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Theileria parasites commonly infect African wild artiodactyls. In rare roan ( Hippotragus equinus) and sable ( H. niger) antelopes, Theileria sp. (sable)-associated calf mortalities constrain breeding programs. The pathogenicity of most leukocyte-transforming Theileria spp. originates in their invasion of and multiplication in various mononuclear leukocytes, the transformation of both infected and uninfected leukocytes, and their infiltration of multiple organs. Understanding the pathogenesis of theileriosis can be improved by the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify the localization of the parasites in tissue sections. Our aim was to develop a reproducible IHC assay to detect leukocyte-associated Theileria parasites in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded roan and sable tissues. Polyclonal antibodies were purified from the sera of 5 roans from an area endemic for Theileria sp. (sable) and tested for IHC reactivity in 55 infected and 39 control roan and sable antelopes, and for antigen and species cross-reactivity in an additional 58 cases. The 3 strongest antibodies consistently detected intraleukocytic theilerial antigens in known positive cases in roan and sable antelopes, and also detected other Theileria spp. in non-hippotraginid wild artiodactyl tissues. The antibodies did not cross-react with other apicomplexan protozoa, with the exception of Cryptosporidium. Given that PCR on its own cannot determine the significance of theilerial infection in wild ruminants, IHC is a useful laboratory test with which to confirm the diagnosis in these species.

Sika deer (Cervus nippon) is widely distributed in Asian countries and is one of the most common wildlife animals in Hokkaido, Japan. Previous studies identified Theileria spp. in sika deer in Japan including Theileria sp. Thrivae belonging to T. cervi group and Theileria sp. sola belonging to T. capreoli group. However, the studies failed to differentiate these two species without sequencing. Therefore, epidemiological information on cervine theileriosis in Hokkaido, Japan is limited. This study differentiated the two Theileria spp. using restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP). Based on the PCR-RFLP, Theileria spp. were identified in 103 (88.0%) of 117 samples, and the prevalence of each parasites were 86.3% (n = 101) and 57.3% (n = 67) for Theileria sp. Thrivae and T. capreoli-like, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rRNA showed a close relationship between Theileria sp. Thrivae and T. cervi in China. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer regions also showed a close relationship between Theileria sp. Thrivae and T. cervi.

To a better insight into the epidemiology and genetic diversity of protozoan hemoparasites infections in wild mammals, this study aimed to the post mortem detection of DNA from species of the order Piroplasmida (Babesia sp., Cytauxzoon sp., and Theileria sp.) and suborder Adelorina (Hepatozoon sp.) using polymerase chain reaction based on the 18S rRNA gene followed by genetic sequencing of blood and spleen samples collected from carcasses of 164 free-ranging and captive wild mammals from Mato Grosso state. Among them, one Leopardus pardalis, three Panthera onca, two Puma concolor were positive for Cytauxzoon sp., and six Tapirus terrestris tested positive for Piroplasmida, while one L. pardalis was positive for Hepatozoon sp. Furthermore, an uncharacterized piroplasmid genetically related to Theileria sp. previously detected in cats from Brazil was described in lowland tapirs. Despite the controversy regarding the epidemiological threat of these protozoa, the detection of these tick-borne agents in wild free-living and captive mammals, even when asymptomatic, demonstrates the importance of monitoring, particularly in hotspots such as the state of Mato Grosso, to verify the circulation and genetic diversity, to anticipate the possible emergence of diseases, and even their consequences to other animals as well as humans. Resumo Para uma melhor compreensão da epidemiologia e diversidade genética das infecções por hemoprotozoários em mamíferos selvagens, este estudo teve como objetivo a detecção post mortem de DNA de espécies da ordem Piroplasmida (Babesia sp., Cytauxzoon sp. e Theileria sp.) e subordem Adelorina (Hepatozoon sp.), utilizando-se a reação em cadeia pela polimerase, baseada no gene 18S rRNA, seguido de sequenciamento genético de amostras de sangue e baço, coletadas de 164 carcaças de mamíferos selvagens de vida livre e cativos do estado de Mato Grosso. Entre eles, um Leopardus pardalis, três Panthera onca, dois Puma concolor foram positivos para Cytauxzoon sp., e seis Tapirus terrestris testaram positivos para Piroplasmida, enquanto um L. pardalis foi positivo para Hepatozoon sp. Além disso, foi descrito em antas, um piroplasmídeo não caracterizado geneticamente, relacionado à Theileria sp., previamente detectado em gatos do Brasil. Apesar da controvérsia quanto à ameaça epidemiológica desses protozoários, a detecção desses agentes em mamíferos silvestres e cativos, mesmo quando assintomáticos, demonstra a importância do monitoramento, principalmente em hotspots, como no estado de Mato Grosso, para verificar a circulação e a diversidade genética, a fim de antecipar o possível surgimento de doenças e, até mesmo, suas consequências para outros animais, bem como os humanos.

