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We inventoried lichens in Kenai Fjords National Park in Alaska, USA We assembled the known information on occurrence and ecology of lichens in this park by combining field, herbarium, and literature studies. Our results provide baseline data on lichen occurrence that may be used in resource condition assessments, vulnerability assessments, long-term ecological monitoring, and resource management. We report a total of 616 taxa of lichenized fungi from the Park, plus an additional five subspecies and three varieties, all of which are new additions to the National Park Service database for this park unit. An additional five species of nonlichenized lichenicolous fungi are reported here. Eight non-lichenized fungi that are traditionally treated with lichens are also included, most of these associated with bark of particular host species. Four taxa new to North America are reported here (Arctomia delicatula var. acutior, Aspicilia dudinensis, Myriospora myochroa, and Ochrolechia bahusiensis), along with 44 species new to Alaska. Numerous species have been confirmed using ITS barcoding sequences. Also several records assigned to the genus level are reported, many of those are likely new species.

A new species belonging to the lichen genus Physconia is described from Alaska and the Canadian and American Rocky Mountains and adjacent forested regions. It is also reported from China, Nepal, India and Siberia. The new species, Physconia labrata, is superficially similar to P. perisidiosa, but can be distinguished by having a blackened, corticate lower surface and a paraplectenchymatous upper cortex.

Molecular data provide unprecedented insight into diversity of lichenized fungi, although morphologically cryptic species-level lineages circumscribed from sequence data often remain undescribed even in well-studies groups. Using diagnostic characters from DNA sequence data and support from the multispecies coalescent model, we formally describe a total of eleven new species and resurrect two others in the hyperdiverse lichen-forming fungal family Parmeliaceae. These include: four in the genus Melanelixia – M. ahtii sp. nov., M. epilosa comb. nov., M. hawksworthii sp. nov., and M. robertsoniorum sp. nov.; six in Melanohalea – M. austroamericana sp. nov. , M. beringiana sp. nov., M. clari sp. nov., M. columbiana sp. nov., M. davidii sp. nov., and M. tahltan sp. nov.; and three species in Montanelia – M. occultipanniformis sp. nov., M. saximontana comb. nov., and M. secwepemc sp. nov. Morphological, ecological and geographical features were revised to corroborate species descriptions. These species can consistently be distinguished by differences in nucleotide position characters in the fungal barcoding marker (ITS) and high speciation probabilities. This study helps close the “taxonomic gap” between molecular species delimitation studies and formal taxonomy by incorporating statistical evaluation of lineage independence, diagnostic differences in DNA data, and additional consideration of differences in morphology and species distributions.

Two new species belonging to the common and widespread lichen genus Physcia are described from western North America. One of these, P. occidentalis, is an obligately saxicolous species that reproduces by fragmentation, primarily through the production of largely terminal blastidia. Only a single very immature apothecium was observed among all collections. The species occurs from British Columbia to California, with outliers in Colorado. The other species, P. rhizinata, is a corticolous, typically fertile species lacking asexual propagules, and has often been confused with P. stellaris. It is presently known only from California. The close evolutionary relationship of these morphologically dissimilar taxa highlights the currently limited understanding of factors that lead to phenotypic divergence in lichen symbioses.

Brown parmelioid lichens comprise a number of distinct genera in one of the most species-rich families of lichen-forming fungi, Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota). In spite of their superficial similarity, a number of studies of brown parmelioids have provided important insight into diversification in lichen-forming fungi with cosmopolitan distributions. In this study we assess species diversity, biogeography and diversification of the genus Montanelia, which includes alpine to temperate saxicolous species. We sampled each of the five known species, four of which are known from broad, intercontinental distributions. In order to identify potential biogeographical patterns, each broadly distributed species was represented by individuals collected across their intercontinental distributions. Molecular sequence data were generated for six loci, including three nuclear protein-coding markers (MCM7, RPB1, and RPB2), two nuclear ribosomal markers (ITS and nrLSU), and a fragment of the mitochondrial small subunit. We used three sequence-based species delimitations methods to validate traditional, phenotype-based species and circumscribe previously unrecognized species-level lineages in Montanelia. Relationships among putative lineages and divergence times were estimated within a coalescent-based multi-locus species tree framework. Based on the results of the species delimitation analyses, we propose that the genus Montanelia is likely comprised of six to nine species-level lineages, including previously unrecognized species-level diversity in the nominal taxa M. panniformis and M. tominii. In contrast, molecular sequence data suggest that M. predisjuncta may be conspecific with the widespread taxon M. disjuncta in spite of distinct morphological differences. The rate-based age estimation of the most recent common ancestor of Montanelia (ca. 231 Ma) was similar to previous estimates based on the fossil record. Furthermore, our data suggest that diversification in Montanelia occurred largely during the Neogene. At least three Montanelia species are broadly distributed throughout Asia, Europe, and North America with no evidence of phylogeographic substructure. In contrast to broadly distributed Montanelia species, our study suggests Pleistocene-dominated diversification and complex biogeographic history in the M. tominii group. Our analyses provide additional insight for understanding diversification and uncovering cryptic diversity in cosmopolitan species of lichen-forming fungi. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000365393000021, PubMed ID: 26299211, We studied the evolutionary history of the Parmeliaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi with complex and variable morphologies, also including several lichenicolous fungi. We assembled a six-locus data set including nuclear, mitochondrial and low-copy protein-coding genes from 293 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The lichenicolous lifestyle originated independently three times in lichenized ancestors within Parmeliaceae, and a new generic name is introduced for one of these fungi. In all cases, the independent origins occurred c. 24 million yr ago. Further, we show that the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene were key periods when diversification of major lineages within Parmeliaceae occurred, with subsequent radiations occurring primarily during the Oligocene and Miocene. Our phylogenetic hypothesis supports the independent origin of lichenicolous fungi associated with climatic shifts at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Moreover, diversification bursts at different times may be crucial factors driving the diversification of Parmeliaceae. Additionally, our study provides novel insight into evolutionary relationships in this large and diverse family of lichen-forming ascomycetes., Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [CGL2010-21646/BOS, CGL2011-25003, CGL2013-42498-P]; Universidad Complutense-Banco Santander [GR3/14]; Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid [REMEDINAL S-2009/AMB-1783]; National Science Foundation [DEB-0949147]; Swedish Research Council [VR621-2009-5372, VR 621-2012-3990]; Academy of Finland [1133858]; Estonian Science Foundation [9109]; European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence FIBIR); German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD); Tromso University Museum, We are indebted to Adriano A. Spielmann, Joel Mercado, Robert Egan, Udeni Jayalal and Daniel Sanchez Mata for providing a few samples, and to Rosario G. Gavilan for assisting in collecting expeditions. We also thank editors and anonymous reviewers for valuable comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (projects CGL2010-21646/BOS, CGL2011-25003 and CGL2013-42498-P), the Universidad Complutense-Banco Santander (GR3/14), Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid (REMEDINAL S-2009/AMB-1783), the National Science Foundation ('Hidden diversity in parmelioid lichens'; DEB-0949147), the Swedish Research Council (VR621-2009-5372 and VR 621-2012-3990), the Academy of Finland (grant 1133858), the Estonian Science Foundation (grant 9109), and the European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence FIBIR). G.S. was supported by a fellowship from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). I.K.K.T. was supported by a grant from Tromso University Museum.

