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2. Awareness and availability of micronutrients powders among mothers and caregivers of children aged 6 - 59 months in Zanzibar City.

Author

Nahdi, Rania and Mosha, Theobald C. E.

Abstract

Background: Micronutrient powders (MNP) are designed to supplement micronutrients in foods consumed by children or pregnant women in settings where micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent. Organisations, including humanitarian agencies, the Ministry of Health, and non- governmental organisations distribute them. This study aimed to assess the awareness and availability of micronutrient powders (MNPs) among mothers and caregivers in Zanzibar City. The study specifically aimed to assess the understanding of MNPs among mothers and caregivers and to assess the use of MNPs among children in Zanzibar. Methods: The study employed a longitudinal design, whereby data were collected at a single point in time over two months. A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed. Purposive sampling was used to identify sellers of MNPs sachets. A total of 365 respondents were surveyed, comprising two MNPs sellers in Zanzibar and 263 caregivers and mothers in Zanzibar. The former was interviewed face-to-face, while the latter completed a pre-tested questionnaire and checklists. However, the study involved three focus group discussions with customers of MNPs, namely mothers and caregivers, to collect data. Results: The results indicated that most mothers and caregivers were unaware of the MNPs. The product was not readily available or used during the study period. Furthermore, there was a lack of clarity regarding the product among mothers and caregivers. The mothers and caregivers believed that the MNPs were a strategy for vaccinating their children and/or making them infertile. Conclusions: Community health workers needed training to counsel mothers and caregivers appropriately. Further research is required to ascertain the beliefs and social norms regarding MNPs among parents of children under five in Zanzibar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. XIPE: the x-ray imaging polarimetry explorer

Author

Soffitta, Paolo, Bellazzini, Ronaldo, Bozzo, Enrico, Burwitz, Vadim, Castro Tirado, Alberto, Costa, Enrico, Courvoisier, Thierry, Feng, Hua, Gburek, Szymon, Goosmann, Rene', Karas, Vladimir, Matt, Giorgio, Muleri, Fabio, Nandra, Kirpal, Pearce, Mark, Poutanen, Juri, Reglero, Victor, Graziati, Maria Dolores, Santangelo, Andrea, Tagliaferri, Gianpiero, Tenzer, Christopher, Vink, Jacco, Weisskopf, Martin, Zane, Silvia, Agudo, I, Antonelli, A, Attina, P, Baldini, L, Bykov, A, Carpentiero, R, Cavazzuti, E, Churazov, E, Del Monte, E, De Martino, D, Donnarumma, I, Doroshenko, V, Evangelista, Y, Ferreira, I, Gallo, E, Grosso, N, Kaaret, P, Kuulkers, E, Laranaga, J, Latronico, L, Lumb, DH, Macian, J, Malzac, J, Marin, F, Massaro, E, Minuti, M, Mundell, C, Ness, JU, Oosterbroek, T, Paltani, S, Pareschi, G, Perna, R, Petrucci, P-O, Pinazo, HB, Pinchera, M, Rodriguez, JP, Roncadelli, M, Santovincenzo, A, Sazonov, S, Sgro, C, Spiga, D, Svoboda, J, Theobald, C, Theodorou, T, Turolla, R, Wilhelmi de Ona, E, Winter, B, Akbar, AM, Allan, H, Aloisio, R, Altamirano, D, Amati, L, Amato, E, Angelakis, E, Arezu, J, Atteia, J-L, Axelsson, M, Bachetti, M, Ballo, L, Balman, S, Bandiera, R, Barcons, X, Basso, S, Baykal, A, Becker, W, Behar, E, Beheshtipour, B, Belmont, R, Berger, E, Bernardini, F, Bianchi, S, Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G, Blasi, P, Blay, P, Bodaghee, A, and Boer, M

Subjects
X-ray Astronomy, Polarimetry, X-ray optics, Gas Pixel Detector
Abstract

XIPE, the X-ray Imaging Polarimetry Explorer, is a mission dedicated to X-ray Astronomy. At the time of writing XIPE is in a competitive phase A as fourth medium size mission of ESA (M4). It promises to reopen the polarimetry window in high energy Astrophysics after more than 4 decades thanks to a detector that efficiently exploits the photoelectric effect and to X-ray optics with large effective area. XIPE uniqueness is time-spectrally-spatially-resolved X-ray polarimetry as a breakthrough in high energy astrophysics and fundamental physics. Indeed the payload consists of three Gas Pixel Detectors at the focus of three X-ray optics with a total effective area larger than one XMM mirror but with a low weight. The payload is compatible with the fairing of the Vega launcher. XIPE is designed as an observatory for X-ray astronomers with 75 % of the time dedicated to a Guest Observer competitive program and it is organized as a consortium across Europe with main contributions from Italy, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Poland, Sweden.

Published
2016

4. XIPE: The X-ray imaging polarimetry explorer

Author

Soffitta, P, Bellazzini, R, Bozzo, E, Burwitz, V, Castro-Tirado, AJ, Costa, E, Courvoisier, T, Feng, H, Gburek, S, Goosmann, R, Karas, V, Matt, G, Muleri, F, Nandra, K, Pearce, M, Poutanen, J, Reglero, V, Sabau Maria, D, Santangelo, A, Tagliaferri, G, Tenzer, C, Vink, J, Weisskopf, MC, Zane, S, Agudo, I, Antonelli, A, Attina, P, Baldini, L, Bykov, A, Carpentiero, R, Cavazzuti, E, Churazov, E, Del Monte, E, De Martino, D, Donnarumma, I, Doroshenko, V, Evangelista, Y, Ferreira, I, Gallo, E, Grosso, N, Kaaret, P, Kuulkers, E, Laranaga, J, Latronico, L, Lumb, DH, Macian, J, Malzac, J, Marin, F, Massaro, E, Minuti, M, Mundell, C, Ness, JU, Oosterbroek, T, Paltani, S, Pareschi, G, Perna, R, Petrucci, PO, Pinazo, HB, Pinchera, M, Rodriguez, JP, Roncadelli, M, Santovincenzo, A, Sazonov, S, Sgro, C, Spiga, D, Svoboda, J, Theobald, C, Theodorou, T, Turolla, R, Wilhelmi De Ona, E, Winter, B, Akbar, AM, Allan, H, Aloisio, R, Altamirano, D, Amati, L, Amato, E, Angelakis, E, Arezu, J, Atteia, JL, Axelsson, M, Bachetti, M, Ballo, L, Balman, S, Bandiera, R, Barcons, X, Basso, S, Baykal, A, Becker, W, Behar, E, Beheshtipour, B, Belmont, R, Berger, E, Bernardini, F, Bianchi, S, Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G, Blasi, P, Blay, P, Bodaghee, A, and Boer, M

Subjects
X-ray Astronomy, Polarimetry, X-ray optics, Gas Pixel Detector
Abstract

XIPE, the X-ray Imaging Polarimetry Explorer, is a mission dedicated to X-ray Astronomy. At the time of writing XIPE is in a competitive phase A as fourth medium size mission of ESA (M4). It promises to reopen the polarimetry window in high energy Astrophysics after more than 4 decades thanks to a detector that efficiently exploits the photoelectric effect and to X-ray optics with large effective area. XIPE uniqueness is time-spectrally-spatially-resolved X-ray polarimetry as a breakthrough in high energy astrophysics and fundamental physics. Indeed the payload consists of three Gas Pixel Detectors at the focus of three X-ray optics with a total effective area larger than one XMM mirror but with a low weight. The payload is compatible with the fairing of the Vega launcher. XIPE is designed as an observatory for X-ray astronomers with 75 % of the time dedicated to a Guest Observer competitive program and it is organized as a consortium across Europe with main contributions from Italy, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Poland, Sweden.

Published
2016

8. Achieving health through diet: A joint event of the Sabri Ülker Foundation and The Nutrition Society of UK and Ireland, May 2022

Author

Evans, C.E.L., Besler, H.T., Dinç, Ö., Lean, M., Lovegrove, J.A., Lowe, Nicola M, Mathers, J.C., Mutuş, B., Satman, I., Tanriover, M. D., Tedstone, A. E., Theobald, C., Unal, S., Vartiainen, E., Wall, R., Yardim, N., Stowell, J.D., Evans, C.E.L., Besler, H.T., Dinç, Ö., Lean, M., Lovegrove, J.A., Lowe, Nicola M, Mathers, J.C., Mutuş, B., Satman, I., Tanriover, M. D., Tedstone, A. E., Theobald, C., Unal, S., Vartiainen, E., Wall, R., Yardim, N., and Stowell, J.D.

