26 results on '"Theophanes"'
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2. From Clients to Conquerors
- Author
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Wakeley, James Moreton and Wakeley, James Moreton
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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3. A seal of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher of the 17th century from the State Hermitage Museum collection, Saint Petersburg
- Author
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Yuri Pyatnitsky
- Subjects
Patriarch of Jerusalem ,Theophanes ,stamp ,Hermitage Museum collection ,Auxiliary sciences of history ,Archaeology ,CC1-960 - Abstract
The article is focusing on a small metal medallion engraved with the scene “Descent into Hell” and the Greek inscription from the Hermitage Museum collection. This item has been published several times by Hermitage researcher Vera Zalessk as “lid from a piksidy brought by a pilgrim from Jerusalem, which could also be used as a matrix for making Eulogy copies”. This fantastic interpretation was repeated in several publications; she also wanted to publish it again in the catalog of the exhibition dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Academician Nikolai Likhachev. The later prompted me to write in 2011 a special article with another interpretation of this object and two other similar ones. Studying Greek documents in the Archives of Ancient Acts in Moscow, I noticed that the stamps from the documents issued by the Jerusalem Patriarchate are extremely similar to the object from Hermitage Museum by the typology, iconography and inscriptions. Continuing research in this direction, I found strong arguments for the identification of this object as a stamp of the Jerusalem Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre Temple of the 17th century. Comparison with the document of the first quarter of the 17th century by Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophanes, made us believe that manufacturing of this stamp was commissioned in Constantinople by the patriarch before his trip to Russia to appoint the Moscow Patriarch Filaret Nikitich, father of Tsar Mikhail Romanov. The time it was made may be considered as in the first quarter of 17th century through analogy with the personal seal of Patriarch Theophanes.
- Published
- 2014
4. The Avar-Byzantine wars of the late sixth century as depicted by Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos: A new source?
- Author
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Ivanov Sergey A.
- Subjects
Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos ,sources ,Avar wars ,Theophylakt Simokatta ,Theophanes ,History (General) and history of Europe - Abstract
At least three fragments places in Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos‘ narrative of the Avar wars have no parallels either in Theophylakt Simokatta or in Theophanes. The nature of the evidence cited in these passages cannot be a logical reconstruction based on the texts of either of the mentioned authors. This means that Xanthopoulos, the Church historian of the 14th century, had at his disposal a source on the 6th century which has not come down to us.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Njakolko beležki k'm Theophanes Chronographia, 497
- Author
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Božilov Ivan
- Subjects
Theophanes ,Contract of 716 ,Kormesios ,diarchy ,History (General) and history of Europe - Abstract
The paper analyzes the paragraph of the Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor in which the Byzantine Chronicler describes the contract made between Bulgaria and Byzantium in 716, and above all the mention of the Bulgarian ruler Kormesios in it.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. THEOPHYLACT SIMOCATTA REVISITED. A RESPONSE TO ANDREAS GKOUTZIOUKOSTAS.
- Author
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CURTA, FLORIN
- Subjects
- *
ADJECTIVES (Grammar) , *ETHNOLOGICAL names , *HISTORIANS , *GREEK language - Abstract
In a reply to a previous article published in Byzantion Nea Hellás, the Greek historian Andreas Gkoutzioukostas has claimed that in a passage in Book VIII of Theophylact Simocatta's History, the word Sklavinia was used as an adjective, not as a noun, and that the Byzantine historian frequently used adjectives derived from ethnic names. This article is a demonstration that both claims are in fact wrong, as Theophylact had very precise reasons for avoiding adjectives derived from ethnic names. Such reasons have much more to do with the narrative strategies that he employed than with the norms of the Greek language. His usage of Sklavinia is also mirrored by Hugeburc of Heidenheim's transcription of St. Willbald's account of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Non solo Prisco di Panion: Fritz Bornmann, la storiografia tardoantica e le raccolte bizantine
- Author
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Carolla, Pia
- Subjects
filologia bizantina ,storiografia bizantina ,Teofane ,Fritz Bornmann ,Theophanes ,Ecclesiastical History of Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopulus ,Fabrizio Conca ,Paolo Odorico ,Emerance Delacenserie ,classical philology ,Elizabeth Schuhmann ,Mikhail N. Krasheninnikov ,Giordane ,Angelo Casanova ,Byzantine syllogai ,Byzantine historiography ,Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ,sillogi bizantine ,Priscus of Panion ,Procopius of Caesarea’s Persian War ,Evagrio ,letteratura bizantina ,filologia classica ,Excerpta Historica Constantiniana ,Bianca Maria Bornmann ,Anthony Kaldellis ,Augusto Guida ,Paul Magdalino ,Jordanes ,Peter van Nuffelen ,Prisco di Panion ,Carl de Boor ,Andras Neméth ,Lorenzo Maria Ciolfi. Fritz Bornmann ,Bibliotheca Teubneriana ,Byzantine philology ,Byzantine literature ,Procopio di Cesarea Guerra Persiana ,Storia Ecclesiastica di Niceforo Callisto Xantopulo ,Francesco Monticini ,Excerpta de Legationibus Romanorum ,Dariya Rafiyenko ,Evagrius ,Costantino VII Porfirogenito ,Lorenzo Maria Ciolfi ,Fritz Bornmann, filologia classica, filologia bizantina, letteratura bizantina, storiografia bizantina, sillogi bizantine, Prisco di Panion, Excerpta Historica Constantiniana, Procopio di Cesarea Guerra Persiana, Excerpta de Legationibus Romanorum, Costantino VII Porfirogenito, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Mikhail N. Krasheninnikov, Carl de Boor, Bianca Maria Bornmann, Augusto Guida, Angelo Casanova, Fabrizio Conca, Elizabeth Schuhmann, Giordane, Evagrio, Teofane, Storia Ecclesiastica di Niceforo Callisto Xantopulo, Andras Neméth, Paolo Odorico, Dariya Rafiyenko, Emerance Delacenserie, Peter van Nuffelen, Paul Magdalino, Anthony Kaldellis, Francesco Monticini, Lorenzo Maria Ciolfi. Fritz Bornmann, classical philology, Byzantine philology, Byzantine literature, Byzantine historiography, Byzantine syllogai, Priscus of Panion, Excerpta Historica Constantiniana, Procopius of Caesarea’s Persian War, Excerpta de Legationibus Romanorum, Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Mikhail N. Krasheninnikov, Carl de Boor, Bianca Maria Bornmann, Augusto Guida, Angelo Casanova, Fabrizio Conca, Elizabeth Schuhmann, Jordanes, Evagrius, Theophanes, Ecclesiastical History of Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopulus, Andras Neméth, Paolo Odorico, Dariya Rafiyenko, Emerance Delacenserie, Peter van Nuffelen, Paul Magdalino, Anthony Kaldellis, Francesco Monticini, Lorenzo Maria Ciolfi - Published
