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Background: Researchers take different positions when describing the effects of infrasound on the human body. Although several studies investigated the likely harmful effects of infrasound exposure from wind turbines a significant connection has not been found yet. There is evidence that infrasound interacts with cell metabolism and may disrupt cell membrane integrity.Objectives: The suggested impairment of the cells' ultrastructure by infrasound leads to the question of whether infrasound can be therapeutically used, for instance in cancer therapy. This review provides the current state of the literature.Method: Current literature on infrasound in cancer therapy including all studies with the search terms 'cancer' and 'infrasound' were identified and reviewed until the year 2020.Results: The present state of research reveals promising effects of targeted infrasound in cancer therapy. Infrasound directly affects the tumor cells' ultrastructure and seems to sensitize several types of cancer to chemotherapy, presumably due to membrane permeabilization. The application of infrasound on tumor cells without other therapeutic agents demonstrates different effects that probably depend on the type of cells, the applied frequency and sound pressure level as well as the time of exposure.Conclusions: The mechanism of infrasound on cancer cells is not completely understood yet, hence, further studies have to be conducted to clarify the ultrastructural and metabolic changes inside the tumor cells. The development of suitable infrasound generators for the application in a clinical setting would be an important course of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly immunosuppressive malignancy. Exosomes in HNSCC patients' plasma are enriched in inhibitory cargo and mediate immunosuppression. As these exosomes are products of various cells, the cellular origin of immunoregulatory proteins they carry is unknown. To test whether tumour‐ or T cell‐derived exosomes in patients' plasma are immunosuppressive and impact upon disease activity, we separated CD3(–) from CD3(+) exosomes by immunocapture using anti‐CD3 antibodies. The exosome protein cargo was evaluated for immunoregulatory proteins using on‐bead flow cytometry. Tumour protein‐enriched CD3(–) exosomes were CD44v3(+). Surprisingly, mean levels of programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) were similar in CD3(+) and CD3(–) exosomes, although the latter induced higher (P < 0·0025) ex‐vivo apoptosis of CD8(+) T cells and greater (P < 0·005) conversion of CD4+ T cells to CD4(+)CD39(+) regulatory T cells (Treg). CD3(+) and CD3(–) exosomes carrying high levels of immunosuppressive proteins were highly effective in mediating these functions. Exosomes of patients with Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stages III/IV disease had higher levels of PD‐L1 and COX‐2 than stages I/II patients (P < 0·005). Patients with nodal involvement had exosomes with the higher inhibitory protein content than N0 patients (P < 0·03). CD3(+) and CD3(–) exosomes of HNSCC patients had higher PD‐L1, COX‐2 and CD15s levels than healthy donors' exosomes (P < 0·009), although levels of immunostimulatory OX40 or OX40L were not different. By isolating CD3(–)/CD44v3‐enriched and CD3(+) exosomes from plasma, the cellular origins of immunoregulatory proteins they carry were identified. Association of exosome molecular profiles with disease progression supports the exosome potential as future cancer biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury can result in frontobasal fractures (FBF). The goals of treatment for FBF are to eliminate primary morbidity and/or prevent secondary morbidity. Of particular importance in this regard is the proximity of important sensory organs for hearing, vision, smell, and taste, as well as their supplying nervous structures. Medical history, clinical findings, or CT scan are necessary and should lead to an individual evaluation. Depending on the severity of the fractures, the following disciplines may be involved in the treatment of FBF: neurosurgery, plastic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and/or otorhinolaryngology. Particularly less invasive endoscopic endonasal therapy is a specialty of otorhinolaryngologic surgeons and has not been widely established in other disciplines. The present work provides an overview of the current state of the art in terms of the following aspects, taking into account the current literature: anatomic principles, classification of fractures, diagnostics (in particular clinical examination, imaging, and laboratory chemistry tests), clinical symptoms, and treatment., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Background: Researchers take different positions when describing the effects of infrasound on the human body. Although several studies investigated the likely harmful effects of infrasound exposure from wind turbines a significant connection has not been found yet. There is evidence that infrasound interacts with cell metabolism and may disrupt cell membrane integrity., Objectives: The suggested impairment of the cells' ultrastructure by infrasound leads to the question of whether infrasound can be therapeutically used, for instance in cancer therapy. This review provides the current state of the literature., Method: Current literature on infrasound in cancer therapy including all studies with the search terms 'cancer' and 'infrasound' were identified and reviewed until the year 2020., Results: The present