Abstract

Optimum nutrition plays a major role in the achievement and maintenance of good health. The Nutrition Society of the UK and Ireland and the Sabri Ülker Foundation, a charity based in Türkiye and focused on improving public health, combined forces to highlight this important subject. A hybrid conference was held in Istanbul, with over 4,000 delegates from 62 countries joining the proceedings live online in addition to those attending in person. The primary purpose was to inspire healthcare professionals and nutrition policy makers to better consider the role of nutrition in their interactions with patients and the public at large to reduce the prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The event provided an opportunity to share and learn from different approaches in the UK, Türkiye and Finland, highlighting initiatives to strengthen research in the nutritional sciences and translation of that research into nutrition policy. The presenters provided evidence of the links between nutrition and disease risk and emphasised the importance of minimising risk and implementing early treatment of diet related disease. Suggestions were made including improving health literacy and strengthening policies to improve the quality of food production and dietary behaviour. A multidisciplinary approach is needed whereby Governments, the food industry, non-governmental groups and consumer groups collaborate to develop evidence-based recommendations and appropriate joined up policies that do not widen inequalities. This summary of the proceedings will serve as a gateway for those seeking to access additional information on nutrition and health across the globe.

Published
2023
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10. Efficacy of Different Doses of Multiple Micronutrient Powder on Haemoglobin Concentration in Children Aged 6–59 Months in Arusha District

Author

Dyness Kejo, Pammla Petrucka, Haikael Martin, Theobald C. E. Mosha, and Martin E. Kimanya

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

In Tanzania’s Arusha District, anaemia is a significant public health problem. Recently, home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder was recommended, and daily use of one sachet has shown to be effective. However, it is a challenge for deprived families with low income to afford the daily sachet. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of different administration frequencies of micronutrient powder in reducing anaemia in children aged 6–59 months. This research used a community-based, randomized longitudinal trial design with the intent to treat anaemia. Children aged 6 to 59 months (n=369) were randomly assigned to one of four intervention groups which received, on a weekly basis, either five sachets (n=60), three sachets (n=80), two sachets (n=105), or one sachet (n=124) for six months; 310 children completed the study. Using the HemoCue technique, a finger-prick blood was taken at baseline, middle, and end points of the intervention to determine haemoglobin levels. The effect of treatment on haemoglobin was assessed with analysis of covariates with Bonferroni post hoc to test group difference (p>0.05) from each other. At the end, haemoglobin levels were significantly higher in participants who received three or five sachets of micronutrient powder per week compared to those who received one or two micronutrient powder sachets per week (p

Published
2019
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11. The Solar Orbiter EUI instrument: The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (Corrigendum)

Author

Rochus, P., primary, Auchère, F., additional, Berghmans, D., additional, Harra, L., additional, Schmutz, W., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Addison, P., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Aznar Cuadrado, R., additional, Baker, D., additional, Barbay, J., additional, Bates, D., additional, BenMoussa, A., additional, Bergmann, M., additional, Beurthe, C., additional, Borgo, B., additional, Bonte, K., additional, Bouzit, M., additional, Bradley, L., additional, Büchel, V., additional, Buchlin, E., additional, Büchner, J., additional, Cabé, F., additional, Cadiergues, L., additional, Chaigneau, M., additional, Chares, B., additional, Choque Cortez, C., additional, Coker, P., additional, Condamin, M., additional, Coumar, S., additional, Curdt, W., additional, Cutler, J., additional, Davies, D., additional, Davison, G., additional, Defise, J.-M., additional, Del Zanna, G., additional, Delmotte, F., additional, Delouille, V., additional, Dolla, L., additional, Dumesnil, C., additional, Dürig, F., additional, Enge, R., additional, François, S., additional, Fourmond, J.-J., additional, Gillis, J.-M., additional, Giordanengo, B., additional, Gissot, S., additional, Green, L. M., additional, Guerreiro, N., additional, Guilbaud, A., additional, Gyo, M., additional, Haberreiter, M., additional, Hafiz, A., additional, Hailey, M., additional, Halain, J.-P., additional, Hansotte, J., additional, Hecquet, C., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Hellin, M.-L., additional, Hemsley, S., additional, Hermans, A., additional, Hervier, V., additional, Hochedez, J.-F., additional, Houbrechts, Y., additional, Ihsan, K., additional, Jacques, L., additional, Jérôme, A., additional, Jones, J., additional, Kahle, M., additional, Kennedy, T., additional, Klaproth, M., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Koller, S., additional, Kotsialos, E., additional, Kraaikamp, E., additional, Langer, P., additional, Lawrenson, A., additional, Le Clech’, J.-C., additional, Lenaerts, C., additional, Liebecq, S., additional, Linder, D., additional, Long, D. M., additional, Mampaey, B., additional, Markiewicz-Innes, D., additional, Marquet, B., additional, Marsch, E., additional, Matthews, S., additional, Mazy, E., additional, Mazzoli, A., additional, Meining, S., additional, Meltchakov, E., additional, Mercier, R., additional, Meyer, S., additional, Monecke, M., additional, Monfort, F., additional, Morinaud, G., additional, Moron, F., additional, Mountney, L., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nicula, B., additional, Parenti, S., additional, Peter, H., additional, Pfiffner, D., additional, Philippon, A., additional, Phillips, I., additional, Plesseria, J.-Y., additional, Pylyser, E., additional, Rabecki, F., additional, Ravet-Krill, M.-F., additional, Rebellato, J., additional, Renotte, E., additional, Rodriguez, L., additional, Roose, S., additional, Rosin, J., additional, Rossi, L., additional, Roth, P., additional, Rouesnel, F., additional, Roulliay, M., additional, Rousseau, A., additional, Ruane, K., additional, Scanlan, J., additional, Schlatter, P., additional, Seaton, D. B., additional, Silliman, K., additional, Smit, S., additional, Smith, P. J., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Spescha, M., additional, Spencer, A., additional, Stegen, K., additional, Stockman, Y., additional, Szwec, N., additional, Tamiatto, C., additional, Tandy, J., additional, Teriaca, L., additional, Theobald, C., additional, Tychon, I., additional, van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., additional, Verbeeck, C., additional, Vial, J.-C., additional, Werner, S., additional, West, M. J., additional, Westwood, D., additional, Wiegelmann, T., additional, Willis, G., additional, Winter, B., additional, Zerr, A., additional, Zhang, X., additional, and Zhukov, A. N., additional

Published
2022
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12. Efficacy of Quality Protein Maize-based Supplementary Foods on Rehabilitating Undernourished Children.

Author

Maseta, Elina J and Mosha, Theobald C. E.

Abstract

Background: A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of quality protein maize-based composite supplementary foods in rehabilitating moderately underweight children. Methods: This was a randomised longitudinal study to treat undernourished children. Two formulations were developed from quality protein maize: quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize -soybeans-cowpeas. A control diet was made from conventional maize. Children with weight-for-age Z score ≥ -2 SD from the reference population were selected for either diet. A total of 132 children were fed on diets for a period of 16 weeks. Results: Quality protein maize-based diets had positive effects (p<0.05) on weight, height, weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height Z-scores and haemoglobin concentrations but not on mid-upper arm circumference. Children consuming conventional maize porridge progressively faltered in growth with weight-for-age decreasing from -1.9 to -2.1 SD, height-for-age from -2.0 to -2.9 SD, weight for height from -1.2 to -1.9 SD and haemoglobin levels from 10 to 9.9 (g/dL). The quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans diet had a higher potential to support growth than the other diets. Sixteen weeks of supplementation resulted in significant (p˂0.05) improvement in height, weight, weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-forheight Z-scores and haemoglobin levels for children receiving quality protein maize-based composite diets. Conclusion: It is concluded from the current study that, in areas affected by undernutrition, quality protein maize-based composite foods can be used for rehabilitating undernourished children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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25. Effectiveness of social marketing in improving knowledge, attitudes and practice of consumption of vitamin A-fortified oil in Tanzania

Author

Daphne C. Wu, Susan Horton, Kitty K. Corbett, Nadira Saleh, and Theobald C. E. Mosha

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Vitamin, Fortification, Medicine (miscellaneous), 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Intervention (counseling), Environmental health, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Fortified Food, Consumption (economics), 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, biology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Social marketing, Vitamin A deficiency, Tanzania, chemistry, business, Research Paper
Abstract

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of a social marketing intervention in enhancing knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) related to consumption of vitamin A-fortified oil.DesignThe intervention employed community events, distribution of educational materials and radio broadcasts. The intervention was assessed in a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group study design by collecting information on KAP regarding vitamin A-fortified oil consumption before and after 9 months of a 13-month intervention.SettingSix districts in Manyara and Shinyanga regions in Tanzania were non-randomly selected as the intervention districts and two districts served as the control districts.ParticipantsAt baseline, 568 lactating mothers with children aged ResultsAfter 9 months of intervention, knowledge of fortification and actual consumption of adequately fortified oil were significantly higher in the intervention districts compared with the control districts (P ConclusionsThe study showed that a social marketing intervention is effective in improving KAP regarding fortified oil consumption at the household level. Clinics and CHW are channels that should be prioritized when communicating health messages, particularly those targeting women.