- 2021
8. Teofanes de Mitilene y cn. Pompeyo Aspectos de una relación desafortunada
- Author
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Joaquín Muñiz Coello
- Subjects
Mytilene ,Cn. Pompeyo ,Cornelius Balbus ,Teófanes ,Philosophy ,Cornelio Balbo ,Theophanes ,Egypt ,EPIC ,Mitilene ,C. Pompeius ,Humanities ,Egipto - Abstract
Teófanes de Mitilene alcanza el más alto honor al que un griego sometido podía aspirar, a su regreso tras cuatro años de campañas con Pompeyo por Oriente. En pago a su epopeya sobre las hazañas del Magno, su ciudad y él mismo fueron liberados, y a partir de ahí, para Teófanes todo fueron reconocimientos. Pero las fuentes subrayan que esta relación entre el griego y su patrono, no fueron tan beneficiosas para el romano como para el primero, y que Teófanes no supo estar a la altura de las circunstancias del estadista romano, sobre todo en los años que siguieron. La relación entre ambos estuvo caracterizada por una cadena de malos consejos y peores decisiones que finalmente condujeron al destino fatal de Pompeyo tras Farsalia Theophanes of Mytilene gets the highest honour to which a subjected greek citizen could aspire, when he returned after four years of military campaign in the cohors praetoria of Cn. Pompeius, across the East. Theophanes and his town were rewarded with the civitas and the freedom, respectively, because of the epic report he wrote about the expedition. Literary sources show that these relations were not as profitable to Pompeius as to Theophanes, who didn’t know how to rise to the occasion of the roman magistrate, during the following years. That relation between the two of them was distinguished by a succession of bad hints and worst decisions, which finally lead to Pompeius to his tragic ending
- Published
- 2020
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9. The Journey of Theophanes: Travel, Business, and Daily Life in the Roman East
- Author
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Matthews, John, author and Matthews, John
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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10. Arabs in period of after islam the chornicle of Theophanes Confessor (M.S. 602-813)
- Author
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Geçer, Alper and Altungök, Ahmet
- Subjects
Emeviler ,Umayyad Dynasty ,Theophanes ,Abbasids ,Bizans ,Byzantium ,Araplar ,Abbâsiler ,Arabs - Abstract
Bu çalışma, Theophanes Confessor’un kroniğinde Araplar hakkında verdiği bilgilerin Türkçeye çevrilerek klasik ve modern kaynaklar eşliğinde değerlendirilmesini içermektedir. Arapların, Hz. Peygamber’den sonra Abbâsilerin ilk dönemine kadar geçen zaman zarfındaki sosyal ve siyasal evreleri Theophanes'in yaklaşımıyla ele alınmaktadır. Bilindiği üzere, İslamiyet’ten önce siyasi birlikten uzak olan Araplar, İslamiyetle birlikte yeni bir siyasi, dini ve sosyal kimliğe sahip olmuşlardır. Bir yandan tek bir halife etrafında merkezileşip dünyaya açılmaya çalışan Araplar; bir taraftan iç siyasetlerindeki ayrışmalar üzerine kendi aralarında mücadele ederken, diğer yandan kendi aralarındaki kabile asabiyetlerden kurtulmak için çalışmışlardır. Elde ettikleri merkezileşme ile birlikte dünya sahnesinde etkin olmayı amaçlayan Araplar, dönemin en büyük iki devletinden biri olan Sâsânî Devleti’nin yıkılmasına neden olurken; bir diğer büyük devlet olan Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun da ciddi anlamda gerilemesine neden olmuşlardır. Özellikle VII. ve VIII. yüzyılarda Bizans İmparatorluğu ile girmiş oldukları mücadelelerde üstün taraf olmayı başaran Müslümanlar; IX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinden itibaren bir türlü üstesinden gelemedikleri iç huzursuzlukların kurbanı olmuşlardır. Araplar bir dönem sonra güç kaybetmelerine neden olan iç karılıklıklarla uğraşmak zorunda kalarak, kendi iç siyasetlerine ağırlık vermeye başlamışlar; böylece Bizans İmparatorluğu da Araplara kaptırmış olduğu gücünü geri almaya başlamıştır. IX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinden itibaren Abbasiler dönemi iç karışıklıklarından dolayı; Arapların, Bizans İmparatorluğu üzerine düzenlenen seferler aksamış hatta durma noktasına gelmiştir. Artık neredeyse tamamıyla kendi iç siyasetlerine ağırlık veren Arapların durumu Theophanes’in de gözünden kaçmamış olacak ki; IX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Araplarla ilgili bilgilere kronikte daha az yer vermeye başlamıştır. Bununla birlikte Bizans’ın Bulgarlarla mücadele etmeye başlaması üzerine Theophanes, Araplardan çok Bizans-Bulgar ilişkilerinden bahsetmeye başlamıştır. This study contains the evaluation of the information, which was translated into Turkish, about Arabs in the Theophanes the Confessor’s chronicles, in company with the classical and modern sources. It discusses the social and the political phases which arose in the time of after the Holy Prophet Mohammad till the first term of Abbasids, by Theophanes’s approach. As known, the Arabs that was far from the political union before Ġslam, had a new political, religious and social identity with Ġslam. On the one hand, the Arabs, who were trying to open up to the world by centralizing around the one caliph, were struggling with the inner political dissociations, on the other hand they were trying to get rid of the tribal enmities in their own. The Arabs, aiming to be very active all around the World with the centralization, both caused to the collapse of Sassanied Empire which was one of the two greatest empire of the era, and also caused to the seriously-regression of the Byzantium Empire, the other greatest one. Specially, the muslims, achieved to be the dominant of the fights with Byzantium in the 7th and 8th centuries, were the victim of internal disorders that they in no way had overcome since the first quarter of 9th century. Because of the fact that the Arabs had to deal with those internal disorders that caused them to lost power, they focused on the inner politics, so that Byzantium started to take its power-obtained by the Arabs-back again. Because of those Abbasid period-internal disorders which had appeared since the first quarter of the 9th century, the Arabic military campaigns which was mounted for Byzantium Empire, halted, even came to a stopping point. So Theophanes realized the situation of the Arabs that almost completely concentrated on their inner politics; he allowed for the information about Arabs fewer since the beginning of the 9th century in the chronicles. Besides; because of that the Byzantium had started to fight with the Bulgarians, Theophanes also started to mention to the relationship between the Byzantium and the Bulgarians rather than the Arabs.