Warming of Arctic and alpine regions has a substantial impact on high-altitude/-latitude ecosystems. Shifting biomes due to climate change may lead to adjustments in species distributions and potential extinctions. Therefore, detailed monitoring is requisite to assess biologically meaningful shifts in community composition and species distributions. Some Arctic-alpine lichens have been shown to be particularly sensitive to climatic shifts associated with global change. However, accurate identification of lichenized fungal species remains challenging and may limit the effective use of lichens in climate change research. Given the inherent difficulties in accurate identification of lichenized fungi and the potential value of efficient identifications for bio-monitoring research, we investigated the utility of DNA barcode identification of the 13 brown Parmeliae (Ascomycota) species occurring in Greenland. For these species, we assessed monophyly and genetic distances using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the standard DNA barcode for fungi. We also compared intraspecific distance values to a proposed intra-interspecific threshold value for Parmeliaceae to identify nominal taxa potentially masking previously unrecognized diversity. Our results indicated that the 13 brown Parmeliae species occurring in Greenland can be successfully discriminated using the ITS region. All phenotypically circumscribed species were recovered as well-supported, monophyletic clades. Furthermore, our data supported a barcode gap among congeners for all brown Parmeliae species investigated here. However, high intraspecific genetic distances suggest the potential for previously unrecognized species-lineages in at least five species: Melanelia agnata, M. hepatizon, Montanelia disjuncta, M. panniformis, and M. tominii. Our research facilitates effective, long-term bio-monitoring of climate change in Greenland using lichens by providing accurate molecular identification of brown Parmeliae specimens.

The new species Oropogon evernicus Essl. & S. Leavitt and O. protocetraricus S. Leavitt & Essl. are described from montane regions of Central America, further increasing the diversity of this genus in the New World. Oropogon evernicus is separated from O. americanus by the presence of medullary tissue directly beneath the pseudocyphellae, while O. protocetraricus is separated from O. caespitosus by the presence of protocetraric acid. The segregation of both species is confirmed by molecular sequence data (nuclear ITS, nuLSU, and β-tubulin). Both species appear to have split from their most recent common ancestor during the Miocene, supporting Miocene-dominated diversification of neotropical Oropogon species found in Central America.

Despite the recent advancements in recognizing diversity in lichen-forming fungi, assessing the timing of diversification remains largely unexplored in these important fungal symbionts. To better understand the evolutionary processes driving diversification in common lichen-forming fungi, we investigated the phylogeny and biogeography of the broadly distributed Melanelixia fuliginosa/M. glabratula group, using molecular data from six nuclear markers. Phylogenetic analyses of individual gene alignments and combined data provide strong evidence for five species-level lineages within this species complex. Three of these lineages correspond to the previously described species M. fuliginosa, M. glabratula, and M. subaurifera. The remaining two lineages, ‘M. sp. 1’ and ‘M. sp. 2’, merit species recognition based on genealogical concordance. Both M. glabratula and M. subaurifera had broad intercontinental distributions, sharing identical haplotypes among intercontinental populations. Based on the current sampling, M. fuliginosa s.s. was represented exclusively by European material and was not collected in North America. ‘M. sp. 1’ was represented by collections from Scotland and Spain; and ‘M. sp. 2’ was represented by collections in California, USA. Environmental factors driving the contrasting distribution patterns in this group remain unknown. Divergence times estimated using a coalescence-based multilocus species-tree approach suggest that diversification within the M. fuliginosa/M. glabratula group occurred exclusively during the Miocene. The results of the present study indicate that phenotypically cryptic lichen-forming fungal species-level lineages may be relatively ancient and do not necessarily reflect recent divergence events. Furthermore, diagnosable phenotypic differences may be absent even millions of years after the initial divergence. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ●●, ●●–●●.

Physconia grumosa, a species previously known from Asia, is reported from Alaska, the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, New Mexico), New England (Maine) and the Great Lakes region (Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ontario). This species is similar to P. detersa, differing primarily by the type of propagules formed along the lobe margins: granular to weakly coralloid isidia and few to many dorsiventral lobules instead of true soredia. A description of the species is provided and comparisons with similar species are given.

In an attempt to resolve their identity, 169 binomials appearing in Fink's 1935 lichen flora , but which have not previously been included in the U.S./Canada checklist, are examined.

Descriptions and a key for identification are provided for the North American representatives of the foliose lichen genus Anaptychia (Physciaceae). Five species are accepted for the North American mycota, and a sixth species presently in the North American checklist, A. isidiata, is excluded, since its single report was based on a misidentification. Anaptychia crinalis is shown to be the correct name for the North American taxon presently referred to as A. setifera. Variolaric acid is reported from the genus for the first time.

A phylogenetic and taxonomic study of the Physconia distorta morphotype complex was undertaken using ITS nu-rDNA as a molecular marker to re-evaluate this group. The analysis incorporated several samples of European P. distorta and also of American and European populations, recently named as P. americana. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. distorta and the European population of P. americana form two monophyletic and partially sympatric species and that both are distinct from the American species P. americana. Because differences in upper cortex anatomy had been used in establishing P. americana as distinct from P. distorta, the anatomy of the upper cortex was restudied in all three of these taxa, and notable differences were revealed. Our study confirmed that the upper cortex of P. distorta is prosoplectenchymatous with thick hyphal cell walls and narrow lumina, and that American specimens of P. americana have a typical paraplectenchymatous upper cortex. The cortex anatomy of both of these looks essentially the same in both longitudinal and transverse sections. Conversely, the European specimens that have been called P. americana are different from both of these. The cells of the upper cortex are rather thin walled, and in transverse lobe sections the cortex closely resembles a paraplectenchyma. However, in longitudinal lobe sections these thin walled cells can be seen to be elongate and ramified, obviously hyphal in nature, and better meeting the criteria of a prosoplectenchyma. The results confirmed the evolutionary pattern and taxonomic assessment of the anatomy of the upper cortex in the genus Physconia and revealed a common undescribed species (P. thorstenii sp. nov.) that can be added to the North African and Southern Euro-Asiatic lichen flora.