Published
2018
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30. The Solar Orbiter EUI instrument: The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager

Author

Rochus, P., primary, Auchère, F., additional, Berghmans, D., additional, Harra, L., additional, Schmutz, W., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Addison, P., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Aznar Cuadrado, R., additional, Baker, D., additional, Barbay, J., additional, Bates, D., additional, BenMoussa, A., additional, Bergmann, M., additional, Beurthe, C., additional, Borgo, B., additional, Bonte, K., additional, Bouzit, M., additional, Bradley, L., additional, Büchel, V., additional, Buchlin, E., additional, Büchner, J., additional, Cabé, F., additional, Cadiergues, L., additional, Chaigneau, M., additional, Chares, B., additional, Choque Cortez, C., additional, Coker, P., additional, Condamin, M., additional, Coumar, S., additional, Curdt, W., additional, Cutler, J., additional, Davies, D., additional, Davison, G., additional, Defise, J.-M., additional, Del Zanna, G., additional, Delmotte, F., additional, Delouille, V., additional, Dolla, L., additional, Dumesnil, C., additional, Dürig, F., additional, Enge, R., additional, François, S., additional, Fourmond, J.-J., additional, Gillis, J.-M., additional, Giordanengo, B., additional, Gissot, S., additional, Green, L. M., additional, Guerreiro, N., additional, Guilbaud, A., additional, Gyo, M., additional, Haberreiter, M., additional, Hafiz, A., additional, Hailey, M., additional, Halain, J.-P., additional, Hansotte, J., additional, Hecquet, C., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Hellin, M.-L., additional, Hemsley, S., additional, Hermans, A., additional, Hervier, V., additional, Hochedez, J.-F., additional, Houbrechts, Y., additional, Ihsan, K., additional, Jacques, L., additional, Jérôme, A., additional, Jones, J., additional, Kahle, M., additional, Kennedy, T., additional, Klaproth, M., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Koller, S., additional, Kotsialos, E., additional, Kraaikamp, E., additional, Langer, P., additional, Lawrenson, A., additional, Le Clech’, J.-C., additional, Lenaerts, C., additional, Liebecq, S., additional, Linder, D., additional, Long, D. M., additional, Mampaey, B., additional, Markiewicz-Innes, D., additional, Marquet, B., additional, Marsch, E., additional, Matthews, S., additional, Mazy, E., additional, Mazzoli, A., additional, Meining, S., additional, Meltchakov, E., additional, Mercier, R., additional, Meyer, S., additional, Monecke, M., additional, Monfort, F., additional, Morinaud, G., additional, Moron, F., additional, Mountney, L., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nicula, B., additional, Parenti, S., additional, Peter, H., additional, Pfiffner, D., additional, Philippon, A., additional, Phillips, I., additional, Plesseria, J.-Y., additional, Pylyser, E., additional, Rabecki, F., additional, Ravet-Krill, M.-F., additional, Rebellato, J., additional, Renotte, E., additional, Rodriguez, L., additional, Roose, S., additional, Rosin, J., additional, Rossi, L., additional, Roth, P., additional, Rouesnel, F., additional, Roulliay, M., additional, Rousseau, A., additional, Ruane, K., additional, Scanlan, J., additional, Schlatter, P., additional, Seaton, D. B., additional, Silliman, K., additional, Smit, S., additional, Smith, P. J., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Spescha, M., additional, Spencer, A., additional, Stegen, K., additional, Stockman, Y., additional, Szwec, N., additional, Tamiatto, C., additional, Tandy, J., additional, Teriaca, L., additional, Theobald, C., additional, Tychon, I., additional, van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., additional, Verbeeck, C., additional, Vial, J.-C., additional, Werner, S., additional, West, M. J., additional, Westwood, D., additional, Wiegelmann, T., additional, Willis, G., additional, Winter, B., additional, Zerr, A., additional, Zhang, X., additional, and Zhukov, A. N., additional

Published
2020
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33. Multivariate functional and structural relationships

Author

Theobald, C. M.

Subjects
519
Abstract

This dissertation is concerned with sets of random variables connected by relationships which may be interpreted as exact linear relations between unobserved 'true' values which are obscured by random 'errors' or 'departures'. The great majority of published work on this topic relates to two random variables connected by a single relation; examples are given here in which it is necessary to consider more than two variates and more than one relation between them. Methods are proposed for representing such relationships between an arbitrary number of random variables, and connexions are established with other statistical models, in particular factor analysis. After a review of methods of estimation proposed for certain cases of varying generality, a fairly comprehensive treatment is given of the estimation of such relationship by the methods of maximum likelihood and generalized least-squares; the large-sample behaviour of the estimators is considered, and connexions with the technique of canonical analysis are established. In the course of this study, some inequalities for matrix traces are derived which are of wider mathematical interest. One of the procedures developed here is applied to a problem of comparing different instruments designed to measure the same property, examining their relative calibrations and relative precision. The data are also used to illustrate graphical techniques developed for testing the assumptions of the calibration model.

Published
1975

35. Impact of behaviour change communication interventions on sales of fortified sunflower oil in Tanzania: A spatial–temporal analysis and association study

Author

Susan Horton, Daphne C. Wu, Nazir Yusuph, Nadira Saleh, and Theobald C. E. Mosha

Subjects
Adult, 0301 basic medicine, food.ingredient, Health Behavior, Psychological intervention, Behaviour change communication, Health Promotion, Tanzania, 03 medical and health sciences, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, 0302 clinical medicine, food, Environmental health, Bayesian multivariate linear regression, Humans, Sunflower Oil, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Fortified Food, Vitamin A, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, biology, Vitamin A Deficiency, business.industry, Sunflower oil, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Original Articles, biology.organism_classification, Social marketing, Health promotion, Health Communication, Child, Preschool, Social Marketing, Food, Fortified, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, Food Assistance, business
Abstract

The Masava project was implemented in Manyara and Shinyanga regions in Tanzania to improve vitamin A intake by making available vitamin A‐fortified sunflower oil with a subsidy through a mobile phone‐based e‐Voucher system. This study was conducted to assess the impact of the behaviour change communication (BCC) campaign of the project on volume of sales of vitamin A‐fortified sunflower oil. The e‐Voucher system provides real‐time data on the number of e‐Vouchers redeemed. The number, type, and locations of BCC events were obtained from the implementation agency. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the associations between (a) the number and type of BCC events conducted in a ward and the volume of subsequent fortified oil redeemed in the ward and (b) distance of clinic shows, a component of the BCC campaign, from participating retailers and the volume of fortified oil redeemed in the store. After 1 year of the campaign, the volume of fortified oil redeemed monthly increased by more than 5 times in Manyara and by more than three times in Shinyanga. Among the different types of BCC events conducted, only clinic shows and cooking shows were significantly associated with the volume of redemptions (p

Published
2019
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39. Nutritional quality of quality protein maize-based supplementary foods

Author

H. S. Laswai, Elina Maseta, Theobald C. E. Mosha, and C N M Nyaruhucha

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Food intake, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Protein efficiency ratio, media_common.quotation_subject, food and beverages, Nutritional quality, Biology, Blood meal, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Malnutrition, Animal science, Amino acid score, medicine, Quality (business), Food science, Protein quality, Food Science, media_common
Abstract

PurposeChild undernutrition is a persistent problem in Africa, especially in areas where the poor largely depend on starchy staples with limited access to diverse diets. The purpose of this study was to determine the protein quality, growth and rehabilitating potential of composite foods made from quality protein maize.Design/methodology/approachFour composite diets were prepared from quality protein maize, namely quality protein maize-soybeans; quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas; quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize alone. A fifth diet was prepared from common maize alone. The control diet (Chesta®) was made from maize, soybeans, fish, bone and blood meal. The formulations were made to meet the greatest amino acid score and the desired amount of energy and fat according to the FAO/WHO (1985) recommendation for pre-school children. Albino rats were used in evaluating the protein quality of the formulations.FindingsThe food intake was significantly different (ppResearch limitations/implicationsTwo diets, namely quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas, showed the greatest potential to support growth and rehabilitation of undernourished rats. Human trial is proposed to validate the findings.Originality/valueDespite adoption of quality protein maize in several parts of the country, there are no studies that have been done to determine the potential of quality protein maize to support optimal growth and rehabilitation of undernourished children. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the protein quality, growth and rehabilitating potential of composite foods made from quality protein maize.

