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Background Nutritional management of children with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) presents multiple challenges including reduced oral intake compounded by mucosal fragility. Gastrostomy tube feeding is effective in improving nutritional status however there is limited data on the safety and tolerance of this technique in EB children. We aim to review the effectiveness and morbidity of our minimally invasive two-port laparoscopic-assisted gastrostomy (LAG) approach using Seldinger techniques with serial dilatations in children with EB. Methods A retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted on all consecutive EB patients who underwent LAG tube insertion between 2009-2019. Patient demographics, admission details and 12-month clinical outcomes were reported. Results 32 EB patients underwent LAG placement. Median age at insertion was 7.3 (IQR ± 6.3) years, with 8 (25.0%) and 3 (9.4%) of patients also undergoing oesophageal dilatation and fundoplication, respectively. Minor complications arose in 58.1% of patients including: peri-stomal overgranulation (25.8%), gastrostomy infection (22.6%), pain (22.6%), mild gastrostomy leakage (16.1%), blockage (9.7%) and device failure (3.2%). 2 patients (6.5%) developed major complications with extensive gastrostomy site leakage. Improvements in growth were reflected in mean height Z-scores (-1.99 to -1.71). Mean weight Z-scores improved in patients aged 0-10 years (-2.30 to -1.61) and mean BMI Z-scores increased in patients over 10 years (-2.71 to -1.46). No cases of gastrostomy-related mortality were reported. Conclusion LAG is well-tolerated in EB patients with improvements in growth and minimal morbidity 12-months post-gastrostomy insertion. An extended follow-up period is required to ascertain the long-term implications of gastrostomy feeding.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of socioeconomic deprivation on short-term outcomes and long-term overall survival following major resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) at a tertiary hospital in England. This was an observational cohort study of patients undergoing resection for colorectal cancer from January 2010 to December 2017. Deprivation was classified into quintiles using the English Indices of Multiple Deprivation 2010. Primary outcome was overall complications (Clavien-Dindo grades 1 to 5). Secondary outcomes were the major complications (Clavien-Dindo 3 to 5), length of hospital stay and overall survival. Outcomes were compared between most affluent group and most deprived group. Multivariate regression models were used to establish the relationship taking into account confounding variables. One thousand eight hundred thirty-five patients were included. Overall and major complication rates were 44.9% and 11.5% respectively in the most affluent, and 54.6% and 15.6% in the most deprived group. Most deprived group was associated with higher overall complications (odds ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.13–1.95, p = 0.005), higher major complications (odds ratio 1.49, 1.01–2.23, p = 0.048) and longer hospital stay (adjusted ratio 1.15, 1.06–1.25, p < 0.001) when compared with most affluent group. Median follow period was 41 months (interquartile range 20–64.5). Most deprived group had poor overall survival compared with most affluent, but it was not significant at the 5% level (hazard ratio 1.27, 0.99–1.62, p = 0.055). Deprivation was associated with higher postoperative complications and longer hospital stay following major resection for CRC. Its relationship with survival was not statistically significant.

The number of daily deaths, reported by Public Health England (PHE) during the UK Covid-19 epidemic, initially omitted out-of-hospital deaths in England. The epidemic has been mitigated by social distancing and the lockdown introduced on 17 and 23 March 2020 respectively. We recently reported a stochastic model of a mitigated epidemic which incorporated changes in social interactions and daily movements and whose simulations were consistent with the initial PHE daily mortality data. However, on 29 April, PHE revised their historic data to include out-of-hospital deaths in England. Out-of-hospital deaths occur sooner than in-hospital deaths. Here we show that if 20% of deaths, representing out-of-hospital deaths, are assigned a shorter illness period, then simulated daily mortality matches the revised PHE mortality at least until 4 May. We now predict that if the lockdown is gently relaxed in late May, whilst maintaining social distancing, there would be a modest second-wave which may be acceptable when weighed against the risks of maintaining the lockdown. Our model complements other more sophisticated work currently guiding national policy but which is not presently in the public domain.

STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study OBJECTIVE.: To understand the efficacy of a tail-gating technique (TGT) to mirror the normal spinal growth of children with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) treated with magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA MCGR allow outpatient distraction and guided spinal growth without the need for repeat surgery. Two techniques (maximal and targeted) are currently employed to determine the distraction amount, however the efficacy of each is unknown. This study specifically assesses the ability of targeted distraction to achieve physiological growth. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of European children treated with MCGR using a TGT and analyzed the post-operative clinical and radiographic outcomes, including the sitting height, standing height, coronal Cobb angle, T1-T12 and T1-S1 height. Furthermore, we compared the post-operative sitting/standing height ratio every 6 months to those reported for normal age- and sex-matched European children. RESULTS Thirty-five children were included with a mean follow-up of 3.4 years (1.8-5.8 years). All clinical and radiographic parameters significantly (P

Aim of study Streptococcus anginosus group (SA) (formerly Streptococcus milleri ) are pathogens recognised to have a high risk of postoperative collection in appendicitis, although little data exist specifically in children. We performed a retrospective review of all microbiological data from appendicectomies to assess whether there was an association in children. Methods A retrospective case note review of patients admitted to a paediatric tertiary centre coded for appendicitis from January 2015 to October 2016 was completed. Initial length of stay (LOS), cumulative hospital days, histology, microbiology, and radiology reports were recorded. The postoperative antibiotic regimen was based on surgeon's choice and not standardised. Main results 231 children were identified, and 18 were excluded. In the remainder, 169 (78.9%) had positive microbiology cultures, and of these 45 were positive for SA (26.6%). There was no significant variation in monthly incidence (P=0.58). Patients with SA+ve cultures were associated with complicated appendicitis on histology (P=0.01), longer LOS and cumulative hospital days (P=0.001), and increased likelihood of developing postoperative collections (P=0.001). The relative risk of developing a postoperative collection with SA+ve cultures was 2.40. There was no difference in time to presentation, histology, or intervention between SA and non-SA patients who developed collections. All SA cultures were sensitive to penicillin and erythromycin. Conclusion SA cultured from intraoperative serial swabs is associated with an increased risk of developing postoperative collection (2.40). Using this information with standardisation of antimicrobial management may reduce the rate of postoperative complications in paediatric appendicitis. Level of evidence Level II prognosis study.

With the increasing median age of survival in the UK, there is an increased burden on the provision of medical and surgical care to the population. The 2010 National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death report, “An Age Old Problem,” emphasizes the early involvement of surgical and geriatric consultant input to improve perioperative care in older patients.\ud \ud This study describes the development of a Geriatric Surgical Liaison Service aimed at providing consultant-led geriatrician support to improve the outcomes of older patients undergoing Emergency Laparotomy (EL). The primary outcome is the reduction in length of stay (LOS) compared to baseline data prior to geriatrician involvement.\ud \ud The service was designed to include one clinical session involving a consultant geriatrician and two and a half days with a junior doctor in a week. Data was collected prospectively from February 2018 till July 2018 for surgical patients aged ≥ 70 years, who underwent EL, had an inpatient stay of more than seven days, and who were diagnosed with delirium or incurred inpatient falls (intervention group). Baseline data, prior to geriatrician involvement, were collected retrospectively for EL patients aged ≥ 70 years from December 2015 until May 2016. Length of stay and 30-day mortality were also compared between the two cohorts undergoing EL.\ud \ud A total of 69 patients were included in the intervention group; 45 patients underwent EL and their mean LOS was 17.5 days, which was reduced from 22.5 days prior to geriatrician involvement (n=57). There was no difference in median length of stay and 30-day mortality between the retrospective baseline group and the intervention groups. In the intervention group, 8.5% of patients had a new medical diagnosis and 26.8% of patients were offered follow-ups.\ud \ud Although statistically not significant (p=0.40), a shorter stay in hospital by five days can potentially have a positive impact on patient outcomes by reducing psychosocial, cognitive, and functional deconditioning. This would also improve patient flow, release capacity, and waiting times and would be of benefit to the financially strained National Health Service (NHS). Overall, our study suggests that a collaborative, consultant-led geriatric service can improve the management of older surgical patients by potentially reducing length of stay, identifying high-risk patients, and facilitating early and appropriate specialty input alongside adequate and required outpatient follow-up.

MCGR controls scoliosis progression and allows growth. Functional activity also improves generally. Primary infection rates are low. The overall unplanned return to theatre rates are still high but the psychosocial benefits are obvious.