Aalto-Korte, K., A. Lauerma & K. Alanko. 2005. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from lichens in present-day Finland. Contact Dermatitis 52: 36–38, 1 tab. [Presents several case studies.] Ahmed, Z. & P. Langer. 2004. Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of c-alkylidenebutenolides: application to the synthesis of vulpinic acid. Journal of Organic Chemistry 69: 3753–3757, 1 tab., 2 schemes. Alebic-Juretic, A. & M. Arko-Pijevac. 2005. Lichens as indicators of air pollution in the city of Rijeka, Croatia. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 14: 40–43, 4 figs. Amo, G. & A. R. Burgaz. 2005. Contribucion a la flora liquenica epifitica del Hayedo de Montejo de la Sierra (Madrid) [Contribution to the catalogue of the epiphytic lichen flora of ‘Hayedo de Montejo’ (Madrid)]. Botanica Complutensis 29: 13–22, 1 fig., 1 tab. Andersson, M. S. & S. R. Gradstein. 2005. Impact of management intensity on non-vascular epiphyte diversity in cacao plantations in western Ecuador. Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 1101–1120, 6 figs., 2 tabs. Andreas, B. K., R. E. Showman & M. H. Zloba. 2005. Formation of the Ohio Moss and Lichen Association, and report of the first fall foray to the Edge of Appalachia Preserve System, Adams Co., Ohio. Evansia 22: 90–100, 2 tabs. Antesberger, B. & R. Turk. 2004. Die Flechtenflora der Stadt Salzburg. Ein Streifzug durch einen sich verandernden Lebensraum. NOEO Wissenschaftsmagazin 2004: 22–25, 6 photos. [Popular article.] Antonelli, M. L., L. Campanella & P. Ercole. 2005. Lichen-based biosensor for the determination of benzene and 2-chlorophenol: microcalorimetric and amperometric investigations. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 381: 1041– 1048, 4 figs., 2 tabs. [Use of Evernia prunastri.] Aptroot, A. & L. I. Ferraro. 2005. Nueva especies y registros interesantes de pyrenoliquenes para Argentina y Paraguay [New species and interesting records of pyrenolichens in Argentina and Paraguay.]. Kurtziana 31: 59–67, 2 pls. (color photos). [New: Trypethelium spectabile sp. nov. (Argentina).] Aragon, G., M. A. G. Otalora & I. Martinez. 2005. New data on the genus Leptogium (lichenized ascomycetes) in the Iberian Peninsula. Nova Hedwigia 80: 199–226, 19 figs., 2 tabs., 1 append. [Notes on 20 spp., plus a key.] Armstrong, R. A. 2003. Lobe growth in foliose lichen thalli. Current Topics in Plant Biology 4: 129–138, 4 figs., 1 tab. [Study of Parmelia conspersa and P. glabratula var. fuliginosa.] ———. 2005. Growth curves of four crustose lichens. Symbiosis 38: 47–57, 4 figs., 3 tabs. [Study of Buellia aethalea, Lecidea tumida, Rhizocarpon geographicum, R. reductum.] Arup, U. 2004. Three overlooked Lecidea species in Sweden. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 34: 39–48, 8 figs., 2 tabs. [Notes on ‘‘Lecidea’’ ahlesii, Lecidea confluentula and L. promixta. Incl. several small DNA phylogenetic studies.] Aslan, A., A. Vězda, K. Yazici & Y. Karagoz. 2005. New foliicolous lichen records for lichen flora of Turkey. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 26: 61–66, 1 fig. [New to Turkey: Byssoloma subdiscordans, Fellhanera bouteillei, Gyalectidium caucasicum, G. colchicum, Strigula elegans.] Backor, M. & D. Fahselt. 2005. Tetrazolium reduction as an indicator of environmental stress in lichens and isolated bionts. Environmental and Experimental Botany 53: 125– 133, 4 figs. Baldwin, L. K. & G. E. Bradfield. 2005. Bryophyte community differences between edge and interior environments in * The cumulative database for this series is available in searchable form on the World Wide Web at: http://www.toyen. uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/sok_rll.htm ** I owe special thanks to Bill Buck for providing copies of papers by other authors, which were otherwise unavailable to me, and also to the numerous cooperating authors who continue to send their reprints and books for inclusion in this series. Note: My tenure as the compiler of these lists ends with this issue (no. 200), and the endeavor will (once again) be taken over by Dr. Robert Egan [Dept. of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, U.S.A.; e-mail: regan@mail. unomaha.edu ). Please send copies of all your lichen publications to Bob, so that these literature lists and the database that has grown from them will continue to be as comprehensive and useful as possible. Hopefully, most of you will continue to send your publications to me as well.

Microbial symbionts are instrumental to the ecological and long-term evolutionary success of their hosts, and the central role of symbiotic interactions is increasingly recognized across the vast majority of life. Lichens provide an iconic group for investigating patterns in species interactions; however, relationships among lichen symbionts are often masked by uncertain species boundaries or an inability to reliably identify symbionts. The species-rich lichen-forming fungal family Parmeliaceae provides a diverse group for assessing patterns of interactions of algal symbionts, and our study addresses patterns of lichen symbiont interactions at the largest geographic and taxonomic scales attempted to date. We analysed a total of 2356 algal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences collected from lichens representing ten mycobiont genera in Parmeliaceae, two genera in Lecanoraceae and 26 cultured Trebouxia strains. Algal ITS sequences were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs); we attempted to validate the evolutionary independence of a subset of the inferred OTUs using chloroplast and mitochondrial loci. We explored the patterns of symbiont interactions in these lichens based on ecogeographic distributions and mycobiont taxonomy. We found high levels of undescribed diversity in Trebouxia, broad distributions across distinct ecoregions for many photobiont OTUs and varying levels of mycobiont selectivity and specificity towards the photobiont. Based on these results, we conclude that fungal specificity and selectivity for algal partners play a major role in determining lichen partnerships, potentially superseding ecology, at least at the ecogeographic scale investigated here. To facilitate effective communication and consistency across future studies, we propose a provisional naming system for Trebouxia photobionts and provide representative sequences for each OTU circumscribed in this study.