- Published
- 2018
11. The Avar-Byzantine wars of the late sixth century as depicted by Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos: A new source?
- Author
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Sergey A. Ivanov
- Subjects
Literature ,Theophylakt Simokatta ,sources ,Avar wars ,History ,business.industry ,lcsh:History (General) and history of Europe ,Theophanes ,General Medicine ,Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos ,Sixth century ,lcsh:D ,Narrative ,business ,Parallels ,Byzantine architecture - Abstract
At least three fragments places in Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos? narrative of the Avar wars have no parallels either in Theophylakt Simokatta or in Theophanes. The nature of the evidence cited in these passages cannot be a logical reconstruction based on the texts of either of the mentioned authors. This means that Xanthopoulos, the Church historian of the 14th century, had at his disposal a source on the 6th century which has not come down to us.
- Published
- 2013
12. Njakolko belezki k'm Theophanes Chronographia, 497
- Author
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Ivan Bozilov
- Subjects
business.product_category ,Contract of 716 ,lcsh:History (General) and history of Europe ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Theophanes ,General Medicine ,Art ,Ancient history ,Genealogy ,language.human_language ,diarchy ,Ruler ,lcsh:D ,language ,Kormesios ,Bulgarian ,Paragraph ,business ,Byzantine architecture ,media_common - Abstract
The paper analyzes the paragraph of the Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor in which the Byzantine Chronicler describes the contract made between Bulgaria and Byzantium in 716, and above all the mention of the Bulgarian ruler Kormesios in it.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. TEOFILACTO SIMOCATES REVISADO: UNA RESPUESTA A ANDREAS GKOUTZIOUKOSTAS
- Author
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CURTA, FLORIN
- Subjects
Teofilacto Simocates ,etnicidad ,bárbaros ,Teófanes ,Theophylact Simocatta ,ethnicity ,Vita S. Willibaldi ,Theophanes ,eslavos ,barbarians ,Slavs - Abstract
En una respuesta a un artículo anterior publicado en Byzantion Nea Hellás, el historiador griego Andreas Gkoutzioukostas ha afirmado que en un pasaje del Libro VIII de la Historia de Teofilacto Simocates, la palabra Sklavinia se usa como adjetivo, no como sustantivo, y que el historiador bizantino frecuentemente usa adjetivos derivados de nombres étnicos. Este artículo es una demostración de que ambas afirmaciones son de hecho erróneas, ya que Teofilacto tenía razones precisas para evitar adjetivos derivados de nombres étnicos. Tales razones tienen mucho más que ver con las estrategias narrativas que empleó que con las normas de la lengua griega. Su uso de Sklavinia también se replica en la transcripción que Hugeburc de Heidenheim hace del relato de S. Willbald acerca de su peregrinación a Tierra Santa. In a reply to a previous article published in Byzantion Nea Hellás, the Greek historian Andreas Gkoutzioukostas has claimed that in a passage in Book VIII of Theophylact Simocatta’s History, the word Sklavinia was used as an adjective, not as a noun, and that the Byzantine historian frequently used adjectives derived from ethnic names. This article is a demonstration that both claims are in fact wrong, as Theophylact had very precise reasons for avoiding adjectives derived from ethnic names. Such reasons have much more to do with the narrative strategies that he employed than with the norms of the Greek language. His usage of Sklavinia is also mirrored by Hugeburc of Heidenheim’s transcription of St. Willbald’s account of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
- Published
- 2016
14. Introduction
- Author
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Matthews, John, author
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. The Road to Antioch
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Matthews, John, author
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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16. Interlude: Travel and Topography
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Matthews, John, author
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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17. Homeward Bound
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Matthews, John, author
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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18. Costs and Prices
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Matthews, John, author
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. At Antioch
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Matthews, John, author
- Published
- 2006
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20. Hermopolis: Theophanes and Friends
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Matthews, John, author
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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21. Food and Diet
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Matthews, John, author
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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22. Ipazia. La vera storia
- Author
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RONCHEY, SILVIA and Ronchey, Silvia
- Subjects
Esotericism ,Suidas ,Philostorgius ,Rapporto stato-chiesa ,Philostorgiu ,Suida ,Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos ,Storia del cristianesimo ,Photius ,Astrology ,Paganesimo ,Female priesthood ,“Donna-filosofo” ,Socrates Scholasticu ,Martirio cristiano ,Counter-Reformation ,Pagan martyrdom ,Storia tardoantica ,Femminismo ,Alessandria ,John of Nikiu ,Astronomia antica ,Martirologia ,Filosofia antica ,Nachleben/Afterlife ,Synesius of Cyrene ,Filologia classica, Filologia greca, Filologia tardoantica, Filologia bizantina, Storia tardoantica, Storia bizantina, Esegesi delle fonti, Civiltà bizantina, Filosofia antica, Filosofia bizantina ,Charles Kingsley ,Damascio ,Damasciu ,Filologia bizantina ,Damascius ,Storia della chiesa ,Voltaire ,Hesychius of Miletu ,False history ,Paganism ,History of Christianity ,Christian martyrdom ,Astrologia ,Mario Luzi ,Filologia tardoantica ,Storia bizantina ,“woman-philosopher” ,John Malala ,Relations between Church and State ,Esichio di Mileto ,Diodata Saluzzo Roero ,Alchimia ,Sacerdozio femminile ,Martyrology ,Teurgia ,Photiu ,Magia ,Modernismo cattolico ,Magic ,Massoneria ,Filologia greca ,True history ,Teofane ,Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont ,Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulo ,St. Cyril of Alexandria ,Alchemy ,Nachleben ,Fozio ,Filologia classica ,Esegesi delle fonti ,Civiltà bizantina ,Filosofia bizantina ,Martirio pagano ,Storia degli studi ,Storia della fortuna ,Storia falsa ,Storia vera ,Ipazia ,San Cirillo di Alessandria ,Sinesio di Cirene ,Giovanni di Nikiu ,Socrate Scolastico ,Filostorgio ,Giovanni Malala ,Niceforo Callisto Xantopulo ,Controriforma ,Platonismo antico ,Platonismo bizantino ,Esoterismo ,John Toland ,Charles Leconte de Lisle ,Byzantine civilisation ,Ancient philosophy ,Byzantine philosophy ,Church History ,History of scholarship ,History of influence and reception ,Hypatia ,Alexandria ,Socrates Scholasticus ,Hesychius of Miletus ,John Malalas ,Theophanes ,Modernism (Roman Catholicism) ,Freemasonry ,Feminism ,Ancient Platonism ,Byzantine Platonism ,Ancient astronomy ,Theurgy ,Theophane - Abstract
