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This study was aimed to examine the influence of drying temperature on phytochemical compounds and chemical characteristic of matoa (Pometia pinnata) peels. This study used a completely randomized design with the drying temperature treatments which was divided into P0 = freeze drying (control), P1 = 50Ë%C, P2 = 60Ë%C, and P3 = 70Ë%C, each treatment was dried for 48 hours. Variables observed were phytochemical compounds, water content, ashes content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, IC50, malondialdehide/MDA and phenol. This study used analysis of variance followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test when the results showed significance dierence. It was calculated through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0. The results showed that the drying temperature influenced water content and IC 50. The phytochemical compounds of matoa peels were observed through qualitative screening included flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The best results on the drying treatment of matoa peels was P1 (50Ë%C) which presented 9.47±0.14% water content, 3.74±0.07% ashes content, 4.89±0.03% crude protein, 0.46±0.04% crude fat, 34.42±2.16% crude fiber, 30.92±10.25 IC50, 12.85±1.49 mg/g MDA, and 0.85±0.23% phenol.

Berdasarkan data profil Dinas kesehatan Kota Probolinggo Tahun 2017 masih ditemukan balita mengalami gizi buruk sebanyak 27 balita. Kecamatan Kanigaran merupakan salah satu Kecamatan di Kota Probolinggo yang memiliki jumlah balita gizi buruk tertinggi sebanyak 10 balita (37%). Peran kader di Posyandu “Boegenville” belum optimal karena masih memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang terkait stunting dan cara pencegahannya. Kader juga belum berperan aktif dalam pengolahan Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (PMT) balita. Salah satu bahan makanan lokal yang baik untuk PMT adalah daun kelor (Moringa Oleivera). Dengan demikian diperlukan peningkatan pengetahuan kader posyandu dalam pembuatan PMT berbahan dasar kelor sebagai upaya percepatan pencegahan stunting. Kegiatan dilakukan dengan memberikan materi meliputi pengertian stunting, penyebab balita stunting, cara mencegah stunting dan pengertian PMT. Kegiatan pelatihan pembuatan PMT berbahan dasar kelor juga dilakukan dengan menghasilkan tiga produk antara lain puding oreo coklat kelor, nugget ayam kelor dan cookies emping kelor. Hasil evaluasi dilakukan dengan memberikan pretest dan posttest dengan indicator keberhasilan skor 70. Sebanyak 30% kader memiliki nilai diatas 70 pada pretest dan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan berdasarkan hasil posttest 100% kader memiliki nilai diatas 70. Perlu untuk merancang program lanjutan sebagai tindak lanjut dari kegiatan ini yaitu pelatihan kewirausahaan produk PMT bagi untuk mendukung ekonomi kader Posyandu.

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of glycerine supplementation at various concentrations on performance, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and product characteristics of beef and dairy cattle in vivo by using a quantitative meta‐analysis approach. Meta‐analysis was performed by integrating a total of 52 studies from 39 articles and 182 treatments into a database. Data were constructed into an intact database and did not distinguish between beef and dairy cattle, except for the parameters of production performance and product characteristics. Data summarized were analysed by using a statistical meta‐analysis that employed a fixed effect of glycerine supplementation level and a random effect of various studies for both beef and dairy cattle. Significance of an effect was stated at the probability level of p < .05, and p < .1 was considered as a tendency of significant. Results revealed that there was a linear decrease on dry matter intake (p < .01) and daily gain (p < .05) of beef cattle with the increasing levels of glycerine supplementation. Glycerine supplementation did not decrease milk production of lactating dairy cows. Molar proportion of acetate in the rumen was decreased (p < .001), whereas propionate and butyrate proportions were increased (both at p < .001) by glycerine supplementation. Generally, glycerine did not change nutrient digestibility except that it reduced fibre digestibility (p < .001). Glycerine supplementation linearly lowered triglyceride and NEFA concentrations (both at p < .05) in the blood serum, but not other blood metabolites. Glycerine tended to linearly increase (p < .1) carcass percentage in beef cattle. Increasing dietary glycerine levels decreased milk fat (p < .01) but elevated milk protein (p < .001). Glycerine tended to increase milk lactose (p < .1) by following a quadratic pattern. The proportion of MUFA was increased quadratically by glycerine supplementation (p < .05), whereas glycerine tended to decrease SFA by following a quadratic pattern (p < .1).