AGUIRRE-HUDSON, B. 2005. [Review] P. Dobbeler & G. Rambold (eds.). Contributions to lichenology: Festschrift in honour of Hannes Hertel. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: 739 pp. J. Cramer, Berlin. 2004. THE BRYOLOGIST 108: 340. ALEXEEVA, N. 2005. Lichens from islands in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland [Samblikud Venemaale kuuluvatel Soome lahe saartel]. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 41: 5–12, 1 fig., 1 tab. [Lists 171 spp.] ANDERSEN, H. L. & S. EKMAN. 2005. Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota): a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences. Mycological Research 109: 21–30, 2 figs. APTROOT, A. 2005. [Review] R. Turk, J. Hafellner & C. Taurer-Zeiner. Die Flechten Karntens. Eine Bestandsaufnahme nach mehr als einem Jahrhundert lichenologischer Forschungen. 333 pp. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fur Karnten, Klagenfurt. 2004. Lichenologist 37: 275. APTROOT, A., P. CZARNOTA, I. JURIADO, J. KOCOURKOVA, M. KUKWA, P. LOHMUS, Z. PALICE, T. RANDLANE, L. SAAG, E. SERUSIAUX, H. SIPMAN, L. B. SPARRIUS, A. SUIJA & H. THUS. 2005. New or interesting lichens and lichenicolous fungi found during the 5th IAL Symposium in Estonia [IAL5 sumpoosioni ajal Eestist leitud uued ning huvipakkuvad samblikud ja lihhenikoolsed seened]. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 41: 13– 22. [Lists 74 species, with 30 of them new to Estonia: Absconditella celata, A. dellutula, A. sphagnorum, Bacidia adastra, B. caligans, Bacidina chloroticula, Cladonia monomorpha, Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata, Lecanora subcarpinea, Lecidella flavosorediata, Micarea anterior, M. lutulata, M. micrococca, Ramonia aff. nigra, Rinodina degeliana, Thelocarpon lichenicola, Trapelia involuta, Verrucaria bryoctona, V. dolosa, Arthonia digitatae, A. galactinaria, Cercidospora macrospora, Cornutispora lichenicola, Marchandiomyces aurantiacus, Merismatium heterophractum, Phoma epiphyscia, Pronectria xanthoriae, Telogalla olivieri, Trichonectria anisospora, T. hirta.] ARUP, U. & M. WESTBERG. 2005. Candelariella medians

Aim The global distribution of the European species of Melanelia Essl. (Lichenes: Parmeliaceae) was investigated in order to understand their distribution patterns against the background of ecogeographical and historical factors. Location The location of the study is global, with a local emphasis on Europe. Methods Geographical distribution and ecology of the species were investigated on the basis of herbarium studies and data from the literature as well as field observations. Distribution maps were created with ArcView GIS. The distribution patterns are expressed as three-dimensional ‘areal formulas’, regarding zonal distribution, altitudinal range and oceanicity, using a previously described method. The observed distribution patterns are discussed on the basis of their analogies with vascular plants and with respect to the ecogeographical vs. historical factors reflected by them. Results With the exception of one species that is endemic to Europe, all species studied occur in both northern continents. A number of species have tropical-alpine outposts, and two species occur also in extratropical zones of the southern hemisphere. Arctic and boreal distributions are circumpolar, while in the southern holarctic zones an affinity to the western sides of both northern continents is frequent. Main conclusions The distribution patterns appear to be mainly determined by contemporary ecogeographical factors. Most species probably have largely filled their potential distribution, at least within the Holarctic. Thus, the geographical origin and dispersal history of a species cannot reliably be reconstructed; they can be dissimilar in different species with similar distributions.

ACTON, A. & A. GRIFFITH. 2004. Lichens of Rowan in western Scotland. British Lichen Society Bulletin 94: 22–23. [Lecture presented at the British Lichen Society Annual General Meeting, 10th Jan. 2004.] AGNELLO, G., O. MANNEVILLE & J. ASTA. 2004. Mousses et lichens, bioindicateurs (s.l.) de l’etat des zones humides: exemples de quatre sites proteges du Departement de l’Isere (France). Revue d’Ecologie: la Terre et la Vie 59: 147–162. 5 fig. 6 tab. ALONSO, F. L. & J. M. EGEA. 1996. Contribucion a los liquenes calcicolas y terricolas de algunas localidades costeras del sur de Espana [Calcicolous and terricolous lichens of some coastal localities of southern Spain]. Anales de Biologia (Biologia Vegetal) 21: 55–72. 1 fig. 1 tab. [Lists 137 taxa.] ALONSO, F. L. & J. M. EGEA. 1999. Liquenes epifitos de algunas localidades costeras delsur y sureste de Espana [Epiphytes lichens of some coastal localities of south and southern Spain]. Anales de Biologia (Biologia Vegetal) 22: 125–134. 1 fig. [Lists 108 taxa.] ANDERSEN, H. L. & S. EKMAN. 2004. Phylogeny of the Micareaceae inferred from nrSSU DNA sequences. Lichenologist 36: 27–35. 1 fig. Anon. 2004. Stonehenge lichen puzzle. Pharmaceutical Journal 272: 132. 1 photo. [News note.] Anon. 2004. Vagrant lichen charged in elk deaths. Castilleja 23: 1. [It’s possible that the usnic acid in Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa is responsible for the death of several hundred wild elk in Wyoming.] ANTOINE, M. E. & B. MCCUNE. 2004. Contrasting fundamental and realized ecological niches with epiphytic lichen transplants in an old-growth Pseudotsuga forest. THE BRYOLOGIST 107: 163–173. 4 fig. 2 tab. [Field experiments with Lobaria oregana, L. pulmonaria, Letharia vulpina, and Usnea scabrata. ‘‘Three lichen transplant experiments examined the effect of height in the canopy on the growth rates of four lichen species, using the Wind River Canopy Crane in an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest in the Cascade Range of southern Washington.’’] APTROOT, A. & M. P. BERG. 2004. Collembola help lichens in competition with algae. Lichenologist 36: 167–169. 1 fig. [Collembolans sheltered under thalli of Xanthoparmelia conspersa on granite megalithic monuments apparently produce an algal-free zone around the thalli by grazing.] ARAGON, A., I. MARTINEZ & M. A. G. OTALORA. 2004. The lichen Leptogium subaridum, a new Mediterranean-NW American disjunction. Lichenologist 36