The introduction of magnetic expansion control growth rods for the surgical management of EOS has gained popularity. However, there are no published studies on the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) using this technique. The aim of this study is to report the incidence of PJK following treatment with magnetic growth rods in EOS. Retrospective review of data from 21 cases (12 males, 9 females) over 3 years. PJK was obtained from whole spine X-rays pre-op, immediate post-op and last follow-up. Cobb angle was measured between the superior end plate of vertebra two levels above the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) and the inferior end plate of the UIV. A difference of >10° between the pre-operative x-rays and the last follow-up X-rays was recorded as PJK. 6/21 (28.6 %) had proximal junctional kyphosis of more than 10° at last follow-up. Average age was 5.3. Average follow-up was 32.5 months. All the patients with PJK were syndromic. Four out of these six patients were males (66 %). Average PJK angle was 25.55°. Average pre-operative kyphosis was 52.5°. Average number of distractions was 7.4. All six patients had syndromic association. 3/6 patients (50 %) were conversion cases treated with traditional growth rods previously (TGR). None of the patients required unplanned surgery for PJK. The incidence of PJK in EOS patients treated with magnetic rods is favourably comparable to that reported with traditional growth rods. Also, children who are male, syndromic, hyperkyphotic, and younger must be monitored closely.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment (CI) is very common condition that occurs in haemodialysis patients and it is associated with reduced functional capacity and mortality. We assessed the change in cognitive function during haemodialysis and associated risk factors. Methods: All patients ≥50 years, on haemodialysis for ≥3 months, no dementia from 2 dialysis centres were selected. Cognition was assessed before and after a haemodialysis session using parallel versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) tool. Multiple regression was used to examine potential confounders. Results: Eight-two patients completed both tests – median age 73 (52–91) years, 59% male, dialysis vintage 41 (3–88) months. Sixty-two (76%) had CI at baseline. Cognition declined over dialysis (MOCA 21 ± 4.8 to 19.1 ± 4.1, p < 0.001) and domains affected were attention, language, abstraction and delayed recall. Age and dialysis vintage were independently associated with decline. Conclusion: Cognitive function declines over a haemodialysis session and this has significant clinical implications over health literacy, self-management and tasks like driving. More research is needed to find the cause for this decline in cognition.

MCGR controls scoliosis progression and allows growth. Functional activity also improves generally. Primary infection rates are low. The overall unplanned return to theatre rates are still high but the psychosocial benefits are obvious.

Aims Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) allow non-invasive correction of the spinal deformity in the treatment of early-onset scoliosis. Conventional growing rod systems (CGRS) need repeated surgical distractions: these are associated with the effect of the ‘law of diminishing returns’. The primary aim of this study was to quantify this effect in MCGRs over sequential distractions. Patients and Methods A total of 35 patients with a maximum follow-up of 57 months were included in the study. There were 17 boys and 18 girls with a mean age of 7.4 years (2 to 14). True Distraction (TD) was determined by measuring the expansion gap on fluoroscopy. This was compared with Intended Distraction (ID) and expressed as the ‘T/I’ ratio. The T/I ratio and the Cobb angle were calculated at several time points during follow-up. Results The mean follow-up was 30 months (6 to 57). There was a significant decrease in the mean T/I ratio over time (convex rod at 3 months 0.81, sd 0.58 vs 51 months 0.17, sd 0.16, p = 0.0001; concave rod at 3 months 0.93, sd 0.67 vs 51 months 0.18, sd 0.15, p = 0.0001). A linear decline of the mean T/I ratios was noted for both convex rods (r2 = 0.90, p = 0.004) and concave rods (r2 = 0.81, p = 0.015) over 51 months. At the 24-month follow-up stage, there was a significant negative correlation between the mean T/I ratio of the concave rod with weight (r = -0.59, p = 0.01), age (r = -0.59, p = 0.01), and BMI of the child (r = -0.54, p = 0.01). Conclusions The ‘law of diminishing returns’ is also seen after serial distraction using MCGR. Compared to previously published data for CGRS, there is a gradual linear decline rather than a rapid initial decline in lengthening. In older, heavier children a reduced distraction ratio in the concave rod of the MCGR device is noted over time. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1658–64.