In this study, we conducted molecular detection and characterization of piroplasms that infect the Ethiopian or desert hedgehogs (Paraechinus aethiopicus) in Saudi Arabia. Blood samples from 112 (68 males and 44 females) desert hedgehogs from Unaizah, Central Saudi Arabia were screened for Theileria/Babesia DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) employing specific primers amplifying the partial 18S small subunit rRNA gene. Theileria DNA was detected in 51 samples (45·5%), giving a prevalence of 45·5%. Theileria DNA was found in 33 (48·5%) males and 18 (40·9%) females, and there was no significant difference (P > 0·05) in the prevalence between males and females. Similarly, there was no significant difference (P > 0·05) in the prevalence between juveniles (40%) and adults (46·7%). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of Theileria in hedgehogs collected from May to September and the period from October to April (P = 0·003). Four haplotypes of Theileria sp. in hedgehogs were detected and designated as H1-H4. H1 was the predominant haplotype and found in 80·8% of the positive individuals. Partial sequences of the 18S rRNA of Theileria sp. from hedgehogs grouped with Theileria spp. that are benign. This study is the first report of the occurrence of Theileria spp. in Saudi Arabian desert hedgehogs.

This study investigated the occurrence and phylogenetic relationship of protozoan parasites and Ehrlichia infecting domestic animals from three municipalities in uMkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. A total of 208 blood samples collected from clinically healthy cattle, sheep, goats and dogs from uMkhanyakude district were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, using either genus or species-specific primers to determine the occurrence and phylogenetic relationship of various protozoan parasites and Ehrlichia of veterinary importance. A total of 5/109 (4.6%) cattle were PCR-positive for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii , 33/109 (30.3%) for Babesia bovis, 24/109 (22.02%) for Babesia bigemina and 20/109 (18.3%) for Trypanosoma sp., while 3/10 (30%) of sheep were PCR-positive for Theileria ovis and none of the goats were positive for any of the detected pathogens. The co-infection of 4/109 (3.7%) B. bovis and B. bigemina was detected in cattle. Only Ehrlichia canis was detected in dogs with infection rate of 20/48 (41.7%). Sequences of PCR-positive isolates ( B. bovis, B. bigemina, E. canis, T. ovis and T. gondii ) showed that they were closely related to their relevant species from various countries. These findings have expanded our knowledge about the prevalence and phylogenetic similarity between protozoan parasites and Ehrlichia isolates of South African origin. To date, this is the first study in South Africa to detect T. gondii infections from cattle blood using PCR.

Anaplasma marginale and piroplasm species are widespread among Brazilian cattle herds. Both of these tick-borne pathogens hamper livestock production and cause a significant economic impact. Although buffaloes have demonstrated a high level of adaptability, data on tick-borne pathogens are scarcely reported in Brazil. Thus, the aim of this study was to screen water buffaloes from the state of Maranhão for piroplasm and A. marginale occurrence using PCR assays. All samples were negative for A. marginale. One of the 287 (0.35%) water buffaloes tested was positive for Theileria sp. Sequencing of the 18S rDNA fragment (356 bp) showed that the Theileria sp. identified was closely related to the T. buffeli /orientalis group. Future studies on the clinical signs of infection and the main vector in this country are needed.

Background and Objective: Domestic animals, including camels, in Saudi Arabia suffer from various diseases, among which tick-borne infections are important because they reduce the productivity of these animals. However, knowledge of tick-borne pathogens in camels in Saudi Arabia is very limited, so the aims of this study were to quantify the abundance and distribution of tick species infesting camels from different districts of Riyadh province and use molecular tools to detect tick-borne pathogens in both the ticks and blood samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 218 ticks were collected from 116 camels from the 5 districts of Riyadh. The ticks and camel blood samples were analyzed for Borrelia, Babesia and Theileria pathogens using conventional and real-time PCR. Results: The results showed that five different tick species were identified. Majority of the ticks were Hyalomma dromedarii (70.6%), which were collected from camels in all 5 districts. This was followed by Hyalomma impeltatum species (25.2%), which was again found in all the districts. The other species found were Hyalomma anatolicum, Haemaphysalis sp. and Rhipicephalus turanicus. The only one H. dromedarii tick was positive for Theileria sp. DNA. Although the sample size and the area of tick collection were limited, the data suggest that the prevalence of pathogens in the Riyadh province, Saudi Arabia is relatively low. Conclusion: The study provides useful preliminary data to inform future full-scale country-wide surveys.