Questo libro ricostruisce la vicenda esistenziale e intellettuale di Ipazia e il suo Nachleben moderno, applicando il rigore documentativo dello studio scientifico (si veda in appendice la “Documentazione ragionata”, di ampiezza pari a quella del testo principale, sorta di “libro nel libro”) a un testo destinato anche a un’utenza colta non specialistica oltre che alla didattica universitaria. Il titolo, volutamente provocatorio, fa riferimento alla “storia falsa” di canforiana memoria, come del resto l’intero impianto concettuale e metodologico della trattazione. Nella prima sezione (Chiarire i fatti) vengono raccolte e filologicamente discusse le più rilevanti notizie sulla vita e sulla morte di Ipazia fornite dalla totalità delle fonti antiche, pagane e cristiane. Dell'assassinio di Ipazia dovevano infatti coesistere in origine due versioni, una pagana e l'altra cristiana, entrambe presenti in duplice variante, più moderata e più radicale. Nei tre secoli che si interpongono tra gli eventi e il formarsi, dopo la conquista araba, della tradizione storica propriamente bizantina, una delle narrazioni cristiane, la Cronaca di Giovanni di Nikiu, a sua volta dipendente da una vulgata più antica interna alla chiesa copta e marcatamente filocirilliana, andò perduta all'occidente per conservarsi solo nella tradizione orientale in una tarda versione etiopica. La versione cristiana più moderata, ma sgradita all’opinione ecclesiastica occidentale dominante, è quella di Socrate Scolastico, la cui Storia nel caso in questione è probabilmente conforme al punto di vista della chiesa centrale bizantina. Si tramandano per mezzo di Suida entrambe le narrazioni pagane, quella di Esichio di Mileto e quella di Damascio. A una delle varianti della versione pagana, quella di Damascio, si connette inoltre, fin nella genesi della tradizione manoscritta, quella di Filostorgio, ariano e in quanto tale anticirilliano, il cui testo è conservato in ampi frammenti dalla Biblioteca di Fozio. Da un ulteriore filone tradizionale bizantino sembra dipendere, al tempo di Giustiniano, la Cronaca di Giovanni Malala, vicina al clero di corte ma soprattutto alla chiesa di Antiochia, abitualmente ostile a quella di Alessandria. Il resoconto offerto da Malala individua in Cirillo, come fa Socrate, il diretto mandante dell'assassinio e il suo responsabile morale, ma attinge probabilmente a fonti sue proprie, concordi con Socrate quanto alla colpevolezza del vescovo ma a conoscenza di dettagli che mancano tanto in Socrate quanto in Suida-Damascio. La versione più diffusa a Bisanzio resterà quella di Socrate: cristiana ortodossa, più cauta nei termini di quelle pagana e cristiano-ariana, lievemente diversa da quella cui attinge Malala, ma ugualmente anticirilliana. Lo stesso orientamento trasparirà dalle testimonianze bizantine successive, che però aggiungeranno via via elementi utili tratti dalle fonti pagane. Dalle notizie del quinto e sesto secolo, dal loro influsso e dalla loro tradizione manoscritta, che appare ramificata più di quanto in genere la si consideri, derivano, durante l'iconoclasmo, la stringata menzione dell’assassinio nella Cronaca di Teofane; nel nono secolo la posizione nettamente colpevolista di Fozio, che recupera Damascio oltreché Filostorgio; nel decimo, Suida, che recupera almeno Damascio ed Esichio; nel quattordicesimo, Niceforo Callisto Xantopulo, che dipende direttamente da Socrate Scolastico. Dall’esame di queste fonti, unito a quello di altre testimonianze contemporanee oltreché dell’Epistolario di Sinesio, emerge un quadro complesso degli equilibri e dei conflitti sociali e politici dell’Alessandria del IV-V secolo, che impedisce di ridurre la vicenda dell’assassinio di Ipazia a uno scontro tra paganesimo e cristianesimo. Tuttavia, proprio questa semplificazione ideologica, questa polarità tra Ipazia “martire” e Cirillo “vescovo-carnefice”, ha dominato a lungo il pensiero europeo. La seconda sezione del libro (Tradire i fatti) è dedicata all’oltrevita della figura di Ipazia, attualizzata, mistificata, comunque trasformata, a seconda delle epoche, delle correnti culturali e religiose, di volta in volta in icona laicista, eroina romantica, addirittura martire cristiana. Ma forse ancora più rivelatrice, per la storia del pensiero politico, è la ricezione della figura di Cirillo. Se il governo ecclesiastico cirilliano tendeva a imporre una continua ingerenza giurisdizionale rispetto al prefetto Oreste e al governo centrale romano-costantinopolitano —un'erosione del potere statale da parte di quello ecclesiastico paventata dalle aristocrazie alessandrine (pagane come cristiano-moderate) di cui era portavoce Ipazia —, la condanna o l'esaltazione del terribile vescovo fanno da cartina tornasole della posizione che ciascuno storico o interprete letterario assume rispetto al rapporto stato-chiesa. Questo fin dalle fonti antiche e poi durante tutto l'oltrevita storiografico di Ipazia: dalla Controriforma, che addirittura, per salvare Cirillo, arriverà a screditare una fonte primaria come Socrate Scolastico, fino alla letteratura postrisorgimentale e massonica, dove il costituirsi di Ipazia quale icona laicista si intreccia strettamente con il dibattito sul papa-re. Alle numerose, più o meno consapevoli deformazioni stratificatesi attraverso i secoli reagisce la terza sezione (Interpretare i fatti). Ipazia non fu una “martire laica”, né un “Galileo in gonnella” punito dalla chiesa per le sue scoperte scientifiche, né tanto meno una protoicona femminista. Se è vero che il conflitto in cui si trovò coinvolta fu quello — eterno, e trasversale alle stesse classi alte pagane, in gran parte cristianizzate soprattutto dopo i decreti teodosiani — fra integralismo e moderazione, dogmatismo e apertura di pensiero, è altrettanto vero che Ipazia fu una figura carismatica, sacerdotale, di orientatrice di coscienze e di “iniziatrice” agli insegnamenti esoterici del