ADLER, M. & S. CALVELO. 2002. Parmeliaceae species (lichenized Ascomycetes) from Tierra del Fuego (southern South America) and their world distribution patterns. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fur Allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg 30–32: 9–24. 12 maps. [36 species in 18 genera are reported, with biogeographical analyis and maps. Brief descriptions and a key for nine species. From the ‘‘Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of Latin American Lichenologists,’’ GLAL4, in Bariloche, Argentina, 1999. Published also as the first volume of a series, ‘‘Biodiversity and Ecology.’’] ADLER, M. T. & C. ESTRABOU. 2000. Los generos de Parmeliaceae sensu stricto (Ascomycota liquenizados) de la provincia de Cordoba, Republica Argentina. Kurtziana 28: 297–307. [A key and descriptions for fourteen parmelioid genera are provided.] ANDERSON, L. E. 2003. William Louis Culberson, 1929– 2003. Flora—A Newsletter for The Friends of the Sarah P. Duke Gardens 41: 1–2. Anonymous (ED.). 2003. To Remove or Modify the Survey and Manage Mitigation Measure Standards and Guidelines. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service & U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Portland, Oregon. 334 pages. [Includes some data on lichens.] APTROOT, A. 2003. A new perspective on the sorediate Punctelia (Parmeliaceae) species of North America. THE BRYOLOGIST 106: 317–319. 1 fig. [Reinterpretation of several taxa. Provides a key to North American and European species.] APTROOT, A. & P. W. JAMES. 2002. Monitoring lichens on monuments, pp. 239–253. 3 fig. In P. L. Nimis, C. Scheidegger & P. A. Wolseley (eds.), Monitoring with Lichens—Monitoring Lichens. Nato Science Series. IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences 7. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. [Review.] APTROOT, A. & R. LUCKING. 2003. Phenotype-based phylogenetic analysis does not support generic separation of Gyalidea and Solorinella (Ostropales: Asterothyriaceae), pp. 53–78. 6 fig. 1 tab. In M. Jensen (ed.), Lichenological Contributions in Honour of G.B. Feige. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 86. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. APTROOT, A. & U. SCHIEFELBEIN. 2003. Additional species of Cheiromycina (lichenized hyphomycetes), with a key to the known species. Mycological Research 107: 104–107. 10 fig. [New: Cheiromycina globosa sp. nov. (Germany), C. ananas sp. nov. (U.S.A., Maryland).] APTROOT, A., H. J. M. SIPMAN & J. L. SPIER. 2003. Di

ADAMO, P., A. BASILE, R. CASTALDO COBIANCHI, S. GIORDANO, S. SORBO, S. VINGIANI & P. VIOLANTE. 2001. Monitoraggio dell’inquinamento atmosferico nell’area metropolitana de Napoli mediante l’impiego di ‘‘moss’’ e ‘‘lichen bags’’. Notiziario della Societa Lichenologica Italiana 14: 48–49. AHMAN, B. & G. AHMAN. 1994. Radiocesium in Swedish reindeer after the Chernobyl fallout: seasonal variations and long-term decline. Health Physics 66: 503– 512. 5 fig. 2 tab. AHMAN, B., S. M. WRIGHT & B. J. HOWARD. 2001. Effect of origin of radiocaesium on the transfer from fallout to reindeer meat. Science of the Total Environment 278: 171–181. 3 fig. 5 tab. ALLISIARDI, C. 2001. Indagini lichenologiche nel Vallone del Valasco–Parco Naturale Alpi Marittime (Cuneo). Notiziario della Societa Lichenologica Italiana 14: 79– 80. [Abstract.] APTROOT, A. & P. W. JAMES. 2002. Monitoring lichens on monuments, pp. 239–253. 3 fig. In P. L. Nimis, C. Scheidegger & P. A. Wolseley (eds.), Monitoring with Lichens–Monitoring Lichens. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands. [Review.] APTROOT, A. & H. J. M. SIPMAN. 2001. New Hong Kong lichens, ascomycetes and lichenicolous fungi. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 91: 317–343. 30 fig. [New: Anisomeridium tetrasporum sp. nov., Biatorella saxicola sp. nov., Granulopyrenis seawardii sp. nov. (non-lichenized), Milospium planorbis sp. nov., Obryzum striguloides sp. nov. (on Agonimia vouauxii), Ocellularia palaeoamplior sp. nov., Ramalina seawardii sp. nov., R. throwerae sp. nov. (all from Hong Kong only). New to Asia: Anisomeridium albisedum, A. endobryum, Arthopyrenia saxicola, Bacidia egenula, Dimelaena tenuis, Mazosia ocellata, Thelocarpon superellum. New to China: Anisomeridium biforme, Arthonia lividula, A. palmulacea, Bactrospora myriadea, Byssoloma subdiscordans, Calopadia phyllogena, C. subcoerulescens, Chiodecton congestulum, Cryptothecia candida, C. polymorpha, Dimerella pineti, Graphina acharii, G. marcescens, Graphis persicina, Lecidea aurigera, Lichenoconium lecanorae, Lichenostigma cosmopolites, Musaespora gigas (new to Northern Hemisphere), Pertusaria subventosa, P. xanthoplaca, Phylliscum testudineum, Placynthiella icmalea, Porina albicera, P. corruscans, Psora crystallifera (new to Northern Hemisphere), Pyrenula leucostoma, P. nitidula, Sporopodium lucidum (new to Northern Hemisphere), Strigula phaea, Verrucaria pinguicula.]

Sixteen species of brown parmelioids are reported from Greenland, including one species of Cetrariella, three species of Melanelia, two species of Melanelixia, six species of Melanohalea, and four species of Montanelia. Descriptions and a key are provided.

