debating this complex issue, recent work in psychology has sought to understand the consequences of beliefs in free will. That is, how are people's behaviors influenced when they either believe or do not believe in free will? Amongst many outcomes, research has identified free will beliefs to influence achievement, perseverance, and aggressiveness. We believe that beliefs in free will could also exert influence on health behaviors. Health promotion from a psychological perspective has typically adopted social cognitive models to understand and predict health behaviors. We contend that free will beliefs could be included in these models to understand and change health behavior. We provide examples of how a popular social cognition theory, the theory of planned behavior, could be aligned with beliefs in free will. We suggest that the relationship between free will beliefs and theory constructs (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention) could be positive in health enhancing behaviors and negative in health risk behaviors. Experimentally testing these relationships is needed in future research. This may provide further insights into the consequences of free will and contribute to the explanation of health behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and optimization of more sustainable pest control methods, primarily focusing on preventive strategies and non-chemical tools, is a global priority for scientists and agrochemical companies. This study examines Sicilian farmers' willingness to adopt organic pest management practices for protecting tomatoes and zucchini from two key insect pests, namely Tuta absoluta and Bemisia tabaci. We implemented the Theory of Planned Behavior as a cognitive model to explore individual motivations that influence farmers' readiness to adopt sustainable pest control practices. Results from partial least squares structural equation modeling on a sample of 85 farmers emphasize the importance of farmers' behavioral constructs in the decision-making process: Farmers' attitudes are the strongest predictors of intention (ß = 0.454; p < 0.01), followed by social norms (ß = 0.201; p < 0.1) and perceived behavioral control (ß = 0.184; p < 0.01). Intention and perceived behavioral control constructs positively and significantly affect the stated behavior construct (respectively, ß = 0.23; ß = 0.24). Traditional farm/farmer socio-economic characteristics have a notable, yet smaller, influence: Farmers' education positively predicts their willingness to adopt (ß = 0.292; p < 0.01), while farmers' age is negatively correlated (ß = −0.130; p < 0.01). Informational campaigns on the importance of organic pest management on improving soil health and biodiversity should be promoted to strengthen farmers attitudes toward organic pest management. Similarly, policy-makers should enhance farmers perceived behavioral control by providing better information about characteristics and procedures of organic pest management protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Generative pretrained transformers (GPTs), soaring to one million users at lightning speed, outpaced social media giants (15 times faster) (Buchholz, 2023). Despite this, scant research explored GPT's impact on the digital entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) of students and tech-savvy generations. This study aims to pioneer a fusion of the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), bridging the gap in research. Design/methodology/approach: In this bold quantitative quest, business administration students became fearless participants, engaging in a survey of profound significance. Guided by the mighty powers of G*Power and Stata's structural equation modeling builder, the intricate relationships within a robust sample of (n = 400) were unraveled. Findings: The mediating power of GPT usefulness and GPT ease of use part of the TAM emerges, paving the way for a future brimming with digital entrepreneurship (DE) boundless possibilities. Predictably, the study found that TPB constructs also affect the EI of students. Originality/value: This groundbreaking study brings together the powerful combination of TAM and TPB, while pioneering the exploration of GPT models' mediating role. Its findings offer invaluable contributions to the field of DE and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure a child’s health. This study investigated the effect of an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Methods: In this randomized educational trial, 132 pregnant women were divided into two intervention groups and one control group using a multi-stage random clustering method. The first intervention group received interventions based on the TPB. In the extended theory group, interventions to promote breastfeeding self-efficacy and social support for breastfeeding were also provided. In order to collect information, the constructs of the planned behavior questionnaire, Dennis’s breastfeeding self-efficacy questionnaire and boateng’s breastfeeding social support questionnaire were used, all of which have confirmed validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test, analysis of covariance, one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square and Bonferroni tests. Results: All the constructs of the TPB in both groups improved after the intervention (P<0.05). The results also showed that although the breastfeeding self-efficacy score was improved in the extended group (0.009), the three groups did not show significant differences in this regard (P=0.241). Although the social support score improved in the extended group, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.145). The analysis of variance revealed that the scores for intention and behavior had significant differences among the three groups (P=0.0001). However, the post hoc Bonferroni test showed no significant difference between the two intervention groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the constructs of both the TPB and the extended TPB could effectively promote EBF behavior. It appears that combining the use of planned behavior theory constructs with social support structures and breastfeeding self-efficacy can be effective in promoting breastfeeding behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Within the umbrella