platonismo: una “donna-filosofo”, purché per philosophia si intenda quel particolare rapporto tra la donna e la sfera del sacro, del sovrarazionale, che è tipico della spiritualità tardoantica. Ipazia è l'emblema del fervore intellettuale del platonismo “eclettico” che dominava l’Alessandria del V secolo e che non cessò dopo il suo “martirio”, ma anzi fu il presupposto e la soglia di una fioritura che sarebbe durata per tutto il millennio bizantino. This work reconstructs Hypatia’s existential and intellectual fortunes and her modern Nachleben through the application of rigorous scholarly documentation (see the appendix “Annotated documentation,” a sort of “work within a work,” equal in breadth to the primary work) in a text addressed to a learned, non-specialist readership, as well as university teachers and students. The intentionally provocative title relates to Canfora’s notion of the “false story,” as does the overall conceptual and methodological treatment. In the first section (Clarifying the facts) the author collates and applies philological analysis to the most important information on Hypatia’s life and death gleaned from all available ancient, Pagan, and Christian sources. Originally, two versions – Pagan and Christian – of Hypatia’s assassination must have co-existed, both available in two variants, one moderate, one radical. In the three centuries between the events and the evolution of the Byzantine historical tradition proper after the Arab conquest, one of the Christian narrations, John of Nikiu’s Chronicle, itself derived from an older, notably pro-Cyril version disseminated within the Coptic church, was lost to the West and preserved only in the Eastern tradition in a late Ethiopic version. The more moderate Christian version, eschewed by dominant Western ecclesiastical opinion, is by Socrates Scholasticus, whose History regarding the case in question probably conforms to the point of view of the central Byzantine church. Suida passed down both of the Pagan narrations - of Hesychius of Miletus and Damascius. In addition, the version by Philostorgius, an Arian and as such anti-Cyril, whose text is preserved in large fragments from Photius’ Library, was appended to Damascius’s variant of the Pagan version from the beginning of the manuscript tradition. From another traditional Byzantine current would seem to be derived, at the time of Justinian, the Chronicle of John Malalas, close to the court clergy but especially to the Church of Antiochia, traditionally at odds with the Church of Alexandria. The account offered by Malalas isolates Cyril, as does Socrates, as prime instigator of and morally responsible for the assassination, but Malalas probably draws on his own sources, in agreement with Socrates on the bishop’s guilt but aware of details lacking in the Socrates as well as the Suida-Damascius accounts. The most well-known version in Byzantium would remain Socrates’s: Orthodox Christian, more cautious than the Pagan and Arian-Christian accounts and slightly different from the one Malalas draws on, but equally anti-Cyril. The same orientation would emanate from subsequent Byzantine sources, which, however, would gradually add useful features from Pagan sources. From 5th and 6th century information, influence, and manuscript tradition, which appears more ramified than generally thought, derives during iconoclasm, the succinct mention of the assassination in Theophanes’s Chronicle; in the 9th century, Photius, clearly believing in Cyril’s guilt, recoups Damascius as well as Philostorgius; in the 10th century, Suida, recoups at least Damascius and Hesychius; in the 14th century, Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos draws directly on Socrates Scholasticus. From examination of these sources, together with other contemporary evidence, as well as Synesius’s Epistolary, a complex picture of the tensions and social and political conflicts in 4th to 5th century Alexandria emerges, which makes it impossible to reduce the issue of Hypatia’s assassination to a clash between Paganism and Christianity. However, precisely this ideological simplification, this polarity between Hypatia “martyr” and Cyril “butcher-bishop,” has dominated European thought for so long. The second section of the work (Undermining the facts) is devoted to the afterlife of the figure of Hypatia, modernised, mystified, in any case transformed, according to the period, cultural and religious currents, sometimes laicist icon, other times romantic heroine, even Christian martyr. But perhaps even more revealing for the history of political thought has been the reception of the figure of Cyril. If his ecclesiastical authority tended to interfere constantly in the jurisdiction of the prefect Oreste and the Roman-Constantinopolitan central government – the very erosion of state power by the Church dreaded by the Alexandrian aristocracy (Pagan as well as moderate Christian) of which Hypatia was a spokesperson - the conviction or exaltation of the belligerent bishop is a litmus test of the position that every historian or literary interpreter assumes with respect to relations between Church and State. This from the first ancient sources and then during Hypatia’s entire historiographical afterlife: from the Counter-Reformation, which would even discredit a primary source like Socrates Scholasticus to save Cyril, up until Masonic and post-Risorgimental literature when the fabrication of Hypatia as a laicist icon would be interwoven with the debate concerning papal temporal authority. The third section (Interpreting the facts) responds to the more or less conscious distortions that have accumulated over the centuries. Hypatia was not a “secular martyr,” nor a “Galileo in a skirt” punished by the Church for her scientific discoveries, let alone a proto-feminist icon. If it is true that the conflict she found herself involved in – eternal, and cutting across the very same Pagan upper classes, in large part Christianised, especially after the Theodosian Decrees - was between fundamentalism and moderation, dogmatism and open-mindedness, it is also true that Hypatia was a charismatic, priestly figure, a mentor of consciences and an “initiator” in the esoteric teachings of Platonism: a “woman-philosopher,” as long as we understand philosophia as that particular relationship between the female and the sphere of the sacred, of the super-rational, that is typical of the spirituality of Late Antiquity. Hypatia is the emblem of the intellectual fervour of the “eclectic” Platonism that dominated 5th century Alexandria and continued after her “martyrdom,” and was indeed the prerequisite and threshold for a flourishing that would continue for the entire Byzantine millennium.