Published
2017
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40. Sensory evaluation of extruded quality protein maize-based supplementary foods

Author

Elina Maseta, C N M Nyaruhucha, Theobald C. E. Mosha, and H. S. Laswai

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Marketing, Economics and Econometrics, Taste, biology, General Chemical Engineering, media_common.quotation_subject, Consumer evaluation, food and beverages, Sensory system, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Sweetness, biology.organism_classification, 040401 food science, 01 natural sciences, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, General Materials Science, Quality (business), Food science, Sugar, Aftertaste, Aroma, 010606 plant biology & botany, Mathematics, media_common
Abstract

Maize porridge is widely consumed by children less than five years of age in Tanzania and other countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory attributes and the overall acceptability of the extruded quality protein maize-based supplementary foods for children in Tanzania. Two ready-to-use supplementary foods were produced by extrusion cooking (quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas) using the following food ingredients: quality protein maize, soybeans, common beans and cowpeas. Sugar, vitamins and mineral premix were added. These products were tested against a control diet made from common maize, soybeans, millet, wheat and groundnuts. A panel of sixty consumers was involved in the evaluation of sensory attributes of the porridge samples and overall acceptability was determined using 5 point Hedonic scale. Descriptive analysis was performed by 11 trained panelists using the lexicon developed. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and principal component analysis. Consumer evaluation revealed that quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans porridge was rated higher (pE‚0.05) for aroma (4.6) and taste (4.6) than all porridge samples tested. Despite higher rating in aroma and taste, all the porridges (quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans, quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and conventional porridge) were equally acceptable (pEƒ0.05) by the test panelists. Mean scores for overall acceptability of quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans, quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas and conventional porridge were 4.6, 4.3 and 4.2, respectively. All the three porridges were differentiated (pE‚0.05) using the identified language for quantitative descriptive study. The sensory attributes of colour, oiliness, aroma, sweetness, liking and aftertaste in principal component 1 distinguished experimental porridges from the control. However, all the food products could be described by viscosity, sweetness and colour in principal component 2. This was an indication that test diets, quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas resembled the control diet by some attributes namely, aroma, aftertaste and sweetness and therefore, had higher potential for acceptance by consumers. Key words: Supplementary food, sensory attributes, consumer preferences, principal component analysis, Tanzania.

Published
2016
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41. Nutritional Quality, Mycotoxins and Antinuntritional Factors in Quality Protein Maize-Based Supplementary Foods for Children in Tanzania

Author

Elina Maseta, H. S. Laswai, Theobald C. E. Mosha, and C N M Nyaruhucha

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Aflatoxin, Fumonisin B1, media_common.quotation_subject, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Nutritional quality, Biology, Standard methods, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tanzania, chemistry, Fumonisin, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Quality (business), Food science, Mycotoxin, 010606 plant biology & botany, media_common
Abstract

Most complementary foods used for children in Tanzania are low in energy and nutrient content. In addition, they may contain contaminants such as mycotoxins and also antinutritional factors. The aim of this study was to determine nutritional quality of quality protein maize-based supplementary foods and levels of mycotoxins (fumonisins, aflatoxins) and antinutritional factors (phytates, tannins). Three composite diets were prepared from quality protein maize namely; quality protein maize-soybeans; quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas. The fourth and fifth diets were prepared from plain quality protein maize and plain common maize. The formulations were made to meet the greatest amino acid scores and the desired amount of energy and protein according to the FAO/WHO (1985) recommendation for pre-school children. Concentrations of energy, protein, amino acid, aflatoxins, fumonisins, phytates and tannins were determined by standard methods. Quality protein maize-soybeans-common beans and quality protein maize-soybeans-cowpeas met RDA for both energy (360 kcal/100 g) and protein (16 g/100 g) for children aged 2-5 years. The amino acid scores for QPM-based diets were higher than the recommended scores (≥65%) for supporting optimal growth of children. Concentrations of fumonisin B1 and total fumonisin were 1687.82 and of 1717.16 μg/kg in quality protein maize and 1625.08 and 1745.22 μg/kg in plain common maize, respectively. These values were above the maximum tolerable limit of 1000 μg/kg recommended by the European commission. Efforts such as good agricultural practices and proper processing of food ingredients by sorting, dehulling and washing are recommended to reduce concentrations of fumonisins in maize grains.

Published
2016
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43. Cost-effectiveness of sunflower oil fortification with vitamin A in Tanzania by scale

Author

Edna Ndau, Nadira Saleh, Theobald C. E. Mosha, Dylan Walters, and Susan Horton

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Cost effectiveness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Supplement Articles, Tanzania, Health Services Accessibility, vitamin A, Nutrition Policy, Toxicology, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, Sunflower Oil, 030212 general & internal medicine, Nutrition and Dietetics, biology, Vitamin A Deficiency, Health Policy, Commerce, Obstetrics and Gynecology, child nutrition, cost‐effectiveness, Child, Preschool, Food, Fortified, Female, Supplement Article, Vitamin, food.ingredient, Fortification, fortification, 03 medical and health sciences, food, medicine, Humans, Small Business, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Sunflower oil, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Vitamin A deficiency, Vegetable oil, chemistry, Controlled Before-After Studies, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Economic evaluation, business
Abstract

In 2011, Tanzania mandated the fortification of edible oil with vitamin A to help address its vitamin A deficiency (VAD) public health problem. By 2015, only 16% of edible oil met the standards for adequate fortification. There is no evidence on the cost‐effectiveness of the fortification of edible oil by small‐ and medium‐scale (SMS) producers in preventing VAD. The MASAVA project initiated the production of sunflower oil fortified with vitamin A by SMS producers in the Manyara and Shinyanga regions of Tanzania. A quasi‐experimental nonequivalent control‐group research trial and an economic evaluation were conducted. The household survey included mother and child pairs from a sample of 568 households before the intervention and 18 months later. From the social perspective, the incremental cost of fortification of sunflower oil could be as low as $0.13, $0.06, and $0.02 per litre for small‐, medium‐, and large‐scale producers, respectively, compared with unfortified sunflower oil. The SMS intervention increased access to fortified oil for some vulnerable groups but did not have a significant effect on the prevention of VAD due to insufficient coverage. Fortification of vegetable oil by large‐scale producers was associated with a significant reduction of VAD in children from Shinyanga. The estimated cost per disability‐adjusted life year averted for fortified sunflower oil was $281 for large‐scale and could be as low as $626 for medium‐scale and $1,507 for small‐scale producers under ideal conditions. According to the World Health Organization thresholds, this intervention is very cost‐effective for large‐ and medium‐scale producers and cost‐effective for small‐scale producers.

Published
2018

44. Prevalence and predictors of anemia among children under 5 years of age in Arusha District, Tanzania

Author

Theobald C. E. Mosha, Dyness Kejo, Haikel Martin, Martin E. Kimanya, and Pammla Petrucka

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Anemia, Prevalence, Breastfeeding, Logistic regression, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, low birth weight, Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, Original Research, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, Micronutrient, anemia, Confidence interval, Low birth weight, predictors, medicine.symptom, under-five children, business, dietary intake
Abstract

Dyness Kejo,1 Pammla M Petrucka,1,2 Haikel Martin,1 Martin E Kimanya,1 Theobald CE Mosha3 1Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania; 2College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; 3Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania Abstract: Anemia is a global health problem affecting most developing countries. We examined the prevalence of anemia and its predictors among children under 5 years of age in Arusha District, Tanzania. Random sampling technique was used to identify 436 children aged 6–59 months. Anemia status was assessed by measuring hemoglobin concentration from blood sample obtained from a finger prick and HemoCue® Hb 201+ photometer. Demographic information and dietary intake data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Anemia cut-off points were defined according to World Health Organization standards for children aged 6–59 months. Logistic regression using backward procedure was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Prevalence rate of anemia among under-fives was found to be 84.6% (n=369). Multivariable logistic regression identified the following predictors of anemia; low birth weight (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1–3.8), not consuming meat (AOR: 6.4, 95% CI: 3.2–12.9), not consuming vegetables (AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1–4.1), drinking milk (AOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.1–5.2), and drinking tea (AOR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.5–13.7). It was concluded that low birth weight and dietary factors (ie, low or nonconsumption of iron-rich foods like meat, vegetables, and fruits) were predictors of anemia among under-five children living in this rural setting. Community education on exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of complementary foods should be improved. Mothers and caretakers should be educated about nutrition, in general, as well as potential use of micronutrient powder to improve the nutritional quality of complementary foods. Keywords: anemia, low birth weight, dietary intake, predictors, under-five children