of technology and vocational education (TVET), technology or technical education in higher institutions of learning is obligated to produce the required manpower needed in the industry. Thus, it is pertinent to explore the interaction between the industry and higher education students. Drawing on the tenets of theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study offers valuable insights into the nomological networks of work-integrated learning (WIL), perceived behavioral control (PBC), subjective norm (SBN), personal attitude (PAT) and job search intention (JSI). Design/methodology/approach: The study applied a structurally hypothesized model that was drawn from the TPB to collect data for the constructs. Using a cross-sectional survey after the WIL experiences of the students, we collected data from technology education undergraduates (N = 214) in their final academic year from universities in Nigeria. Findings: With structural equation modeling, the study found that WIL is directly associated with JSI, PBC, SBN and PAT. In line with the tenets of the TPB, simple mediation models were supported about the influence of WIL on JSI via PBC and PAT discretely but not via SBN. Further, the results support two paths of serial mediation models, indicating sequential indirect links between WIL and JSI via SBN and PBC, as well as via SBN and PAT. Research limitations/implications: Our findings have implications for higher education practitioners, industry experts and employers of labor. Originality/value: Although extant literature has relatively shown that WIL impacts employability skills, this study has remarkably shown the WIL-JSI nexuses within the variables of TPB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To respond more effectively to the current increasingly serious environmental problems, the boundary of corporate social responsibility is expanding. In this context, how to take green responsibility for each stakeholder has become a topic of concern for all sectors of society. However, there is still a gap in research on how green human resource management (GHRM) affects employees' household pro-environmental behavior (PEB) from a cross-domain work–family perspective to achieve CSR more comprehensively. Our study argues that companies can use GHRM across the work–family boundary to influence employees' household pro-environmental behaviors to achieve positive contributions to the social environment. Our study uses 310 questionnaires collected in southeastern China to conduct an empirical analysis and concludes that GHRM can positively shape green attitudes, help employees perceive green subjective norms, and develop green self-efficacy. Consistent with the findings of the Theory of Planned Behavior, individuals' green attitudes, green subjective norms, and green self-efficacy can effectively enhance individuals' household pro-environmental behavioral intentions, which in turn enables the prediction of individuals' household pro-environmental behaviors. In conclusion, our study extends the influence of GHRM to a wider range of non-work domains and points the way to the full realization of corporate social responsibility by companies. In addition, our study emphasizes that with the subtle cultivation of companies, individuals can become fans of green and low-carbon behaviors, and through the widespread implementation of pro-environmental behaviors, it can reach a virtuous circle of environmental protection as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecotourism, which promotes environmental conservation and brings social and economic benefits through conscious and harmonious interactions between humans and nature, has become a principal tool for achieving these objectives. Sustainable tourism can only be supported with tourists realizing the elements of attraction toward ecotourism. This study analyzes the roots of ecotourism behavior using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), specifically determining the roles of ecotourism tendency, attitude, human–land coordination stress, and sense of self-control in influencing tourists' intention and behavior toward ecotourism. This study used a cross-sectional design, requiring 847 participants to complete a standardized questionnaire assessing their behavior toward ecotourism, attitudes, and perceptions. Reliability testing, descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and factor analysis were used to analyze the datasets to discover major factors relating to ecotourism intention behavior. A consequent outcome is that ecotourism attitude and self-determination are the significant drivers of ecotourism desire, while behavioral norms only impact ecotourism attitude and selflessness. The study concluded that the subjective perception of tourists and their behavior control ability are the ones that affect their ecotourism behavior more than other factors. The findings suggest that enhancing tourists' ecotourism attitude, sense of self-control, and awareness of human–place coordination can significantly promote ecotourism behaviors. These results highlight the importance of comprehensive regional ecotourism analysis, robust environmental education, and promoting normative behaviors to foster sustainable tourism practices. To validate these findings, further research should focus on longitudinal studies and clinical trials to standardize integrated ecotourism strategies and explore the underlying mechanisms influencing ecotourism behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the global climate change debate, changing consumer awareness and guiding them towards sustainable lifestyles should be key considerations. This study investigates the factors influencing consumers' upcycling behaviors by conducting research and collecting 336 valid questionnaires at the "Eco Blet" sustainable design exhibition and workshop held at Livat Beijing (Ingka Centres Beijing). The survey results revealed that consumers' upcycling behavior is significantly influenced by subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived usefulness, and attitudes. In addition, individuals with higher levels of education and those with annual incomes of less than 100,000 RMB and more than 400,000 RMB are more likely to engage in upcycling. The empirical analysis of consumer upcycling