- Published
- 2011
23. L'image du pouvoir impérial dans la Chronographie de Théophane le Confesseur pendant le premier iconoclasme Byzantin (717-815)
- Author
-
Tremblay, Vincent, Carrier, Marc, Tremblay, Vincent, and Carrier, Marc
- Abstract
L’étude de l’iconoclasme byzantin, cette crise théologique ayant pour cause l’essor du culte associé aux images religieuses, a été un exercice ardu pour les historiens. En effet, les maigres sources disponibles pour cette période sont toutes favorables au culte des images. Bien qu’écrite par un iconodoule convaincu et hostile aux empereurs iconoclastes, la Chronographie de Théophane le Confesseur ne mérite pourtant pas ses étiquettes contemporaines de pro-iconophile et d’anti-iconoclaste. Le présent mémoire propose donc de revoir et de nuancer les écrits de Théophane en ce qui a trait au pouvoir impérial. Il s’agira de démontrer que la place des empereurs sur l’échiquier théologique n’a aucune influence sur la représentation du pouvoir, voire et de ceux qui l’exercent, dans la Chronographie. En effet, une analyse rigoureuse des empereurs de la période iconoclaste (717-780) et de la période iconodoule (780-815) prouvera que pour Théophane, rien n’est absolu : les iconoclastes ne sont pas dépourvus de vertu et les iconodoules peuvent agir de façon tyrannique. La Chronographie propose ainsi une image complexe du pouvoir impérial, qui oblige à reconsidérer les frontières entre légitimité impériale et tyrannie. -- The study of Byzantine iconoclasm, a theological crisis caused by the emergence of religious practices centered on divine images, has proven to be a difficult endeavor for historians. Indeed, the few available sources which discuss this period are clearly favorable to this cult of images. Despite having been written by a convinced iconodule who was also hostile to iconoclastic emperors, the Chronicle by Theophanes the Confessor should not be labelled as purely pro-iconophile and anti-iconoclastic. As such, the present thesis will seek to review and relativize the writings of Theophanes with regards to imperial power. This will attempt to demonstrate that in the Chronicle, the place of emperors on the theological playing field has no impact on the representation
- Published
- 2013
24. Hypatia the Intellectual
- Author
-
RONCHEY, SILVIA, A. FRASCHETTI (a cura di), and Ronchey, Silvia
- Subjects
Esotericism ,Filologia greca ,Suidas ,Teofane ,Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont ,History of the Church ,Rapporto stato-chiesa ,St. Cyril of Alexandria ,Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos ,Suida ,Late antique philology ,Astrology ,Storia del cristianesimo ,Paganesimo ,Female priesthood ,Fozio ,Byzantine history ,“Donna-filosofo” ,Martirio cristiano ,Hesychius of Miletus ,Pagan martyrdom ,Storia tardoantica ,Femminismo ,Alessandria ,Socrate Scolastico ,John of Nikiu ,Source exegesis ,Astronomia antica ,Martirologia ,Ancient philosophy ,Filosofia antica ,History of scholarship ,Nachleben/Afterlife ,Synesius of Cyrene ,Theurgy ,Civiltà bizantina ,Martirio pagano ,History of Late Antiquity ,Sinesio di Cirene ,Byzantine philology ,Platonismo antico ,Charles Kingsley ,Byzantine civilisation ,Byzantine philosophy ,Classical philology ,Damascio ,Esegesi delle fonti ,Damascius ,Filologia bizantina ,Voltaire ,Storia della chiesa ,Filologia classica ,Giovanni Malala ,Theophanes ,“woman philosopher” ,Feminism ,Greek philology ,Paganism ,Controriforma ,History of Christianity ,Christian martyrdom ,Storia della fortuna ,Byzantine Platonism ,Socrates Scholasticus ,John Toland ,Mario Luzi ,Astrologia ,Filologia tardoantica ,“woman-philosopher” ,Ancient astronomy ,Storia bizantina ,Ipazia ,Ancient Platonism ,Giovanni di Nikiu ,Hypatia ,Martyrology ,History of influence and reception ,John Malalas ,Diodata Saluzzo Roero ,Charles Leconte de Lisle ,Filosofia bizantina ,Storia degli studi ,San Cirillo di Alessandria ,Esichio di Mileto ,Filostorgio ,Niceforo Callisto Xantopulo ,Modernismo cattolico ,Massoneria ,Platonismo bizantino ,Teurgia ,Magia ,Alchimia ,Esoterismo ,Sacerdozio femminile - Abstract
Il saggio si divide in cinque parti. Nella prima («Ipazia, o della faziosità degli Alessandrini») la vita e la morte di Ipazia vengono ricostruite (attraverso le notizie di Suida, Esichio di Mileto, Damascio, Socrate Scolastico, Giovanni di Nikiu et al.) nel contesto delle violente agitazioni e degli scontri ideologici e religiosi nell'Egitto del IV e V secolo. La seconda sezione (La fortuna di Ipazia) analizza la grande fortuna che la figura e la vicenda di Ipazia riscossero nella letteratura e nel pensiero europeo tra Seicento e Ottocento (da Voltaire a Monti, da John Toland a Diodata Saluzzo Roero), pur nelle diverse prospettive assunte in area protestante e in area cattolica, in campo illuminista o nelle correnti romantiche. Nella terza parte (Giudizio e pregiudizio delle fonti), constatata l'esistenza di due versioni della vicenda di Ipazia, una cristiana e una pagana, ciascuna delle quali declinata in chiave moderata o oltranzista, si rilevano i tratti idealizzanti attribuiti, nelle fonti, alla sua figura, e il retroterra ideologico del loro formarsi. La quarta parte del saggio (Sinesio, Ipazia e la «philosophia») approfondisce l'indagine sugli studi e sull'attività didattica di Ipazia, soprattutto attraverso le testimonianze del suo allievo Sinesio. L’interesse di Ipazia per la "geometria" e l’astronomia, ma anche l'esoterismo di parte del suo insegnamento e gli elementi teurgici che vi si colgono, inducono ad attribuire alla sua figura di scienziata e filosofa un complementare e dominante carisma sacerdotale: il genere di philosophia del quale fu cultrice deve inquadrarsi nel rapporto fra la donna e il sacro, coerentemente con quella concezione della preminenza femminile nell'ambito soprarazionale che è lascito della spiritualità tardoantica. È alla luce di queste considerazioni che si valuta, nella parte conclusiva del saggio, il «martirio» di Ipazia. Le accuse convergenti, da parte pagana e cristiana, sul suo carnefice, il vescovo Cirillo, da un lato confermano la sua responsabilità nel selvaggio assassinio, pur negata finora dalla chiesa cattolica, e d’altro lato paradossalmente concorrono alla trasfigurazione cristiana della donna, obliterando la connotazione concretamente politica e sociale della sua vicenda. This essay is divided into five parts. In the first (Hypatia, or the Partisan Spirit of the Alexandrians), the author reconstructs the circumstances of Hypatia’s life and death from the writings of Suida, Hesychius of Miletus, Damascius, Socrates Scholasticus, John of Nikiu and others) in the context of the violent upheavals and ideological and religious strife in 4th and 5th century Egypt. The second section (The Fortune of Hypatia) analyses the enormous fortune Hypatia’s character and circumstances had in European literature and thought from the 17th to 19th centuries (from Voltaire to Monti, John Toland to Diodata Saluzzo Roero), despite the different perspectives adopted in Protestant and Catholic cultures, Enlightenment circles, and Romantic currents. In the third part (The Judgment and Prejudice of the Sources), given the existence of two versions of the Hypatia affair - one Christian and one pagan - each then interpreted in a moderate or fundamentalist key, the author highlights the idealising traits attributed to the figure of Hypatia in the sources, and the ideological background of their development. The fourth section of the essay (Synesius, Hypatis, and “Philosophia”) investigates in more depth Hypatia’s study and teaching, especially through the testimony of her pupil, Synesius. Hypatia’s interest in "geometry" and astronomy, and the exotericism - along with theurgic elements - of some aspects of her teaching, suggest the attribution of a complementary and dominant priestly charisma to her character as scientist and philosopher. The genre of philosophia she cultivated must form part of the relationship between women and the sacred, in line with the concept of female pre-eminence within the sphere of the super-rational, which is an legacy of the spirituality of Late Antiquity. It is in light of these considerations that the author evaluates, in the concluding part of the essay, Hypatia’s “martyrdom.” Both Christian and pagan accusations, converging on her executioner, Bishop Cyril, confirm, on the one hand, his responsibility in the brutal murder – still unacknowledged by the Catholic Church - and on the other, contribute paradoxically to the Christian transfiguration of Hypatia, cancelling out the concrete political and social connotations of her life and experience.