AASTRUP, P., F. RIGET, R. DIETZ & G. ASMUND. 2000. Lead, zinc, cadmium, mercury, selenium and copper in Greenland caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Science of the Total Environment 245: 149–159. 4 fig. 3 tab. ADRIAN-ROMERO, M., G. BLUNDEN, B. G. CARPENTER & E. TYIHAK. 1999. HPLC quantification of formaldehyde, as formaldemethone, in plants and plant-like organisms. Chromatographia 50: 160–166. 1 tab. [10 common UK lichens included.] AHTI, T. & P. T. DEPRIEST. 2001. New combinations of Cladina epithets in Cladonia (Ascomycotina: Cladoniaceae). Mycotaxon 77: 499–502. [New: Cladonia arbuscula subsp. boliviana (Ahti) comb. nov., C. arbuscula subsp. imshaugii (Ahti) comb. nov., C. arbuscula subsp. pachyderma (Ahti) comb. nov., C. argentea (Ahti) comb. nov., C. atrans (Ahti) comb. nov., C. ciliata f. flavicans (Florke) comb. nov., C. confusa f. bicolor (Mull. Arg.) comb. nov., C. densissima (Ahti) comb. nov., C. densissima f. decolorans (Ahti) comb. nov., C. halei (Ahti) comb. nov., C. kalbii (Ahti) comb. nov., C. kriegeri (Ahti & S. Stenroos) comb. nov., C. pycnoclada f. fuscescens (Ahti) comb. nov., C. rangiferina subsp. abbayesii (Ahti) comb. nov.] ALVAREZ ANDRES, J. & R. CARBALLAL DURAN. 2000. Flora liquenica sobre Quercus robur L. en Galicia (NW Espana) [Lichen flora of Quercus robur L. in Galicia, NW Spain]. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 21: 103–117. 7 fig. 2 tab. ANON. 1999. Lichens in coastal spruce forests can survive thinning. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 14: 197. [Brief news note on Norwegian forestry practice.] APTROOT, A. 2001. Lichenized and saprobic fungal biodiversity of a single Elaeocarpus tree in Papua New Guinea, with the report of 200 species of ascomycetes associated with one tree. Fungal Diversity 6: 1–11. 2 tab. [Includes 173 lichens, the largest number so far recorded from a single tree.] APTROOT, A. & R. LUCKING. 2001. The Sphaerella species described from Hymenophyllaceae (filmy ferns) belong to Strigula and Trichothelium (lichenized ascomycetes). Mycological Research 105: 510–512. 2 fig. [New: Trichothelium assurgens (Cooke) comb. nov.] APTROOT, A., L. SPARRIUS, K. VAN HERK & U. DE BRUYN. 2001. Origin and distribution of recently described lichens from the Netherlands. Aktuelle Lichenologische Mitteilungen, NF 5: 13–25. [Lists 337 species. New to France: Absonditella lignicola, Bacidia neosquamulosa, Lecanora compallens, Lecidea variegatula, Protoparmelia hypotremella. New to Luxembourg: Bacidia

AHTI, T. 2000. Arvo Jaakko Juhani Jalas (1920–1999). Taxon 49: 321–323. 1 fig. [Although best known for his work with vascular plants, this well known Finnish botanist’s early publications also included lichens and bryophytes.] AHTI, T. 2000. Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica, 78. Organization for Flora Neotropica and New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 362 pages. 215 fig. [Treatment of 4 genera, including Cladia (3 spp.), Cladina (16 spp.), Cladonia (164 spp.), and Pycnothelia (1 sp.). Also includes detailed introductory sections on history, morphology, chemistry, and biogeography, among others. New: Cladia globosa sp. nov. (Venezuela, Guyana), Cladina arbuscula subsp. boliviana (Ahti) comb. nov., C. arbuscula subsp. imshaugii (Ahti) comb. nov., C. arbuscula subsp. pachyderma subsp. nov. (Venezuela), C. atrans sp. nov. (Venezuela), C. kalbii sp. nov. (Brazil), C. kriegeri Ahti & S. Stenroos sp. nov. (Brazil), Cladonia anaemica (Nyl.) comb. nov., C. chimantae sp. nov. (Venezuela), C. cinerella sp. nov. (Bahama Archipelago, Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe), C. crustacea sp. nov. (Brazil), C. curta Ahti & Marcelli sp. nov. (Brazil), C. cyanescens sp. nov. (Venezuela, Peru), C. farinophylla sp. nov. (Paraguay, Brazil), C. glabra sp. nov. (Ecuador, Peru), C. hians sp. nov. (Venezuela, Colombia), C. huberi sp. nov. (Venezuela), C. itatiaiae Ahti & Marcelli sp. nov. (Brazil), C. latiloba Ahti & Marcelli sp. nov. (Brazil, Uruguay), C. lingulata sp. nov. (Dominican Republic), C. marcelli Ahti & S. Stenroos sp. nov. (Brazil), C. megaphylla Ahti & Marcelli sp. nov. (Brazil), C. multipartita (Mull. Arg.) comb. nov., C. obscurata sp. nov. (Brazil), C. obtecta sp. nov. (Brazil), C. parvipes (Vainio) S. Stenroos comb. nov., C. piedadensis sp. nov. (Brazil), C. polystomata Ahti & Sipman sp. nov. (Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana), C. prancei sp. nov. (Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru), C. pulverulenta (L. Scriba) comb. nov., C. pumila sp. nov. (Brazil), C. sipmanii sp. nov. (Guyana, Venezuela), C. spathulata sp. nov. (Dominican Republic), C. tachirae sp. nov. (Venezuela), Cladonia sect. Strepsiles sect. nov.] AHTI, T., MING-JOU LAI & ZHI-GUANG QIAN. 1999. Notes on the lichen flora of China: Parmeliaceae and Sphaerophoraceae. Fungal Science 14: 123–126. [New to China: Canoparmelia amazonica, Imshaugia aleurites, Parmelia omphalodes, P. masonii, and Parmelina tiliacea.] ALVAREZ ANDRES, J., A. TERRON ALFONSO & J. MARTINEZPINEIRO. 1999. Biodiversidad liquenica epifitica de Los Ancares (Leon, Lugo) en el NO de Espana [Epiphytic

Study of the morphology and chemistry in a large series of specimens from southern Africa has resulted in the recognition of ten new species of Neofuscelia and one new species of Paraparmelia. Additional notes on the chemistry, morphology, or distribution are given for 40 other species, and one new combination is made.