behavior is conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM), and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and technology acceptance model (TAM) are integrated into a comprehensive framework. This research provides both theoretical support and practical insights for promoting sustainable consumer behaviors, contributing significantly to carbon emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to shed light on the determinants of sustainable products' purchase intention, with a focus on sustainable beer. Specifically, three determinants related to the theory of planned behavior (i.e., perceived consumer effectiveness, social influence, and environmental concern) and two determinants related to the perceived value (i.e., green perceived utility and perceived quality) have been investigated. Five categories of environmentally sustainable beer have been considered: three referred to the types of ingredients (organic, local, and Italian) and two to the type of packaging (recycled and biodegradable). Furthermore, the effect of gender has been investigated for all the five above‐mentioned sustainable solutions. A survey has been conducted on 790 Italian consumers and structural equation modeling (SEM) has been employed for hypothesis testing. Results show that perceived quality, green perceived utility, and environmental concern influence the purchase intention of sustainable beer, regardless of the specific type of sustainable solution. Further, results highlight that gender does moderate the relationship between perceived quality and purchase intention only for two types of sustainable solutions (local ingredients and recycled packaging). Several implications for scholars, companies, and policymakers are drawn from this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Villagers play an important role in rural water environment governance. Based on the theory of planned behavior, this study adopts a multiple ordered logistic regression model to analyze the willingness of villagers' participation and its influential factors. The results show that rural villagers' willingness to participate in the rural water environment governance is relatively low, and villagers' willingness is significantly influenced by their environmental awareness, attitudes, governance activities, and individual characteristics. Meanwhile, the significantly positive effects of environmental awareness and attitude on villagers' willingness to participate in rural water environment governance are greater than other indicators. Thus, to improve villagers' participation performance, it is necessary to carry out diverse environmental publicity and education activities to improve villagers' environmental awareness and attitude, change current measures of rural water pollution treatment to mobilize multiple stakeholders to participate in rural environment governance, and develop targeted strategies based on villagers' individual characteristics to activate their participation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies focus on exploring the relationship between psychological factors and drivers' violation intention in the tunnel sections which feature several adverse characteristics like poor lighting and a monotonous driving environment. In this study, hierarchical multiple regression is adopted to test the predictive effect of the demographic parameters, standard theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs, and three additional constructs of moral norms, past behavior, and perceived stress to account for intentions to violate traffic rules while driving through road tunnels. In this study, three typical violations while driving inside tunnels including changing the lane, overtaking, and speeding are selected. A sample of drivers (N = 384; 50.3% are men and 49.7% women) were surveyed through a self-report questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses show that age appears to be the only significant predictor of violation intention among demographic parameters, and theory of planned behavior (TPB) components account for the majority of the variance in violation intention. In addition, moral norms show a negative significant relationship with violation intention while perceived stress is positively associated with violation intention. The findings could provide an important reference for the development of corresponding interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising was once touted as a 'big boys' marketing tool, but the advent of the Internet has led to the emergence of online advertising, which has benefitted marketing organizations of all sizes, especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs), for 20 years since the new millennium. However, the emergence and proliferation of digital natives as a new generation of consumers necessitate further research to ensure the continued attractiveness, effectiveness, and relevance of online advertising. Furthermore, there is a need to consolidate the multifaceted nature of technology and media in online advertising and the corresponding behavior enacted by consumers, particularly digital natives, today. In this regard, this paper endeavors to examine the perceptions and reactions of digital natives toward online advertising using the theory of planned behavior, technology acceptance model, and uses and gratifications theory as an integrated theoretical lens to guide this examination. Using covariance structural equation modeling on a sample of 380 digital natives, this paper finds that the ease of use, usefulness, entertainment gratification, credibility, design, and personalization of online advertisement positively influence the attitude of digital natives toward online advertisement. However, assurance from online advertisement did not produce any significant effect, a unique finding that exemplifies the confidence that digital natives exhibit in digital environments as a self-assured generation. Finally, this paper finds that the attitude and subjective norms among digital natives toward online advertisement and the security and responsiveness of the website of the online advertised product positively influence the intention of digital natives to purchase the online advertised product. The implications of these findings for theory and practice as well as