Published
2018

45. XIPE: the x-ray imaging polarimetry explorer

Author

Soffitta, P., Bellazzini, R., Bozzo, E., Burwitz, V., Castro Tirado, A. J., Costa, E., Courvoisier, T., Feng, H., Gburek, S., Goosmann, R., Karas, V., Boettcher, M., Bogdanov, S., Bombaci, I., Bonino, R., Braga, J., Brandt, W., Brez, A., Bucciantini, N., Burderi, L., Caiazzo, I., Matt, G., Campana, R., Campana, S., Capitanio, F., Cappi, M., Cardillo, M., Casella, P., Catmabacak, O., Cenko, B., Cerda Duran, P., Cerruti, C., Muleri, F., Chaty, S., Chauvin, M., Chen, Y., Chenevez, J., Chernyakova, M., Cheung Teddy, C. C., Christodoulou, D., Connell, P., Corbet, R., Coti Zelati, F., Nandra, K., Covino, S., Cui, W., Cusumano, G., D'Ai, A., D'Ammando, F., Dadina, M., Dai, Z., De Rosa, A., De Ruvo, L., Degenaar, N., Pearce, M., Del Santo, M., Del Zanna, L., Dewangan, G., Di Cosimo, S., Di Lalla, N., Di Persio, G., Di Salvo, T., Dias, T., Done, C., Dovciak, M., Poutanen, J., Doyle, G., Ducci, L., Elsner, R., Enoto, T., Escada, J., Esposito, P., Eyles, C., Fabiani, S., Falanga, M., Falocco, S., Reglero, V., Fan, Y., Fender, R., Feroci, M., Ferrigno, C., Forman, W., Foschini, L., Fragile, C., Fuerst, F., Fujita, Y., Gasent Blesa, J. L., Sabau Maria, D., Gelfand, J., Gendre, B., Ghirlanda, G., Ghisellini, G., Giroletti, M., Goetz, D., Gogus, E., Gomez, J. L., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez Riestra, R., Santangelo, A., Gotthelf, E., Gou, L., Grandi, P., Grinberg, V., Grise, F., Guidorzi, C., Gurlebeck, N., Guver, T., Haggard, D., Hardcastle, M., Tagliaferri, G., Hartmann, D., Haswell, C., Heger, A., Hernanz, M., Heyl, J., Ho, L., Hoormann, J., Horak, J., Huovelin, J., Huppenkothen, D., Tenzer, C., Iaria, R., Inam Sitki, C., Ingram, A., Israel, G., Izzo, L., Burgess, M., Jackson, M., Ji, L., Jiang, J., Vink, J., Johannsen, T., Jones, C., Jorstad, S., Kajava, J. J. E., Kalamkar, M., Kalemci, E., Kallman, T., Kamble, A., Kislat, F., Kiss, M., Weisskopf, M. C., Klochkov, D., Koerding, E., Kolehmainen, M., Koljonen, K., Komossa, S., Kong, A., Korpela, S., Kowalinski, M., Krawczynski, H., Kreykenbohm, I., Zane, S., Kuss, M., Lai, D., Lan, M., Larsson, J., Laycock, S., Lazzati, D., Leahy, D., Li, H., Li, J., L. X., Li, Agudo, I., Li, T., Li, Z., Linares, M., Lister, M., Liu, H., Lodato, G., Lohfink, A., Longo, F., Luna, G., Lutovinov, A., Antonelli, A., Mahmoodifar, S., Maia, J., Mainieri, V., Maitra, C., Maitra, D., Majczyna, A., Maldera, S., Malyshev, D., Manfreda, A., Manousakis, A., Attina, P., Manuel, R., Margutti, R., Marinucci, A., Markoff, S., Marscher, A., Marshall, H., Massaro, F., Mclaughlin, M., Medina Tanco, G., Mehdipour, M., Baldini, L., Middleton, M., Mignani, R., Mimica, P., Mineo, T., Mingo, B., Miniutti, G., Mirac, S. M., Morlino, G., Motlagh, A. V., Motta, S. E., Bykov, A., Mushtukov, A., Nagataki, S., Nardini, F., Nattila, J., Navarro, G. J., Negri, B., Negro, M., Nenonen, S., Neustroev, V., Nicastro, F., Carpentiero, R., Norton, A., Nucita, A., O'Brien, P., O'Dell, S., Odaka, H., Olmi, B., Omodei, N., Orienti, M., Orlandini, M., Osborne, J., Cavazzuti, E., Pacciani, L., Paliya, V. S., Papadakis, I., Papitto, A., Paragi, Z., Pascal, P., Paul, B., Pavan, L., Pellizzoni, A., Perinati, E., Churazov, E., Pesce Rollins, M., Piconcelli, E., Pili, A. G., Pilia, M., Pohl, M., Ponti, G., Porquet, D., Possenti, A., Postnov, K., Prandoni, I., Del Monte, E., Produit, N., Puehlhofer, G., Ramsey, B., Razzano, M., Rea, N., Reig, P., Reinsch, K., Reiprich, T., Reynolds, M., Risaliti, G., De Martino, D., Roberts, T., Rodriguez, J., Rossi, M. E., Rosswog, S., Rozanska, A., Rubini, A., Rudak, B., Russell, D., Ryde, F., Sabatini, S., Donnarumma, I., Sala, G., Salvati, M., Sasaki, M., Savolainen, T., Saxton, R., Scaringi, S., Schawinski, K., Schulz, N. S., Schwope, A., Severgnini, P., Doroshenko, V., Sharon, M., Shaw, A., Shearer, A., Shesheng, X., Shih, I. C., Silva, K., Silva, R., Silver, E., Smale, A., Spada, F., Evangelista, Y., Spandre, G., Stamerra, A., Stappers, B., Starrfield, S., Stawarz, L., Stergioulas, N., Stevens, A., Stiele, H., Suleimanov, V., Sunyaev, R., Ferreira, I., Slowikowska, A., Tamborra, F., Tavecchio, F., Taverna, Roberto, Tiengo, A., Tolos, L., Tombesi, F., Tomsick, J., Tong, H., Torok, G., Gallo, E., Torres, D. F., Tortosa, A., Tramacere, A., Trimble, V., Trinchieri, G., Tsygankov, S., Tuerler, M., Turriziani, S., Ursini, F., Uttley, P., Grosso, N., Varniere, P., Vincent, F., Vurgun, E., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Watts, A., Wheeler, J. C., Wiersema, K., Wijnands, R., Wilms, J., Kaaret, P., Wolter, A., Wood, K., Wu, K., Wu, X., Xiangyu, W., Xie, F., Xu, R., Yan, S. P., Yang, J., Yu, W., Kuulkers, E., Yuan, F., Zajczyk, A., Zanetti, D., Zanin, R., Zanni, C., Zappacosta, L., Zdziarski, A. A., Zech, A., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Laranaga, J., Zhang, W., Zoghbi, A., Latronico, L., Lumb, D. H., Macian, J., Malzac, J., Marin, F., Massaro, E., Minuti, M., Mundell, C., Ness, J. U., Oosterbroek, T., Paltani, S., Pareschi, G., Perna, R., Petrucci, P. O., Pinazo, H. B., Pinchera, M., Rodriguez, J. P., Roncadelli, M., Santovincenzo, A., Sazonov, S., Sgro, C., Spiga, D., Svoboda, J., Theobald, C., Theodorou, T., Turolla, Roberto, Wilhelmi De Ona, E., Winter, B., Akbar, A. M., Allan, H., Aloisio, R., Altamirano, D., Amati, L., Amato, E., Angelakis, E., Arezu, J., Atteia, J. L., Axelsson, M., Bachetti, M., Ballo, L., Balman, S., Bandiera, R., Barcons, X., Basso, S., Baykal, A., Becker, W., Behar, E., Beheshtipour, B., Belmont, R., Berger, E., Bernardini, F., Bianchi, S., Bisnovatyi Kogan, G., Blasi, P., Blay, P., Bodaghee, A., Boer, M., Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, API (FNWI), den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Takahashi, Tadayuki, Bautz, Marshall, Soffitta, P., Bellazzini, R., Bozzo, E., Burwitz, V., Castro-Tirado, A. J., Costa, E., Courvoisier, T., Feng, H., Gburek, S., Goosmann, R., Karas, V., Matt, G., Muleri, F., Nandra, K., Pearce, M., Poutanen, J., Reglero, V., Sabau