state of research reveals promising effects of targeted infrasound in cancer therapy. Infrasound directly affects the tumor cells' ultrastructure and seems to sensitize several types of cancer to chemotherapy, presumably due to membrane permeabilization. The application of infrasound on tumor cells without other therapeutic agents demonstrates different effects that probably depend on the type of cells, the applied frequency and sound pressure level as well as the time of exposure., Conclusions: The mechanism of infrasound on cancer cells is not completely understood yet, hence, further studies have to be conducted to clarify the ultrastructural and metabolic changes inside the tumor cells. The development of suitable infrasound generators for the application in a clinical setting would be an important course of action., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced their work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly immunosuppressive malignancy. Exosomes in HNSCC patients' plasma are enriched in inhibitory cargo and mediate immunosuppression. As these exosomes are products of various cells, the cellular origin of immunoregulatory proteins they carry is unknown. To test whether tumour- or T cell-derived exosomes in patients' plasma are immunosuppressive and impact upon disease activity, we separated CD3 (-) from CD3 (+) exosomes by immunocapture using anti-CD3 antibodies. The exosome protein cargo was evaluated for immunoregulatory proteins using on-bead flow cytometry. Tumour protein-enriched CD3 (-) exosomes were CD44v3 (+) . Surprisingly, mean levels of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were similar in CD3 (+) and CD3 (-) exosomes, although the latter induced higher (P < 0·0025) ex-vivo apoptosis of CD8 (+) T cells and greater (P < 0·005) conversion of CD4 + T cells to CD4 (+) CD39 (+) regulatory T cells (T reg ). CD3 (+) and CD3 (-) exosomes carrying high levels of immunosuppressive proteins were highly effective in mediating these functions. Exosomes of patients with Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stages III/IV disease had higher levels of PD-L1 and COX-2 than stages I/II patients (P < 0·005). Patients with nodal involvement had exosomes with the higher inhibitory protein content than N0 patients (P < 0·03). CD3 (+) and CD3 (-) exosomes of HNSCC patients had higher PD-L1, COX-2 and CD15s levels than healthy donors' exosomes (P < 0·009), although levels of immunostimulatory OX40 or OX40L were not different. By isolating CD3 (-) /CD44v3-enriched and CD3 (+) exosomes from plasma, the cellular origins of immunoregulatory proteins they carry were identified. Association of exosome molecular profiles with disease progression supports the exosome potential as future cancer biomarkers., (© 2018 British Society for Immunology.)

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a palliative treatment option for a selected group of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PDT induces a local inflammatory reaction with the potential to initiate antitumor immune responses. However, the systemic impact on peripheral immune cells has not been described so far., Methods: HNSCC patients (n=9) were treated with PDT in a palliative setting. All patients had previously undergone several oncologic treatment regimens. Blood samples were taken before, during and after PDT. Age-matched healthy donors served as control group (NC, n=15). The frequency and absolute number of T- and B-lymphocytes, CD4 + CD39 + regulatory T-cells (Treg) and NK-cells were measured by 10-color flow cytometry. Serum concentrations of T cell related cytokine panel, including HMGB1, IL-6, IL-10 and perforin were measured by bead array and ELISA., Results: In heavily pretreated HNSCC patients, the number and frequency of Treg and NK-cells were increased as compared to NC. PDT induced a further increase of the frequency of Treg and NK-cells in the peripheral blood. Additionally, the serum concentrations of HMGB1, IL-6 and IL-10 showed a significant elevation after treatment with simultaneously decreased perforin levels., Conclusion: Although PDT is a local treatment regimen, a systemic inflammatory response with altered peripheral immune cell populations and cytokine concentrations is visible. The increased Treg and NK cell numbers after PDT support the hypothesis that PDT may successfully be combined with NK cell or T cell activating immune checkpoint modulators in HNSCC patients to improve HNSCC specific immunity., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Primary mucosal malignant melanoma of the head and neck is a rare tumor entity with poor clinical outcome. Its growth pattern is characterized by an infiltrative and local destructive behavior. So far no risk factors could be identified. There are practically no early symptoms of the disease, as intermitting nose bleeding or nasal obstruction typically occur in advanced stage. The standard of care remains radical tumor resection with adjuvant radiation in cases of close margin resection. Other therapeutic options like the use of interferon, antibodies or conventional chemotherapeutics have not demonstrated significant clinical benefit so far. Current efforts to investigate the biological and genomic characteristics of these tumors have been constrained by its low incidence. In order to better characterize this rare tumor entity and to establish effective novel targeted therapies it will be necessary to establish an interdisciplinary and multicentric task force., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)