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD), also called Gumboro, was disease which attacked cells in the bursa of fabricius, causing interference with the chicken's immune system or immunosuppressive. IBD was the one of viral disease that often attacks chickens in the field. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnosis of IBD by through at clinical symptoms and necropsy that can still be relevant on in the field. The diagnosis of IBD correctly, cheaply, easily and quickly in the field is very important to optimize the health care management and evaluation program. The method used was by observing clinical symptoms of broiler chickens in commercial farms suspected of contracting IBD and observing post-death organs (necropsy). The object of necropsy was 5 samples of broiler chickens from the farm. Data was analyzed descriptively. The results of this study was the broiler chickens that infected with IBD could be diagnosed through clinical symptoms and post-death organ changes, so that the diagnosis for IBD cases in the field used the observation of clinical symptoms and necropsy are still relevant.

This research aimed to diagnosed pregnancy on mares using a test mare (MTP) kit. This study using 10 mares were used to confirm their pregnancy status using a rectal exploration technique (gold standard) using seven pregnant mares (K1) and three non-pregnant mares (K2). Serums from both groups were tested using a MTP kit. The research data were tested descriptive. The results showed that seven mares that were positively pregnant and three negative mares unpregnant after being tested using the MTP kit and rectal exploration. The conclusion that the MTP kit can be used to diagnose pregnancy in mares of 60 to 100 pregnancy days which is 100% accuracy sensitivity and specificity.Â

The effects of glycerol and chestnut tannin addition on non-ensiled and ensiled cassava leaves which were then incubated in an in vitro rumen system were investigated to evaluate the ensiling characteristics and fermentation profiles, respectively. Both non-ensiled and ensiled cassava leaves were prepared using laboratory-scale minisilos with 4 different treatment types of additives. The treatments were Control (cassava leaves without additive [S0]), Cassava leaves + 3% dry matter (DM) of glycerol (SG), Cassava leaves + 3% DM chestnut tannin (ST), and Cassava leaves + 3% DM glycerol + 3% DM chestnut tannin (SGT). The cassava leaves silage recorded with high concentration of lactic acid, negligible amount of butyric acid, and low concentration of ammonia-N, demonstrates a well-preserved silage quality after 4 weeks fermentation. The in vitro total gas production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration did not differ between the treatment groups, but the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and the in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) increased after the ensiling process. The addition of glycerol alone or in combination with chestnut tannin showed propiogenic property in the non-ensiled cassava leaves. Chestnut tannin, when added singly or in combination with glycerol, reduced the ammonia-N and iso-VFA concentration in the ensiled cassava leaves. Furthermore, the addition of glycerol and/or chestnut tannin improved some of the silage quality and showed no detrimental effects on the in vitro rumen fermentation profiles.

Glycerol or glycerin is generally recognized as a safe compound to be used in animal feed, especially for ruminants. A number of in vitro studies related to glycerol supplementation in ruminant ration have been published but to date the results have not been summarized. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate in vitro digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics, total gas and methane production through the meta-analysis approach. Meta-analysis was applied to 13 experiments and 42 treatments dealing with glycerol supplementation in ruminants. Data were analyzed by general linear model procedure in which the glycerol levels and the different studies were treated as fixed effects. Results revealed that glycerol supplementation did not affect the in vitro digestibility and total VFA production, but significantly decreased molar proportion of acetate and iso-valerate (P

The purpose of this study was to determine the ideal composition of tobacco waste(Nicotiana tabacum)as a herbal anthelmintic element from local ingredients added to UMB (Urea Molasses Block) and to determine effectiveness for controlling worm infection in sheep. The method used is to make UMB with the addition of tobacco waste. The calculation of EPG (eggs per gram) of worm eggs was used as an evaluation for the degree of infection using Whitlock chamber tools. The degree of infection will be evaluated as the basis for assessing the effectiveness of UMB from tobacco waste in experimental animals. The experimental animals were 10 sheep aged 1 - 2 years (ethical clearance number: 0019/EC-FKH/Eks./2020) infected with worms naturally divided into 4 groups, each group was given UMB containing tobacco waste 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%. The results of the study concluded that UMB with the addition of 5% of tobacco waste had the potential to control helminthiasis in sheep. Other results of this study also presented a prototype of UMB products containing herbal anthelmintics (tobacco waste) which could be further developed as an alternative solution before being produced as one of the livestock products that have added value.