 Premise of the study: In spite of the recent advances in generic and species circumscriptions and in recognizing species diversity in lichen-forming fungi, the timing of speciation and the factors that promote diversifi cation in lichens remain largely unexplored. We used brown parmelioids as a model to assess the timing of divergence and explore the impact of geological and climatic events on lineage divergence and diversifi cation in lichenized fungi. Additionally, to clarify the phylogenetic position of the species currently placed in Melanelia disjuncta group, we evaluated the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships within Parmeliaceae.  Methods: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimates were inferred from a four-loci data set. Alternative hypotheses were tested using Shimodaira-Hasegawa and expected likelihood weights tests.  Key results: The M. disjuncta group forms a strongly supported, monophyletic lineage independent from Melanelia s.s. The M. disjuncta clade arose ca. 23.1 million years ago (Ma). Our results suggest that most of the lineages within the clade diversifi ed during the Miocene (17.6 to 11.2 Ma). The split of other brown parmelioids, such as Emodomelanelia - Melanelixia occurred ca. 41.70 Ma, and the radiation of Melanelixia began during the Eocene–Oligocene transition (ca. 33.75 Ma).  Conclusions: Montanelia is described here as a new genus to accommodate species of the Melanelia disjuncta group. Further, the study indicates that the current species delimitation within the newly described genus requires revision. We provide evidence of lineage divergence of Montanelia at the Oligocene–Miocene boundary. Our results indicate that the diversifi cation during Miocene would have happened during major mountain uplifts.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Diversification in neotropical regions has been attributed to both Tertiary geological events and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. However, the timing and processes driving speciation in these regions remain unexplored in many important groups. Here, we address the timing of diversification in the neotropical lichenized fungal genus Oropogon (Ascomycota) and assess traditional species boundaries. METHODS We analyzed sequence data from three loci to assess phenotypically circumscribed Oropogon species from the Oaxacan Highlands, Mexico. We provide a comparison of dated divergence estimates between concatenated gene trees and a calibrated multilocus species-tree using substitution rates for two DNA regions. We also compare estimates from a data set excluding ambiguously aligned regions and a data set including the hyper-variable regions in two ribosomal markers. KEY RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstructions were characterized by well-supported monophyletic clades corresponding to traditionally circumscribed species, with the exception of a single taxon. Divergence estimates indicate that most diversification of the sampled Oropogon species occurred throughout the Oligocene and Miocene, although diversification of a single closely related clade appears to have occurred during the late Pliocene and into the Pleistocene. Divergence estimates calculated from a data set with ambiguously aligned regions removed were much more recent than those from the full data set. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our analyses place the majority of divergence events of Oropogon species from the Oaxacan Highlands within the Neogene and provide strong evidence that climatic changes during the Pleistocene were not a major factor driving speciation in the lichenized genus Oropogon in neotropical highlands.

Background Factors promoting diversification in lichen symbioses remain largely unexplored. While Pleistocene events have been important for driving diversification and affecting distributions in many groups, recent estimates suggest that major radiations within some genera in the largest clade of macrolichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) vastly predate the Pleistocene. To better understand the temporal placement and sequence of diversification events in lichens, we estimated divergence times in a common lichen-forming fungal genus, Melanohalea, in the Northern Hemisphere. Divergence times were estimated using both concatenated gene tree and coalescent-based multilocus species tree approaches to assess the temporal context of major radiation events within Melanohalea. In order to complement our understanding of processes impacting genetic differentiation, we also evaluated the effects of Pleistocene glacial cycles on population demographics of distinct Melanohalea lineages, differing in reproductive strategies. Results We found that divergence estimates, from both concatenated gene tree and coalescent-based multilocus species tree approaches, suggest that diversification within Melanohalea occurred predominantly during the Miocene and Pliocene, although estimated of divergence times differed by up to 8.3 million years between the two methods. These results indicate that, in some cases, taxonomically diagnostic characters may be maintained among divergent lineages for millions of years. In other cases, similar phenotypic characters among non-sister taxa, including reproductive strategies, suggest the potential for convergent evolution due to similar selective pressures among distinct lineages. Our analyses provide evidence of population expansions predating the last glacial maximum in the sampled lineages. These results suggest that Pleistocene glaciations were not inherently unfavorable or restrictive for some Melanohalea species, albeit with apparently different demographic histories between sexually and vegetatively reproducing lineages. Conclusions Our results contribute to the understanding of how major changes during the Miocene and Pliocene have been important in promoting diversification within common lichen-forming fungi in the northern Hemisphere. Additionally, we provide evidence that glacial oscillations have influenced current population structure of broadly distributed lichenized fungal species throughout the Holarctic.

Accurate species circumscriptions are central for many biological disciplines and have critical implications for ecological and conservation studies. An increasing body of evidence suggests that in some cases traditional morphology-based taxonomy have underestimated diversity in lichen-forming fungi. Therefore, genetic data play an increasing role for recognizing distinct lineages of lichenized fungi that it would otherwise be improbable to recognize using classical phenotypic characters. Melanohalea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) is one of the most widespread and common lichen-forming genera in the northern Hemisphere. In this study, we assess traditional phenotype-based species boundaries, identify previously unrecognized species-level lineages and discuss biogeographic patterns in Melanohalea. We sampled 487 individuals worldwide, representing 18 of the 22 described Melanohalea species, and generated DNA sequence data from mitochondrial, nuclear ribosomal, and protein-coding markers. Diversity previously hidden within traditional species was identified using a genealogical concordance approach. We inferred relationships among sampled species-level lineages within Melanohalea using both concatenated phylogenetic methods and a coalescent-based multilocus species tree approach. Although lineages identified from genetic data are largely congruent with traditional taxonomy, we found strong evidence supporting the presence of previously unrecognized species in six of the 18 sampled taxa. Strong nodal support and overall congruence among independent loci suggest long-term reproductive isolation among most species-level lineages. While some Melanohalea taxa are truly widespread, a limited number of clades appear to have much more restricted distributional ranges. In most instances the concatenated gene tree and multilocus species tree approaches provided similar estimates of relationships. However, nodal support was generally higher in the phylogeny estimated from concatenated data, and relationships among taxa within one major clade were largely unresolved in the species tree. This study contributes to our understanding of diversity and evolution in common lichen-forming fungi by incorporating multiple locus sequence data to circumscribe morphologicallly cryptic lineages and infer relationships within a coalescent-based species tree approach.

The morphology and chemistry of the type specimens for the four species of brown Parmelia described by A. N. Oxner have been studied. The correct name for the widely distributed Northern Hemisphere taxon, now generally known as Melanelia substygia (Räsänen) Essl. (Parmelia substygia Räsänen), is now M. tominii (Oxner) Essl. Parmelia borisorum Oxner and Parmelia altaica Oxner are also synonyms of M. tominii. Parmelia teretiuscula Oxner is a synonym of Melanelia stygia (L.) Essl.