Maria, D., Santangelo, A., Tagliaferri, G., Tenzer, C., Vink, J., Weisskopf, M. C., Zane, S., Agudo, I., Antonelli, A., Attina, P., Baldini, L., Bykov, A., Carpentiero, R., Cavazzuti, E., Churazov, E., Del Monte, E., De Martino, D., Donnarumma, I., Doroshenko, V., Evangelista, Y., Ferreira, I., Gallo, E., Grosso, N., Kaaret, P., Kuulkers, E., Laranaga, J., Latronico, L., Lumb, D. H., Macian, J., Malzac, J., Marin, F., Massaro, E., Minuti, M., Mundell, C., Ness, J. U., Oosterbroek, T., Paltani, S., Pareschi, G., Perna, R., Petrucci, P. -O., Pinazo, H. B., Pinchera, M., Rodriguez, J. P., Roncadelli, M., Santovincenzo, A., Sazonov, S., Sgro, C., Spiga, D., Svoboda, J., Theobald, C., Theodorou, T., Turolla, R., Wilhelmi De Ona, E., Winter, B., Akbar, A. M., Allan, H., Aloisio, R., Altamirano, D., Amati, L., Amato, E., Angelakis, E., Arezu, J., Atteia, J. -L., Axelsson, M., Bachetti, M., Ballo, L., Balman, S., Bandiera, R., Barcons, X., Basso, S., Baykal, A., Becker, W., Behar, E., Beheshtipour, B., Belmont, R., Berger, E., Bernardini, F., Bianchi, S., Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G., Blasi, P., Blay, P., Bodaghee, A., Boer, M., Boettcher, M., Bogdanov, S., Bombaci, I., Bonino, R., Braga, J., Brandt, W., Brez, A., Bucciantini, N., Burderi, L., Caiazzo, I., Campana, R., Campana, S., Capitanio, F., Cappi, M., Cardillo, M., Casella, P., Catmabacak, O., Cenko, B., Cerda-Duran, P., Cerruti, C., Chaty, S., Chauvin, M., Chen, Y., Chenevez, J., Chernyakova, M., Cheung Teddy, C. C., Christodoulou, D., Connell, P., Corbet, R., Coti Zelati, F., Covino, S., Cui, W., Cusumano, G., D'Ai, A., D'Ammando, F., Dadina, M., Dai, Z., De Rosa, A., De Ruvo, L., Degenaar, N., Del Santo, M., Del Zanna, L., Dewangan, G., Di Cosimo, S., Di Lalla, N., Di Persio, G., Di Salvo, T., Dias, T., Done, C., Dovciak, M., Doyle, G., Ducci, L., Elsner, R., Enoto, T., Escada, J., Esposito, P., Eyles, C., Fabiani, S., Falanga, M., Falocco, S., Fan, Y., Fender, R., Feroci, M., Ferrigno, C., Forman, W., Foschini, L., Fragile, C., Fuerst, F., Fujita, Y., Gasent-Blesa, J. L., Gelfand, J., Gendre, B., Ghirlanda, G., Ghisellini, G., Giroletti, M., Goetz, D., Gogus, E., Gomez, J. -L., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez-Riestra, R., Gotthelf, E., Gou, L., Grandi, P., Grinberg, V., Grise, F., Guidorzi, C., Gurlebeck, N., Guver, T., Haggard, D., Hardcastle, M., Hartmann, D., Haswell, C., Heger, A., Hernanz, M., Heyl, J., Ho, L., Hoormann, J., Horak, J., Huovelin, J., Huppenkothen, D., Iaria, R., Inam Sitki, C., Ingram, A., Israel, G., Izzo, L., Burgess, M., Jackson, M., Ji, L., Jiang, J., Johannsen, T., Jones, C., Jorstad, S., Kajava, J. J. E., Kalamkar, M., Kalemci, E., Kallman, T., Kamble, A., Kislat, F., Kiss, M., Klochkov, D., Koerding, E., Kolehmainen, M., Koljonen, K., Komossa, S., Kong, A., Korpela, S., Kowalinski, M., Krawczynski, H., Kreykenbohm, I., Kuss, M., Lai, D., Lan, M., Larsson, J., Laycock, S., Lazzati, D., Leahy, D., Li, H., Li, J., Li, L. -X., Li, T., Li, Z., Linares, M., Lister, M., Liu, H., Lodato, G., Lohfink, A., Longo, F., Luna, G., Lutovinov, A., Mahmoodifar, S., Maia, J., Mainieri, V., Maitra, C., Maitra, D., Majczyna, A., Maldera, S., Malyshev, D., Manfreda, A., Manousakis, A., Manuel, R., Margutti, R., Marinucci, A., Markoff, S., Marscher, A., Marshall, H., Massaro, F., Mclaughlin, M., Medina-Tanco, G., Mehdipour, M., Middleton, M., Mignani, R., Mimica, P., Mineo, T., Mingo, B., Miniutti, G., Mirac, S. M., Morlino, G., Motlagh, A. V., Motta, S. E., Mushtukov, A., Nagataki, S., Nardini, F., Nattila, J., Navarro, G. J., Negri, B., Negro, M., Nenonen, S., Neustroev, V., Nicastro, F., Norton, A., Nucita, A., O'Brien, P., O'Dell, S., Odaka, H., Olmi, B., Omodei, N., Orienti, M., Orlandini, M., Osborne, J., Pacciani, L., Paliya, V. S., Papadakis, I., Papitto, A., Paragi, Z., Pascal, P., Paul, B., Pavan, L., Pellizzoni, A., Perinati, E., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piconcelli, E., Pili, A. G., Pilia, M., Pohl, M., Ponti, G., Porquet, D., Possenti, A., Postnov, K., Prandoni, I., Produit, N., Puehlhofer, G., Ramsey, B., Razzano, M., Rea, N., Reig, P., Reinsch, K., Reiprich, T., Reynolds, M., Risaliti, G., Roberts, T., Rodriguez, J., Rossi, M. E., Rosswog, S., Rozanska, A., Rubini, A., Rudak, B., Russell, D., Ryde, F., Sabatini, S., Sala, G., Salvati, M., Sasaki, M., Savolainen, T., Saxton, R., Scaringi, S., Schawinski, K., Schulz, N. S., Schwope, A., Severgnini, P., Sharon, M., Shaw, A., Shearer, A., Shesheng, X., Shih, I. -C., Silva, K., Silva, R., Silver, E., Smale, A., Spada, F., Spandre, G., Stamerra, A., Stappers, B., Starrfield, S., Stawarz, L., Stergioulas, N., Stevens, A., Stiele, H., Suleimanov, V., Sunyaev, R., Slowikowska, A., Tamborra, F., Tavecchio, F., Taverna, R., Tiengo, A., Tolos, L., Tombesi, F., Tomsick, J., Tong, H., Torok, G., Torres, D. F., Tortosa, A., Tramacere, A., Trimble, V., Trinchieri, G., Tsygankov, S., Tuerler, M., Turriziani, S., Ursini, F., Uttley, P., Varniere, P., Vincent, F., Vurgun, E., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Watts, A., Wheeler, J. C., Wiersema, K., Wijnands, R., Wilms, J., Wolter, A., Wood, K., Wu, K., Wu, X., Xiangyu, W., Xie, F., Xu, R., Yan, S. -P., Yang, J., Yu, W., Yuan, F., Zajczyk, A., Zanetti, D., Zanin, R., Zanni, C., Zappacosta, L., Zdziarski, A. A., Zech, A., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, W., Zoghbi, A., Jan-Willem A. den Herder, Tadayuki Takahashi, Marshall Bautz, Castro-Tirado, A., Weisskopf, M., Lumb, D., Ness, J., Petrucci, P., Pinazo, H., Akbar, A., Atteia, J., Cheung Teddy, C., Gasent-Blesa, J., Gomez, J., Kajava, J., Li, L., Mirac, S., Motlagh, A., Motta, S., Navarro, G., Paliya, V., Pili, A., Rossi, M., Schulz, N., Shih, I., Torres, D., Wheeler, J., Yan, S., and Zdziarski, A.