its limitations and future research directions conclude the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In economically vulnerable situations such as the pandemic, private‐label products generate bigger appeal. The behavior of online private‐label consumers has remained understudied thus far, despite several studies suggesting that different channels lead to different consumer behaviors. This study aims to develop and test a theoretical model that elucidates the factors influencing the online purchase intention of private‐label products in a post‐pandemic scenario. We assess the role of attitude in the relationship between value consciousness, convenience, perceived quality, awareness, price consciousness, private‐label image, retailer reputation, and functional risk, in relation to purchase intention. The study is based on a sample of 318 respondents and employs variance‐based partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) for data analysis using Smart PLS 3. This study is one of the first to delve into post‐pandemic research on online private‐label products during an economic downturn. This study explores the purchase intention toward online private‐label products by drawing on the theory of planned behavior, attribution theory, and cue utilization theory. Our results reveal that retailer reputation influences private‐label image, which affects purchase intention. Additionally, perceived quality, private‐label image, and attitude positively influence the purchase intention of private‐label products. Retailer reputation also affects private‐label image and value consciousness. Furthermore, convenience has a positive effect on attitudes toward the online purchase of private labels. Interestingly, price consciousness did not affect the purchase intention of online private labels. These findings have significant implications for private‐label online retailers and policymakers. This article extends the current private‐label theory and holds promise for future application in an omnichannel private‐label context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social distancing is a key behavior to minimize and controlling COVID-19 infections. The current study applied an integrated Theory of Planned Behavior to identify the determinants of social distancing behavior, and the processes involved, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in Southern Iran among 1000 people from Shiraz by employing a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire based on the main constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS software version 22 and Amos version 24. Level of statistical significance was declared at a P-value of less than 0.05. Results: according to the results, the subjective norms (F = 2.696, effect size = 0.139) and attitude (F = 3.582, effect size = 0.155) play an important role in the samples’ PBC (P ≤ 0.05). Final adjusted structural equation model of the effects of independent variables (Gender, subjective norms, attitude) on samples’ intention to adherence social distancing for prevention of Covid-19 with the mediating role of one main variable of PBC. The PBC alone can be an important factor in creating intensive behavior in the samples (F = 3.560, effect size = 0.18). Conclusion: current findings highlight the importance of “attitude, subjective norms and PBC” as determinants of social distancing intention. Future research on long-range predictors of social distancing behavior and reciprocal effects in the integrated model is warranted. This evidence is relevant to public and private organizations in the process of developing strategies to promote and engage the population in adopting the behavior of “Adherence to Social Distancing” in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Working in healthcare often involves stressful situations and a high workload, and many healthcare workers experience burnout complaints or suffer from mental or physical problems. This also affects the overall quality of health care. Many previous workplace interventions focused on knowledge exchange instead of other health cognitions, and were not particularly effective. Multicomponent lifestyle interventions may offer the potential in improving lifestyle and well-being of healthcare professionals. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a multicomponent lifestyle intervention “Healthy and Vital” for healthcare professionals on several health-related outcomes. Methods: A pre- (multiple) post-pilot study has been conducted using data from 2012 to 2018 to evaluate the lifestyle intervention in 126 female healthcare professionals. Measurements were conducted before, directly after the intervention (at 3 months), and 6 months after finishing the intervention (at 9 months). Participants filled out questionnaires and anthropometrics measurements were conducted by a dietitian. The intervention is based on the ASE-model, theory of planned behavior, and motivational interviewing techniques. The intervention included workshops related to stress, eating, sleep, and individual meetings with a dietitian. Multilevel linear mixed models with a random intercept and fixed slope were used to evaluate the impact on lifestyle self-efficacy, eating behavior, anthropometric outcomes and quality of life. Results: Improvements were observed for lifestyle self-efficacy (total: beta= 1.32 95%CI 0.94;1.48, I know: beta= 1.19 95%CI 0.92;1.46, and I can: beta= 1.46 95%CI 1.19;1.73), eating behavior (emotional eating: beta=-0.33 95%CI-0.44;-0.23, external eating: beta=-0.35 95%CI -0.44;-0.26, and diet/restrictive behavior: beta= 0.41 95%CI 0.30;0.51), anthropometric outcomes (weight: beta=-5.03 95%CI -5.93;-4.12, BMI: beta=-1.873 95%CI -2.06;-1.41, waist circumference: beta=-6.83 95%CI -8.00;-5.65, and body fat percentage: beta=-1.80 95%CI -2.48;-1.17) and multiple outcomes of quality of life (physical functioning: beta= 4.43 95%CI 1.98;6.88, vitality: beta= 7.58 95%CI 4.74;10.42, pain: beta=4.59 95%CI 0.91;1.827, general health perception: beta= 7.43 95%CI 4.79;10.07, and health change: beta= 21.60 95%CI 16.41;28.80) directly after the intervention. The improvements remained after a six-month follow-up. Conclusions: Multicomponent interventions such as “Healthy and Vital” for healthcare professionals may be useful for improving the health of healthcare workers. More research using other designs with a control group, such as a stepped-wedge or RCT, is needed to verify our findings. Trial registration: Retrospectively registered on May 1 2024 at the Open Science Framework Registries (). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractGrounded on Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (1991), the current project in two studies (N = 402) examined Greek and Spanish pre-service early childhood educators’ behavioral intentions (i.e., approach and avoidance intentions) toward young children’s sexual curiosities. Specifically, the current research project aimed to examine whether Greek and Spanish pre-service early childhood educators’ views on sexuality education were linked to their behavioral intentions toward children’s sexual curiosities. The current research also examined whether conservative ideology (religiosity and right-wing political orientation) moderates the link between educators’ views and their behavioral intentions. This study’s findings showed that educators’ views influence their behavioral intentions toward children’s curiosity about sexual issues. In addition, moderation analysis showed religiosity’s role in avoidance intention. This result provides evidence that there are theoretical and empirical grounds to assume that conservative worldviews (i.e., religiosity) significantly influence behavioral intentions concerning sexuality education. The theory of planned behavior not only represents the factors influencing intention but also provides an opportunity to comprehend the impacts of contextual and individual background elements that may be relevant to a particular behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberspace has evolved into a hub for the dissemination of large amounts of tendentious information, posing significant challenges to the role of mainstream value information. As netizens' are the main recipients of tendentious information, their personal cognition, attitude, and behavioral ability affect their willingness to re-disseminate information, making them an inalienable force in the promotion of information dissemination. Exploring the dissemination mechanism of tendentious information in cyberspace can help to understand the law of information dissemination and predict the trend of information diffusion, which is of great significance to maintaining information security and social stability. However, the existing research has overlooked the potential influence of the attribute characteristics of information in terms of content, and has failed to overcome the methodological constraints of traditional statistical analysis to accurately describe the variables and mechanisms influencing the dissemination of tendentious information at the cognitive level. Therefore, using structural equation modeling, we propose a research index system based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and the characteristics of tendentious information. To this end, confirmatory factor and model fitting analyses were conducted to develop a tendentious information dissemination mechanism model, which we validated through testing and comparative experiments. Path analysis revealed that Attitude Toward Dissemination, Information Dissemination Intention, and Information Dissemination Behavior are the main links in the information dissemination process. Moreover, Information Sentiment Orientation was found to strongly promote the dissemination of tendentious information, while Subject Norm of Dissemination had a minor inhibiting effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As businesses and governments increasingly explore innovative strategies to promote pro-environmental behavior, autonomous vehicles (AVs) have emerged as a key initiative for fostering sustainable communities. However, the specific norms—personal, descriptive, and subjective—that influence behavioral intentions regarding AV adoption remain underexplored. This research addresses this gap by integrating the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) with pro-environmental variables to examine both direct and indirect influences on behavioral intentions. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the proposed model was validated with data from 516 domestic Chinese tourists. The findings highlight that subjective norms and trust significantly shape positive intentions toward adopting autonomous vehicles. Furthermore, environmental knowledge and concerns exert a significant indirect impact on these intentions, underscoring the complex interplay of factors that drive pro-environmental behavior. These results provide valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to enhance the acceptance of AVs in China and offer a foundation for future research on the role of norms in technology adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-vehicle information system (IVIS) use while driving has raised concerns about driver distraction, especially for young drivers. To understand better their psychological factors, an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) was employed to predict young drivers' IVIS use intentions and behavior while driving. A two-wave longitudinal survey was conducted to explore the temporal effects of 'intention–behavior' causality. At Time 1, 236 qualified participants completed a main questionnaire assessing the standard TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control) and the extended constructs (descriptive norms, moral norms, and perceived risks). At Time 2, 145 follow-up questionnaires measuring self-reported behavior were successfully administered. The hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the standard constructs account for 36.5% of the intention variance and 41.2% of the behavior variance. The extended constructs additionally contributed 20.3% of intention variance. All variables were identified as significant predictors of intentions, except for perceived crash risks and perceived risks of being caught and fined. The sole significant predictor of prospective behavior was intention. Theoretically, the findings further support the efficacy of the TPB in explaining IVIS use while driving. Practically, it is helpful to design non-legal interventions that sustainably reduce young