To improve the productivity of smallholder cattle fattening, farmers will need to invest in higher quality concentrate-based diets which provide a return greater than the additional feed costs. This research assessed two formulations of elephant grass, cassava bagasse, palm kernel cake and copra meal mixes for average daily liveweight gain (ADG) and income over feed cost (IOFC), compared to a forage diet in a pen experiment; and then evaluated the best performing diet as a supplement to existing smallholder bull fattening diets in villages in East Java, Indonesia. In the pen experiment, 24 Ongole bulls were allocated to three treatment diets fed at 25 g DM/kg liveweight.day in a 12-week randomised block experiment: 1) Elephant grass only; 2) a simplified feedlot diet (elephant grass, cassava bagasse, palm kernel cake and copra meal at 4.9, 9.8, 4.9 and 4.9 g DM/kg liveweight.day, respectively); and 3) a high cassava bagasse inclusion diet (elephant grass, cassava bagasse, palm kernel cake and copra meal at 4.9, 17.1, 1.2 and 1.2 g DM/kg liveweight.day, respectively). Intake and ADG were recorded. In the village experiment, 46 smallholder-managed Ongole crossbred bulls were randomly allocated to a control or intervention treatment group. Intervention group farmers fed their bulls 4 kg DM/day of the concentrate mix from the simplified feedlot diet in addition to normal feeding. Costs and returns, ADG and feeding were recorded. IOFC was calculated for both experiments and sensitivity-tested for variation in cattle price and opportunity cost of labour for harvesting home-grown feeds. In the pen experiment, the simplified feedlot diet yielded the highest ADG at 1.00 kg/day, with high cassava and elephant grass both yielding 0.23 kg/day. The purchased feed cost of gain was lowest for elephant grass (nil), followed by the simplified feedlot and the high cassava diets (9831 and 26,708 IDR/kg liveweight, respectively). However, the high ADG in the simplified feedlot diet made that the most profitable diet, with an IOFC of IDR 27,673, compared to IDR 2603 and IDR 8156 for the high cassava and elephant grass diets respectively. Including opportunity cost of labour for harvesting grass made simplified feedlot even more advantageous. When the concentrate from the simplified feedlot diet was fed to village bulls, ADG and daily feed cost doubled from 0.6 kg/day and IDR 6523/day, respectively, for control group bulls to 1.2 kg/day and IDR 11,069/day for intervention bulls. However, IOFC did not improve with the intervention supplement when growth rates were already high, for example, when cattle were already fed high amounts of rice-bran or forage tree legumes. When opportunity cost of household labour for harvesting forages was included, most grass-based village diets became unprofitable. Even when the return per kg of liveweight gain is reduced by higher feed costs, if this results in higher ADG, then the IOFC of this strategy can far exceed least-cost feeding strategies for fattening cattle.

The objectives of this study were to determine the range of nutrient content of fishmeal circulating in Jember Regency, East Java, and to make a calibration standard for quick calculation using NIRS by R2 and RMSECV. This study used 11 fishmeal samples from around Puger, Jember and around Muncar, Banyuwangi. The physical examination included organoleptic tests (color, odor, and texture), density, and chemical analysis of fishmeal samples. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results indicated that the nutrient content of fishmeal had greatly variation. The CP content presented a quite high ranged between 26.61% to 64.30%. The result of organoleptic test showed the color was yellowish brown, brown, slightly brown to dark brown. The odor was generally standard, which was fishy. Some fishmeal samples were moist in texture, such as fishmeal samples from Jember A (22.03%) and Muncar Banyuwangi B (19.65%). The average of fishmeal density was 0.528 g/ml that ranged between 0.341-0.726 g/ml. The measurement of R2 and RMSECV calibration of fishmeal using NIRS showed good results to predict CF, DM, and EE contents. The usage of NIRS technology was recommended for proximate analysis unless ash content due to the absence of spectrum absorption for minerals.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using yeast named Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic in the maintenance of broiler chickens that are free from antibiotic administration and to obtain the most efficient dose of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a feed additive. The success of this study supports the government's program for the future that will prohibit antibiotics usage in poultry feed, especially broiler chickens. This study consisted of 5 treatments and 5 replications for each treatment. Each replication consisted of 10 heads of broiler chicken aged 14 days. Treatment I = formulation feed (control) without yeast addition (P0), treatment II = control plus yeast 0.5 g/kg of feed (0.05%) (P1), treatment III = control plus 1 g/kg of feed (0.1%) (P2), treatment IV = control plus yeast 1.5 g/kg of feed (0.15%) (P3), and treatment V = BR1 commercial feed (K). Observations were carried out since the chickens aged 14 days to harvested on aged 35 days. Data were analysed using one way analysis of completely randomized design (CRD) by IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Significantly different results were followed by Duncan's new multiple range test (DMRT) to determine differences between treatments. The results of this study indicate that the addition of S. cerevisiae up to 1.5 g/kg of feed (0.15%) on dietary free-antibiotics did not affect production performance (P1, P2, P3) compared to control (P0), however still lower than broilers fed BR1 commercial feed (K). Addition of S. cerevisiae as probiotic on dietary free-antibiotic had a greater role for improving health status by 0% mortality and tends to increase lactic acid bacteria in the duodenum intestinal tract.