Culbersonia americana, a new foliose lichen genus and species, is described from the mountains of Arizona and Peru. Although it has a unique set of identifying characters and apparently belongs to the family Physciaceae, all the material seen so far lacks apothecia, and evidence for familial placement for now remains inconclusive.

A Bayesian analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences was used to infer phylogenetic relationships of 14 Physconia species. The analysis supports the monophyly of the genus. Three well supported clades can be distinguished within Physconia: the series griseae, venustae and pulverulentae. The relationships of these clades, however, is not resolved with confidence. Cortical characters are re-evaluated on the basis of the phylogenetic hypothesis. Anatomical features of the upper cortex are only diagnostic above the species level for two special forms of two-layered cortices, while morphological characters, such as lower surface and rhizine-type are characteristic for distinct clades. P. venusta and P. perisidiosa are not separated in this analysis, but populations of P. muscigena, and European and North American samples of P. americana are clearly distinct and the monophyly of both P. americana and P. muscigena s. lat. is rejected on the basis of a Bayesian hypothesis testing.

We compiled literature, intensively studied 15 sites as a group, and collected opportunistically in other areas of the Yosemite National Park. We report a total of 562 species of lichenized fungi from the Park, adding 461 species to the total of 101 species reported for the Park by the National Park Service database. An additional 22 lichenicolous fungi are reported here. Two nonlichenized fungi associated with young living twigs of particular host species are also included. An additional 75 species that are known from nearby areas in the Sierra Nevada, but not yet from Yosemite, are listed. Fourteen species are apparently newly reported for the Sierra Nevada, with an additional 17 species new to California, and five species new to North America ( Gyalidea fritzei, Pyrenopsis reducta, Lecanora pseudosarcopidoides, L. sarcopidoides, L. subravida ). Two taxonomic changes are included here: Verrucaria carbonusta Breuss is newly described, and Lecidea fuscoatrina Hertel & Leuckert is synonymized under the earlier but neglected name, L. cascadensis H. Magn.

In North America, the widespread sorediate lichen known as Hyperphyscia adglutinata is shown to be heterogeneous. It contains two distinct species, one with primarily laminal soralia and another with marginal soralia. The latter taxon is here described as the new species H. confusa. Hyperphyscia adglutinata and H. confusa have broadly overlapping distributions in North America, especially in the Midwest and Great Plains states. Where they are sympatric, H. confusa is generally the more common of the two. Descriptions and discussions for H. adglutinata and the two other sorediate North American species, H. minor and H. pyrithrocardia, are also included, along with a key for separation of the four species. Hyperphyscia pyrithrocardia is reported for the first time from North America.

A new species of foliose lichen, Physcia solistella Essl. & Egan, is described from central Texas, where it may be endemic. The species is characterized by the presence of numerous erect blastidia, and resembles an over-sized version of P. millegrana Degel., a very common species in much of eastern North America. Physcia solistella can be distinguished from the latter species by its larger thallus and lobes, larger ascospores, paraplectenchymatous lower cortex, and K+ yellow medulla.

The new lichenicolous ascomycete Haleomyces oropogonicola D. Hawksw. & Essl., gen. et sp. nov., is describedfrom thalli ofOropogon lopezii Essl. collected in Mexico and Venezuela. It is characterized by superficial perithecioid ascomata connected by stromatic tissue, periphyses, thin-walled I- asci, and colorless 1-septate ascospores. The systematic position of the fungus is problematic, but it is hesitatingly referred to Verrucariales. No lichenicolous fungi have previously been reported on Oropogon, but a synopsis of other fungi known from other alectorioid lichens is included. In the course of monographic studies of Oropogon Th.Fr. (Esslinger 1989), a distinctive lichenicolous ascomycete was discovered growing on thalli of specimens of 0. lopezii Essl. collected in the moun- tains of Mexico and Venezuela. No lichenicolous fungus has previously been reported from this lichen genus, and on examination it proved to represent a most unusual and undescribed pyrenocarpous genus and species combining features not normally ex- pected to occur in a single fungus. This new lichenicolous ascomycete is formally described here under the new generic name Hal- eomyces, in the memory of our colleague the late Mason E. Hale, Jr. (1928-1990), an outstanding lichenologist with an especial interest in macroli- chens and the neotropics.

Neofuscelia halei sp. nov. is describedfrom Spain and the Canary Islands. This species, named in honor of the late Dr. Mason E. Hale, Jr., differs from the related N. verruculifera (Nyl.) Essl. primarily by its production ofalectoronic and gyrophoric acids as major medullary compounds, rather than divaricatic acid, and by its much more limited geographic distribution.

The new species Parmelia masonii, an apparent Himalayan endemic, is distinguished from other members of the genus by the distinctive brown color, lack ofatranorin in the upper cortex, and presence of fatty acids or fumarprotocetraric acid, or both, in the medulla. The lichen genus Parmelia is now known to contain a total of 39 species. In his recent monograph of the genus Parmelia (s.s.), Hale (1987) included 38 species. Asia is ap- parently the major center of diversity for the genus, with a total of 17 species including 10 endemics. Hale reported eight species as occurring in the Hi- malayas, although none of them is endemic to that region. It is therefore interesting to report the ex- istence of a previously undescribed species, appar- ently endemic to the Himalayan region and at pres- ent known only from Nepal. This species is named in honor of the late Dr. Mason E. Hale, Jr., the preeminent student of the Parmeliaceae.

Physciella, a new genus in the lichen family Physciaceae, is described and compared to its closest relatives. A combination of characters, including its prosoplectenchymatous, pale lower cortex, its lack of atranorin in the upper cortex, and its short, ellipsoid conidia, distinguish it from Physcia and Phaeophyscia. Four species, Ph. chloantha, Ph. denigrata, Ph. melanchra, and Ph. nepalensis are currently placed in the new genus.

Three previously unknown members of the lichen genus Neofuscelia Essl. are described: N. esterhuyseniae Essl., N. nonreagens Essl., and N. pseudoloriloba Essl. New South African records for other members of the genus are given as well, and N. subimitatrix (Essl.) Essl. is reported from New Zealand for the first time. Apothecia of the recently described South African genus Almbornia Essl. have been observed for the first time and they are typically parmeliaceous.

The new lichen genus Almbornia, characterized by a densely agglutinated, proso–plectenchymatous medulla, is described from South Africa. It is tentatively assigned to the Parmeliaceae, allied perhaps to Neofuscelia.