drivers' engagement in IVIS-related distractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although consumption is the cornerstone of economic growth, it is unquestionably one of the main reasons for the current degradation of the planet. Hence, it is necessary to understand consumers' different perceptions and behaviors regarding sustainable goods, as the solution will inevitably involve changing behaviors and promoting more sustainable consumption. In light of the challenges posed by sustainability within the wine sector, namely issues related to climate change, chemical exposure, and the availability of water and energy, and considering the industry's substantial environmental and social impacts, it is important to understand the factors influencing wine consumer behavior. This research explores sustainable wine consumption in Portugal. Based on a sample of 197 valid responses, collected in an online survey that took place from March 20 to April 30 of 2024, and applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework, the current study found that consumers' intention to consume sustainable wine is influenced by their attitudes, subjective norms, and sustainability awareness. Regarding the individuals' consumption of sustainable wine, this behavior is influenced by the intention to consume this wine, and by consumers' perceived behavioral control. The results also concluded that individuals' intention to consume sustainable wine is significantly different across marital status, professional occupation, level of education, and age. With these valuable insights, this study aimed to increase the available information on sustainable wine consumption, allowing different stakeholders, namely political decision makers, to develop and implement more efficient measures to promote sustainable wine consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the extent to which standard Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) predictors (Attitude; Subjective Norms; and Perceived Behavioral Control) explain the intention to recycle an end-of-use mobile phone. Our data originate from empirical research on Greek citizens conducted in the summer of 2022 (N = 258). Through ordinal regression modeling, we found that all the TPB predictors positively influence one's intention to recycle. In contrast to most previous studies, we found that Subjective Norms is the most influential predictor. However, its influence is dependent on the type of norm (descriptive vs. injunctive), the type of social referent (family vs. close friends), and, most importantly, one's level of identification with the social referent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Prehypertension is one of the common disorders during pregnancy. Reducing salt intake is among the best cost-effective interventions to reduce the risk of hypertension. The present study aimed to explore the effect of an educational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on amount of salt consumed by prehypertensive pregnant women. Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2022 on 61 prehypertensive pregnant women visiting the Comprehensive Health Services Centers in Birjand, Iran. Pregnant women were selected through a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. A blood pressure test and a 24-hour urine test were taken in 3 stages (before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention). A reliable and valid questionnaire based on the TPB was used to measure the cognitive variables. The intervention program included three training sessions based on the TPB held on an online platform (WhatsApp social network). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and longitudinal marginal model with the GEE approach in SPSS19. The significance level for all statistical tests was set at p < 0 0.05. Results: After intervention, the mean score of perceived behavioral control (p = 0.02), intention (p = 0.004), and salt consumption behavior (p = 0.03) increased significantly in the intervention group, and the mean score of systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01) decreased significantly in this group. In the control group, a statistically significant difference was observed in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the subjects (p < 0.01). However, the score of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, salt consumption behavior and the daily salt intake did not show a statistically significant difference over time (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present findings showed that the perceived behavioral control, intention, behavior, systolic and diastolic blood pressure can be modifiable variables to improve the amount of salt consumed by pre-hypertensive pregnant women. Therefore, we recommend that the present model be used to develop interventions to improve health indicators in pregnant women as a highly susceptible group in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful and beneficial collaboration relies on the dedication of individuals to cooperate, the established culture of collaboration and cooperation and a desire and willingness to collaborate. Agricultural educators and Extension agents often find themselves in competition for members rather than cooperation to develop members. Working in conjunction with one another in a concerted effort allows the two groups to develop youth into more efficient and effective leaders and citizens. This study utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985). As applied to this study, this theory would hold that the variables of interest, personal and professional demographics within the two groups, to influence collaboration levels between agricultural educators and extension agents because these factors can shape and include attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls. This study found perceptions between school-based agricultural educators and Extension agents do hold positive views of cooperation. However, this cooperation does not happen very often outside of well-established instances. Upon examination of this study, we recommend further research be done to maintain an accurate reading of cooperation between these two entities and delve further into what motivates them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]