- Published
- 2001
25. Filosofa e martire: Ipazia tra storia della chiesa e femminismo
- Author
-
RONCHEY, SILVIA, R. Raffaelli (a cura di), and Ronchey, Silvia
- Subjects
Esotericism ,Filologia greca ,Suidas ,Teofane ,Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont ,Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulo ,History of the Church ,Suida ,St. Cyril of Alexandria ,Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos ,Storia del cristianesimo ,Late antique philology ,Astrology ,Paganesimo ,Nachleben ,Female priesthood ,Source exegesi ,Byzantine history ,“Donna-filosofo” ,Socrates Scholasticu ,Martirio cristiano ,Hesychius of Miletus ,Pagan martyrdom ,Storia tardoantica ,Femminismo ,Alessandria ,Socrate Scolastico ,Alexandria ,John of Nikiu ,Astronomia antica ,Source exegesis ,Martirologia ,Ancient philosophy ,Filosofia antica ,History of scholarship ,Synesius of Cyrene ,Theurgy ,Civiltà bizantina ,Martirio pagano ,History of Late Antiquity ,Sinesio di Cirene ,Platonismo antico ,Byzantine philology ,Charles Kingsley ,Byzantine civilisation ,Byzantine philosophy ,Damascio ,Classical philology ,Damasciu ,Esegesi delle fonti ,Filologia bizantina ,Damascius ,Storia della chiesa ,Voltaire ,Hesychius of Miletu ,Filologia classica ,Theophane ,Giovanni Malala ,Theophanes ,Feminism ,Greek philology ,Paganism ,Storia della fortuna ,History of Christianity ,Christian martyrdom ,Byzantine Platonism ,Socrates Scholasticus ,John Toland ,Astrologia ,Mario Luzi ,Filologia tardoantica ,Storia bizantina ,“woman-philosopher” ,Ancient astronomy ,Ipazia ,Ancient Platonism ,Giovanni di Nikiu ,Filosofia bizantina ,Storia degli studi ,San Cirillo di Alessandria ,Esichio di Mileto ,Niceforo Callisto Xantopulo ,Platonismo bizantino ,Teurgia ,Esoterismo ,Sacerdozio femminile ,Diodata Saluzzo Roero ,Charles Leconte de Lisle ,Martyrology ,History of influence and reception ,Hypatia ,John Malalas ,John Malala - Abstract
Il contributo si divide in tre parti. Nella prima si raccolgono le più rilevanti notizie sulla vita e sul martirio di Ipazia fornite dalle fonti antiche (Suidae lexicon, Esichio di Mileto, Damascio, Socrate Scolastico, Giovanni di Nikiu): dell'assassinio di Ipazia coesistevano in origine due versioni, l’una pagana e l'altra cristiana, entrambe presenti in duplice variante, l'una più moderata e l'altra più radicale. Perduta all'Occidente quella cristiana di Giovanni di Nikiu, si tramandano invece per mezzo di Suida entrambe le narrazioni pagane – di Esichio e di Damascio –: su queste si baseranno le riflessioni dei pensatori occidentali a partire dall'età moderna. La seconda sezione del contributo analizza la grande fortuna che la figura e la vicenda di Ipazia riscossero nella letteratura e nel pensiero europeo tra Seicento e Ottocento, pur nelle diverse prospettive assunte in area protestante e in area cattolica. Il tema della terza sezione è l'assassinio, il “martirio laico”, di Ipazia. Sul suo carnefice, il vescovo Cirillo, convergono le accuse delle fonti cristiane e pagane, che concorrono alla trasfigurazione postuma e cristiana della donna. La recente lettura femminista ha esaltato, ma talvolta frainteso nel suo significato profondo, un aspetto importante della storia di Ipazia: il suo rapporto con la filosofia. L'esegesi delle fonti induce ad attribuirle, più che un’originalità speculativa, un carisma sacerdotale: il genere di filosofia del quale fu cultrice si inquadra nel rapporto fra la donna e il sacro, secondo quella concezione della preminenza della donna nell'ambito soprarazionale che è lascito della spiritualità tardoantica. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part presents the most relevant details on Hypatia’s life and martyrdom from ancient sources (Suidae lexicon, Hesychius of Miletus, Damascius, Socrates Scholasticus, John of Nikiû). Originally there were two co-existing versions of Hypatia’s murder: one pagan and one Christian, both present in two variants, one more moderate and the other more radical. Besides the Christian version of Socrates Scholasticus, the two pagan narratives of Hesychius and Damascius have been handed down mainly through the Suidae lexicon. The considerations of Western thinkers in the modern era would be based on these, since the Christian version of John of Nikiû was lost and until it was rediscovered in the Ethiopian translation brought to light in late 19th century. The second section of the paper analyses the enormous fortune Hypatia’s person and circumstances elicited in literature and European thought between the 17th and 19th centuries, despite the divergent views expressed in Protestant and Catholic areas. The topic of the third section is the murder, the “secular martyrdom” of Hypatia. Pagan and Christian sources agree in accusing her butcher, the Bishop Cyril, and contribute to the posthumous, Christian transfiguration of the woman. Recent feminist readings have exalted, but often misunderstood in its deeper significance, an important aspect of Hypatia’s story: her relationship with philosophy. Exegesis of the sources suggests attributing to her priestly charisma, more than speculative originality. The genre of philosophy she cultivated falls within the framework of the relationship between women and the sacred, according to the concept of the pre-eminence of women in the realm of the supra-rational, a legacy of the spirituality of Late Antiquity.