We evaluated the precision and accuracy of equations from the Australian Ruminant Feeding Standards (ARFS) and the Large Ruminant Nutrition System (LRNS) in predicting the performance of Ongole (Bos indicus) cattle under Indonesian conditions. A database was constructed using information from 121 cattle in five different pen-feeding experiments. Cattle included mature cows and growing bulls, and they were fed a range of diets commonly used by Indonesian farmers. We compared observed and predicted dry matter intake and daily liveweight gain. Model predictions were evaluated for precision and accuracy using mean bias, mean square prediction error and regression of observed against predicted values. Across all experiments, the LRNS provided the better estimates of intake and growth. While both models included animal age, sex, weight and body condition score, the LRNS provided better estimates of metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance of liveweight, feed quality and efficiency of energy utilisation. The LRNS model also better accounted for environmental conditions by including correction factors for minimum night temperature and relative humidity, in addition to average daily temperatures. Based on our results, the LRNS model appears suitable for use in Indonesian beef-production systems.

The aim of this research was to compare different feeding strategies to increase the weight and body condition score (BCS) of Ongole (Bos indicus) and Bali (Bos javanicus) cows kept by smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Thirty mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating Ongole and Bali cows were allocated to one of three treatment groups in a randomised block design, with five cows of each breed per treatment. The experiment consisted of a 2-week adaptation period and 24-week experimental period. In Weeks 1–17 cows were offered one of three diets; rice straw ad libitum plus gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) at 3 g DM/kg W.day (RSG3), rice straw at 10 g DM/kg W.day plus gliricidia at 10 g DM/kg W.day, or elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) ad libitum. During Weeks 18–24 the cows previously fed the RSG3 diet were offered rice straw ad libitum plus rice bran at 10 g DM/kg W.day. There was no change to diets of the other groups. Feeding untreated rice straw plus gliricidia or rice bran only provided enough metabolisable energy for maintenance of both breeds. Ongole and Bali cows consuming elephant grass gained weight at 0.25 and 0.33 kg/day, respectively. However, even at these higher growth rates it would still take ~4–6 months for cows to gain 1 BCS unit (1–5 scale). Maintaining a good BCS would be a better management strategy.

Improving the productivity and profitability of smallholder cattle enterprises in Indonesia requires greater and more efficient utilisation of underutilised feed resources such as rice straw. The experiment tested the hypothesis that an Ongole cow with low energy requirements can maintain weight (W) on a rice straw-based diet with the addition of a small amount of tree legumes. Thirty-two Ongole cross (Bos indicus) cows were allocated to one of four treatments in a randomised block design with eight cows per treatment. Cows were offered untreated rice straw ad libitum with four levels of tree legumes (0, 11, 21, and 42 g DM/kg W0.75.day) for 20 weeks. Feed intake was determined daily and liveweight was measured every second week. There was no difference in total feed intake between the treatment groups (P > 0.05). Intake of tree legumes was higher when more was offered (P < 0.05), but cows did not consume all of the legumes offered to them. The inclusion of tree legumes in the diet had no effect on organic matter digestibility, ME content of the diet, liveweight gain or estimated energy balance of the cows (P > 0.05). Rice straw alone contained insufficient ME and rumen-degradable N to meet the maintenance requirements of the cows. From the regression relating liveweight change and ME intake for all cows across all diets, the inclusion of tree legumes in the diet at ~12 g DM/kg W0.75.day or 2.8 g DM/kg W.day was enough to meet the energy requirements for maintenance of Ongole cows fed rice straw ad libitum.