Subjects
X-ray Astronomy, High-energy astronomy, Polarimetry, X-ray optics, X-ray telescope, Condensed Matter Physic, 01 natural sciences, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Spectral resolution, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Gas Pixel Detector, Physics, X-ray astronomy, ta115, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Material, Applied Mathematics, Vega, Astronomy, Computer Science Applications1707 Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Condensed Matter Physics, Computer Science Applications, Applied Mathematic, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, X-ray optic
Abstract

XIPE, the X-ray Imaging Polarimetry Explorer, is a mission dedicated to X-ray Astronomy. At the time of writing XIPE is in a competitive phase A as fourth medium size mission of ESA (M4). It promises to reopen the polarimetry window in high energy Astrophysics after more than 4 decades thanks to a detector that efficiently exploits the photoelectric effect and to X-ray optics with large effective area. XIPE uniqueness is time-spectrally-spatially- resolved X-ray polarimetry as a breakthrough in high energy astrophysics and fundamental physics. Indeed the payload consists of three Gas Pixel Detectors at the focus of three X-ray optics with a total effective area larger than one XMM mirror but with a low weight. The payload is compatible with the fairing of the Vega launcher. XIPE is designed as an observatory for X-ray astronomers with 75 % of the time dedicated to a Guest Observer competitive program and it is organized as a consortium across Europe with main contributions from Italy, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Poland, Sweden.

Published
2016

48. MICROELEMENT AND AMINO ACID PROFILES OF CEREAL-BEAN-SARDINE COMPOSITE SUPPLEMENTARY FOODS FOR PRESCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN TANZANIA

Author

Maurice R. Bennink and Theobald C. E. Mosha

Subjects
Preschool child, chemistry.chemical_classification, Meal, Chemistry, General Chemical Engineering, Sardine, Composite number, food and beverages, General Chemistry, Micronutrient, Amino acid, Amino acid score, Food science, Amino acid content, Food Science
Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the amino acid and macro- and micro- element profiles of extruded composite foods intended for supplementary feeding of pre-school age children in Tanzania. Six composite foods, namely corn-bean-sardine meal, bean meal, sorghum-bean-sardine meal, rice-bean-sardine meal, corn-bean-sardine-cassava-soybean meal and sorghum-bean-sardine-cassava-soybean meal, were formulated according to the FAO/WHO/UNU guidelines. The foods were evaluated for amino acid content, limiting amino acids and micro- and macro-element concentrations using standard assays. Results showed that the concentrations of the essential amino acids (g/kg crude protein) were His (20–28), Thr (24–35), Val (43–53), Ile (35–46), Leu (78–91), Trp (11–15), Lys (42–57), SAA (17–40) and AAA (62–77). Amino acid score ranged between 68–91%, with Thr, SAA and Lys being the most limiting amino acids. Protein energy and net dietary protein energy values ranged between 12.24–21.00 and 7.2–9.6%, respectively. The average micro-element concentrations in the composite products (mg/100 g) varied (P ≤ 0.05) in the following ranges: Fe (7.5–10.4), Mn (1.2–3.6), B (0.33–0.83), Cu (0.38–1.1), Mo (trace–0.18), Co (trace), Ni (trace–0.14), Zn (3.9–5.6), Cd (trace) and Al (0.7–3.90). For the macro-elements, the concentrations (mg/100 g) were: Ca (250–570), Mg (90–148), Na (135–510), K (750–1260), P (360–510), and S (154–189). This study showed that the extruded composite foods had high quality protein and were rich sources of both micro- and macro-elements. Development and consumption of such nutritious composite foods would help to ameliorate the problem of protein and micro-element under-nutrition among pre-school age children in Tanzania. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This paper evaluates the micronutrient content and amino acid profiles of extruded cereal-based composite products produced from locally produced food ingredients in Tanzania. Results of this study will contribute significantly to efforts to reduce the problem of childhood under-nutrition in the country and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.