- Published
- 1995
26. Ipazia, l'intellettuale
- Author
-
Ronchey, Silvia, A.FRASCHETTI (a cura di), A.FRASCHETTI, and Ronchey, Silvia
- Subjects
Esotericism ,Filologia greca ,Suidas ,Teofane ,Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont ,Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulo ,Rapporto stato-chiesa ,History of the Church ,Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos ,Suida ,St. Cyril of Alexandria ,Storia del cristianesimo ,Astrology ,Paganesimo ,Female priesthood ,Source exegesi ,Byzantine history ,“Donna-filosofo” ,Socrates Scholasticu ,Late Antique Philology ,Martirio cristiano ,Hesychius of Miletus ,Pagan martyrdom ,Storia tardoantica ,Femminismo ,Alessandria ,Socrate Scolastico ,Alexandria ,John of Nikiu ,Source exegesis ,Astronomia antica ,Martirologia ,Filologia classica ,Filologia tardoantica ,Filologia bizantina ,Storia bizantina ,Esegesi delle fonti ,Civiltà bizantina ,Filosofia antica ,Filosofia bizantina ,Storia della chiesa ,Martirio pagano ,Storia degli studi ,Storia della fortuna ,Ipazia ,San Cirillo di Alessandria ,Sinesio di Cirene ,Giovanni di Nikiu ,Damascio ,Esichio di Mileto ,Giovanni Malala ,Niceforo Callisto Xantopulo ,Platonismo antico ,Platonismo bizantino ,Astrologia ,Teurgia ,Esoterismo ,Sacerdozio femminile ,John Toland ,Voltaire ,Diodata Saluzzo Roero ,Charles Kingsley ,Charles Leconte de Lisle ,Mario Luzi ,Classical philology ,Greek philology ,Byzantine philology ,History of Late Antiquity ,Byzantine civilisation ,Ancient philosophy ,Byzantine philosophy ,History of Christianity ,Martyrology ,Christian martyrdom ,History of scholarship ,History of influence and reception ,Hypatia ,Synesius of Cyrene ,Socrates Scholasticus ,Damascius ,John Malalas ,Theophanes ,Feminism ,“woman-philosopher” ,Ancient Platonism ,Byzantine Platonism ,Paganism ,Ancient astronomy ,Theurgy ,“woman philosopher” ,Damasciu ,Hesychius of Miletu ,Theophane ,John Malala - Abstract
Il saggio si divide in cinque parti. Nella prima («Ipazia, o della faziosità degli Alessandrini») la vita e la morte di Ipazia vengono ricostruite (attraverso le notizie di Suida, Esichio di Mileto, Damascio, Socrate Scolastico, Giovanni di Nikiu et al.) nel contesto delle violente agitazioni e degli scontri ideologici e religiosi nell'Egitto del IV e V secolo. La seconda sezione (La fortuna di Ipazia) analizza la grande fortuna che la figura e la vicenda di Ipazia riscossero nella letteratura e nel pensiero europeo tra Seicento e Ottocento (da Voltaire a Monti, da John Toland a Diodata Saluzzo Roero), pur nelle diverse prospettive assunte in area protestante e in area cattolica, in campo illuminista o nelle correnti romantiche. Nella terza parte (Giudizio e pregiudizio delle fonti), constatata l'esistenza di due versioni della vicenda di Ipazia, una cristiana e una pagana, ciascuna delle quali declinata in chiave moderata o oltranzista, si rilevano i tratti idealizzanti attribuiti, nelle fonti, alla sua figura, e il retroterra ideologico del loro formarsi. La quarta parte del saggio (Sinesio, Ipazia e la «philosophia») approfondisce l'indagine sugli studi e sull'attività didattica di Ipazia, soprattutto attraverso le testimonianze del suo allievo Sinesio. L’interesse di Ipazia per la "geometria" e l’astronomia, ma anche l'esoterismo di parte del suo insegnamento e gli elementi teurgici che vi si colgono, inducono ad attribuire alla sua figura di scienziata e filosofa un complementare e dominante carisma sacerdotale: il genere di philosophia del quale fu cultrice deve inquadrarsi nel rapporto fra la donna e il sacro, coerentemente con quella concezione della preminenza femminile nell'ambito soprarazionale che è lascito della spiritualità tardoantica. È alla luce di queste considerazioni che si valuta, nella parte conclusiva del saggio, il «martirio» di Ipazia. Le accuse convergenti, da parte pagana e cristiana, sul suo carnefice, il vescovo Cirillo, da un lato confermano la sua responsabilità nel selvaggio assassinio, pur negata finora dalla chiesa cattolica, e d’altro lato paradossalmente concorrono alla trasfigurazione cristiana della donna, obliterando la connotazione concretamente politica e sociale della sua vicenda. This essay is divided into five parts. In the first (Hypatia, or the Partisan Spirit of the Alexandrians), the author reconstructs the circumstances of Hypatia’s life and death from the writings of Suida, Hesychius of Miletus, Damascius, Socrates Scholasticus, John of Nikiu and others) in the context of the violent upheavals and ideological and religious strife in 4th and 5th century Egypt. The second section (Hypatia’s Influence) analyses the enormous fortune Hypatia’s character and circumstances had in European literature and thought from the 17th to 19th centuries (from Voltaire to Monti, John Toland to Diodata Saluzzo Roero), despite the different perspectives adopted in Protestant and Catholic cultures, Enlightenment circles, and Romantic currents. In the third part (The Judgment and Prejudice of the Sources), given the existence of two versions of the Hypatia affair - one Christian and one pagan - each then interpreted in a moderate or fundamentalist key, the author highlights the idealising traits attributed to the figure of Hypatia in the sources, and the ideological background of their development. The fourth section of the essay (Synesius, Hypatis, and “Philosophia”) investigates in more depth Hypatia’s study and teaching, especially through the testimony of her pupil, Synesius. Hypatia’s interest in "geometry" and astronomy, and the exotericism - along with theurgic elements - of some aspects of her teaching, suggest the attribution of a complementary and dominant priestly charisma to her character as scientist and philosopher. The genre of philosophia she cultivated must form part of the relationship between women and the sacred, in line with the concept of female pre-eminence within the sphere of the super-rational, which is an legacy of the spirituality of Late Antiquity. It is in light of these considerations that the author evaluates, in the concluding part of the essay, Hypatia’s “martyrdom.” Both Christian and Pagan accusations, converging on her executioner, Bishop Cyril, confirm, on the one hand, his responsibility in the brutal murder – still unacknowledged by the Catholic Church - and on the other, contribute paradoxically to the Christian transfiguration of Hypatia, cancelling out the concrete political and social connotations of her life and experience.
- Published
- 1994
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