Published
2011
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49. XIPE

Author

Soffitta, P., Bellazzini, R., Bozzo, E., Burwitz, V., Castro-Tirado, A. J., Costa, E., Courvoisier, T., Feng, H., Gburek, S., Goosmann, R., Karas, V., Matt, G., Muleri, F., Nandra, K., Pearce, M., Poutanen, J., Reglero, V., Sabau Maria, D., Santangelo, A., Tagliaferri, G., Tenzer, C., Vink, J., Weisskopf, M. C., Zane, S., Agudo, I., Antonelli, A., Attina, P., Baldini, L., Bykov, A., Carpentiero, R., Cavazzuti, E., Churazov, E., Del Monte, E., De Martino, D., Donnarumma, I., Doroshenko, V., Evangelista, Y., Ferreira, I., Gallo, E., Grosso, N., Kaaret, P., Kuulkers, E., Laranaga, J., Latronico, L., Lumb, D. H., Macian, J., Malzac, J., Marin, F., Massaro, E., Minuti, M., Mundell, C., Ness, J. U., Oosterbroek, T., Paltani, S., Pareschi, G., Perna, R., Petrucci, P. O., Pinazo, H. B., Pinchera, M., Rodriguez, J. P., Roncadelli, M., Santovincenzo, A., Sazonov, S., Sgro, C., Spiga, D., Svoboda, J., Theobald, C., Theodorou, T., Turolla, R., Wilhelmi De Ona, E., Winter, B., Akbar, A. M., Allan, H., Aloisio, R., Altamirano, D., Amati, L., Amato, E., Angelakis, E., Arezu, J., Atteia, J. L., Axelsson, M., Bachetti, M., Ballo, L., Balman, S., Bandiera, R., Barcons, X., Basso, S., Baykal, A., Becker, W., Behar, E., Beheshtipour, B., Belmont, R., Berger, E., Bernardini, F., Bianchi, S., Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G., Blasi, P., Blay, P., Bodaghee, A., Boer, M., Boettcher, M., Bogdanov, S., Bombaci, I., Bonino, R., Braga, J., Brandt, W., Brez, A., Bucciantini, N., Burderi, L., Caiazzo, I., Campana, R., Campana, S., Capitanio, F., Cappi, M., Cardillo, M., Casella, P., Catmabacak, O., Cenko, B., Cerda-Duran, P., Cerruti, C., Chaty, S., Chauvin, M., Chen, Y., Chenevez, J., Chernyakova, M., Cheung Teddy, C. C., Christodoulou, D., Connell, P., Corbet, R., Coti Zelati, F., Covino, S., Cui, W., Cusumano, G., D'Ai, A., D'Ammando, F., Dadina, M., Dai, Z., De Rosa, A., De Ruvo, L., Degenaar, N., Del Santo, M., Del Zanna, L., Dewangan, G., Di Cosimo, S., Di Lalla, N., Di Persio, G., Di Salvo, T., Dias, T., Done, C., Dovciak, M., Doyle, G., Ducci, L., Elsner, R., Enoto, T., Escada, J., Esposito, P., Eyles, C., Fabiani, S., Falanga, M., Falocco, S., Fan, Y., Fender, R., Feroci, M., Ferrigno, C., Forman, W., Foschini, L., Fragile, C., Fuerst, F., Fujita, Y., Gasent-Blesa, J. L., Gelfand, J., Gendre, B., Ghirlanda, G., Ghisellini, G., Giroletti, M., Goetz, D., Gogus, E., Gomez, J. L., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez-Riestra, R., Gotthelf, E., Gou, L., Grandi, P., Grinberg, V., Grise, F., Guidorzi, C., Gurlebeck, N., Guver, T., Haggard, D., Hardcastle, M., Hartmann, D., Haswell, C., Heger, A., Hernanz, M., Heyl, J., Ho, L., Hoormann, J., Horak, J., Huovelin, J., Huppenkothen, D., Iaria, R., Inam Sitki, C., Ingram, A., Israel, G., Izzo, L., Burgess, M., Jackson, M., Ji, L., Jiang, J., Johannsen, T., Jones, C., Jorstad, S., Kajava, J. J E, Kalamkar, M., Kalemci, E., Kallman, T., Kamble, A., Kislat, F., Kiss, M., Klochkov, D., Koerding, E., Kolehmainen, M., Koljonen, K., Komossa, S., Kong, A., Korpela, S., Kowalinski, M., Krawczynski, H., Kreykenbohm, I., Kuss, M., Lai, D., Lan, M., Larsson, J., Laycock, S., Lazzati, D., Leahy, D., Li, H., Li, J., Li, L. X., Li, T., Li, Z., Linares, M., Lister, M., Liu, H., Lodato, G., Lohfink, A., Longo, F., Luna, G., Lutovinov, A., Mahmoodifar, S., Maia, J., Mainieri, V., Maitra, C., Maitra, D., Majczyna, A., Maldera, S., Malyshev, D., Manfreda, A., Manousakis, A., Manuel, R., Margutti, R., Marinucci, A., Markoff, S., Marscher, A., Marshall, H., Massaro, F., McLaughlin, M., Medina-Tanco, G., Mehdipour, M., Middleton, M., Mignani, R., Mimica, P., Mineo, T., Mingo, B., Miniutti, G., Mirac, S. M., Morlino, G., Motlagh, A. V., Motta, S. E., Mushtukov, A., Nagataki, S., Nardini, F., Nattila, J., Navarro, G. J., Negri, B., Negro, M., Nenonen, S., Neustroev, V., Nicastro, F., Norton, A., Nucita, A., O'Brien, P., O'Dell, S., Odaka, H., Olmi, B., Omodei, N., Orienti, M., Orlandini, M., Osborne, J., Pacciani, L., Paliya, V. S., Papadakis, I., Papitto, A., Paragi, Z., Pascal, P., Paul, B., Pavan, L., Pellizzoni, A., Perinati, E., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piconcelli, E., Pili, A. G., Pilia, M., Pohl, Martin, Ponti, G., Porquet, D., Possenti, A., Postnov, K., Prandoni, I., Produit, N., Puehlhofer, G., Ramsey, B., Razzano, M., Rea, N., Reig, P., Reinsch, K., Reiprich, T., Reynolds, M., Risaliti, G., Roberts, T., Rodriguez, J., Rossi, M. E., Rosswog, S., Rozanska, A., Rubini, A., Rudak, B., Russell, D., Ryde, F., Sabatini, S., Sala, G., Salvati, M., Sasaki, M., Savolainen, T., Saxton, R., Scaringi, S., Schawinski, K., Schulz, N. S., Schwope, A., Severgnini, P., Sharon, M., Shaw, A., Shearer, A., Shesheng, X., Shih, I. C., Silva, K., Silva, R., Silver, E., Smale, A., Spada, F., Spandre, G., Stamerra, A., Stappers, B., Starrfield, S., Stawarz, L., Stergioulas, N., Stevens, A., Stiele, H., Suleimanov, V., Sunyaev, R., Slowikowska, A., Tamborra, F., Tavecchio, F., Taverna, R., Tiengo, A., Tolos, L., Tombesi, F., Tomsick, J., Tong, H., Torok, G., Torres, D. F., Tortosa, A., Tramacere, A., Trimble, V., Trinchieri, G., Tsygankov, S., Tuerler, M., Turriziani, S., Ursini, F., Uttley, P., Varniere, P., Vincent, F., Vurgun, E., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Watts, A., Wheeler, J. C., Wiersema, K., Wijnands, R., Wilms, J., Wolter, A., Wood, K., Wu, K., Wu, X., Xiangyu, W., Xie, F., Xu, R., Yan, S. P., Yang, J., Yu, W., Yuan, F., Zajczyk, A., Zanetti, D., Zanin, R., Zanni, C., Zappacosta, L., Zdziarski, A. A., Zech, A., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, W., Zoghbi, A., den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Takahashi, Tadayuki, Bautz, Marshall, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, University of Pisa, University of Geneva, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, CSIC, Tsinghua University, Polish Academy of Sciences, Université de Strasbourg, Czech Academy of Sciences, Roma Tre University, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, University of Turku, Universidad de Valencia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, University of Tübingen, INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, University of Amsterdam, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, University College London, ASI Science Data Center, Ioffe Institute, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, European Space Research and Technology Centre, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan State University, INFN, Sezione di Torino, IRAP, Università La Sapienza, INFN Pisa, University of Bath, European Space Astronomy Centre, Stony Brook University, Université Grenoble Alpes, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Russian Academy of Sciences, University of Padova, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Effat University, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Osservatorio Astrofisico Di Arcetri, Florence, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Bologna, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Buein Zahra Technical University, Osservatorio Astronomico Cagliari, Middle East Technical University, Universidad de Cantabria, Osservatorio Astronomicodi Roma, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Washington University St. Louis, Harvard University, New York University Abu Dhabi, Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Georgia College, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), North West University, Columbia University, Sapienza University of Rome, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Pennsylvania State University, University of Cagliari, University of British Columbia, INAF/IASF Bologna, INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Sabanci University, Université Paris Diderot, Nanjing University, Dublin City University, Naval Research Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Purdue University, INAF-IASF Palermo, University of Palermo, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics India, Durham University, Armagh Observatory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Universidade de Coimbra, INAF/IASF Milano, International Space Science Institute, University of Naples Federico II, CAS - Purple Mountain Observatory, University of Oxford, College of Charleston, California Institute of Technology, Osaka University, University of the Virgin Islands, European Space Agency - ESA, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Bremen, Istanbul University, McGill University, University of Hertfordshire, Clemson University, Open University Milton Keynes, Monash University, University of Helsinki, Cardiff University, CAS - Institute of High Energy Physics, Fudan University, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Boston University, Radboud University Nijmegen, National Tsing Hua University, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cornell University, Oregon State University, University of Calgary, Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, XiangTan University, Guangxi University, University of Milano, University of Cambridge, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Universidad de Buenos Aires, European Southern Observatory, Wheaton College, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences, New York University, West Virginia University, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, University of Leicester, Gran Sasso Science Institute, RIKEN, Keele University, Oxford Instruments Analytical Oy, University of Salento, JAXA Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, University of Florence, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Crete, Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe, Université Paul Sabatier, Raman Research Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, University of Göttingen, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Leiden University, Stockholm University, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Leibniz Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, University of Alberta, University of Southampton, National University of Ireland, Galway, Paris Observatory, INAF—Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, University of Manchester, Arizona State University, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Zielona Gora, Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia, University of Maryland, College Park, University of California Berkeley, Silesian University in Opava, University of California Irvine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Tongji University, University of Texas at Austin, Peking University, CAS - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
X-ray Astronomy, X-ray optics, Polarimetry, Gas Pixel Detector
Abstract

XIPE, the X-ray Imaging Polarimetry Explorer, is a mission dedicated to X-ray Astronomy. At the time of writing XIPE is in a competitive phase A as fourth medium size mission of ESA (M4). It promises to reopen the polarimetry window in high energy Astrophysics after more than 4 decades thanks to a detector that efficiently exploits the photoelectric effect and to X-ray optics with large effective area. XIPE uniqueness is time-spectrally-spatially-resolved X-ray polarimetry as a breakthrough in high energy astrophysics and fundamental physics. Indeed the payload consists of three Gas Pixel Detectors at the focus of three X-ray optics with a total effective area larger than one XMM mirror but with a low weight. The payload is compatible with the fairing of the Vega launcher. XIPE is designed as an observatory for X-ray astronomers with 75 % of the time dedicated to a Guest Observer competitive program and it is organized as a consortium across Europe with main contributions from Italy, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Poland, Sweden.

Published
2016

50. The on-board calibration system of the X-ray Imaging Polarimetry Explorer (XIPE)

Author

Zane, S., Winter, B., Theobald, C., Theodorou, T., Pinchera, M., Muleri, F., Spada, F., Sgro, C., Zanetti, D., Feng, H., del Monte, E., Rubini, A., Soffitta, P., Bellazzini, R., Bozzo, E., Burwitz, V., Castro Tirado, A.J., Costa, E., Gburek, S., Goosmann, R., Karas, V., Matt, G., Nandra, K., Pearce, M., Poutanen, J., Reglero, V., Sabau, M.D., Santangelo, A., Tagliaferri, G., Tenzer, C., Vink, J., Weisskopf, M., den Herder, J.-W.A., Takahashi, T., Bautz, M., and Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam

Subjects
Physics, ta115, business.industry, Calibration (statistics), Detector, Polarimetry, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Field of view, 02 engineering and technology, Orbital mechanics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Optics, Filter (video), 0103 physical sciences, Modulation (music), Orbit (dynamics), 0210 nano-technology, business, Remote sensing
Abstract

The calibration system for XIPE is aimed at providing a way to check and correct possible variations of performance of the Gas Pixel Detector during the three years of operation in orbit (plus two years of possible extended operation), while facilitating the observation of the celestial sources. This will be performed by using a filter wheel with a large heritage having a set of positions for the calibration and the observation systems. In particular, it will allow for correcting possible gain variation, for measuring the modulation factor using a polarized source, for removing non interesting bright sources in the field of view and for observing very bright celestial sources. The on-board calibration system is composed of three filter wheels, one for each detector and it is expected to operate for a small number of times during the year. Moreover, since it operates once at a time, within the observation mode, it allows for simultaneous calibration and acquisition from celestial sources on different detectors. In this paper we present the scope and the requirements of the on-board calibration system, its design, and a description of its possible use in space.

Published
2016
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