The aim of this research was to identify and to find out the prevalence of blood parasites in cattle in Kutalimbaru Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency. This research was conducted in Kutalimbaru Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency from December 2018 to February 2019. Normal/healthy cattle of different breeds were randomly selected from five locations, namely Sei Mencirim village, Sawit Rejo village, Silebo-lebo village, Sampe Cita village and Pasar X village. A total of 150 blood samples were collected for blood smears. Diagnostic techniques were tested using Giemsa's staining technique. The blood parasites were then identified and their prevalence was determined. The results showed that one species of blood parasite was successfully identified, all belonging to the blood parasite, namely, Theileria sp. with a prevalence of 33%. In addition, there were no species of blood parasite from the Anaplasma, Trypanosoma, and Babesia. This study suggests that theileriosis is spreading to even the other region in North Sumatera. To reduce the infection, follow up surveys of the blood parasites of the livestock, assess their distribution and infection rates of possible vectors are recommended and plans control measures against should be focused on reducing transmission to highly susceptible animal species.

The aim of this research was to determine the type and prevalence of blood protozoa disease on cattle and buffalo in Moyo Hilir sub‐district, Sumbawa District, Wes Nusa Tenggara. This research was taken on july until December 2018. This research used a nonexperimental method through an observation study. The samples of this research were made in thin blood smear using 20% Giemsa’s stain and all samples were from 200 blood of cattle and buffalo in Moyo Hilir sub‐district, Sumbawa District, West Nusa Tenggara. The results showed that the prevalence of blood protozoa disease was 11.5 Based on the type of blood protozoa, the highest prevalence was Anaplasma sp. (11%), followed by Theileria sp. (0.5%), while Babesia sp. And Trypanosoma sp. Were not found. Based on the livestock types, the prevalence in buffalo was higher (17%)than cttle (6%). Based on sex the prevalence in female was higher (12.6%) than male (10.11%). Based on age of livestock, the prevalance of livestock with age > 2 years old was higher (13.33%) than livestock with age ≤ 2 years old (10.4%) based on the location of the village, blood protozoa disease were only found in Olatrawa village (17.85%) and Serading village (17.82%), while in Kakiang and Moyo village were not found. The conclusion of this research indicate that prevalence of blood protozoa disease was 11.5% and only Anaplasma sp. And Theileria sp. Were found. Key words : anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, trypanosomiasis, Sumbawa District.

The current study aimed to conclude the prevalence of hard ticks infesting cattle in Qalyobia governorate and to investigatethe developmental stages of cattle piroplasms in ticks hemolymph. A total of 600 cattle were haphazardly examined for tickinfestation throughout the period from April 2013 to March 2014. Hemolymph samples of 1550 ticks were extracted, stainedby Giemsa again and microscopically inspected under oil immersion lens. Moreover, PCR assay was applied to amplify18SrRNA genes of Babesia and Theileria in 40 microscopically negative hemolymph samples. The study revealed that6.17% of cattle were infested by ticks. Rhipicephalus turanicus and Rhipicephalus praetextatus (70.02% and 29.98%respectively) were the recorded tick species. Ticks showed a great tendency to attach to the udder and inguinal regions(34.46%), while the two sides were the least infested (7.69%). No recorded significant effect of sex on the rate of infestation(P> 0.05). Cattle at age of 3-5 years were significantly more infested (78.38%) than those of 2-3 years (16.22 %) and thoseof 8months -2 years (5.41%). Microscopic examination of tick hemolymph revealed the presence of piroplasmdevelopmental stages in 39.23% and 49.4% of hemolymph samples obtained from Rhipicephalus turanicus andRhipicephalus praetextatus respectively. PCR analysis further revealed that amongst 40 ticks whose hemolymph weremicroscopically negative, 25% and 12.5% were positive for Babesia and Theileria sp. respectively. The results concludedthat Rhipecephalus turanicus and Rhipicephalus praetextatus are the common tick species infesting cattle in the study area.PCR assay is proved to be more efficient and sensitive than the microscopic assay for identification of the developmentalstages of piroplasms in tick hemolymph. Thus, allowing the easy and rapid surveillance of the endemicity of piroplasminfection among tick sp. and consequently application of emphasized control programs

This study was carried out to determine the rate of Theileria infection in cattle and camels in Behera governorate by microscopic examination, confirm and identify the species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of Theileria infection in cattle and camels was 20% (15/75) and 28% (21/75) respectively, by microscopic examination (ME) of blood smears. Five positive samples by ME (3camels and 2 cattle) in addition, four negative samples were subjected to semi-nested PCR. The PCR result (6 out of 9) examined blood samples (4 camels and 2 cattle) were PCR positive using Theileria species specific primer at 430bp. All positive samples for Theileria sp. Using Tbs-S/Tbs-A primers were used as a template and amplified by using Ta-S/ Tbs-A primers specific for Theileria annulata. All examined samples (6/6), 2 from cattle and 4 from camels were positive for Theileria annulata at 193 bp. In conclusion, the PCR especially semi-nested PCR (snPCR) are highly specific and sensitive methods for identifying the species of Theileria annulata and screening the carrier cattle and camels in the epidemiological surveys. On the other hand, Giemsa staining method is not suitable for detecting the carrier or chronic phases of theileriosis, although it is an easy and fast diagnostic technique for detecting this infection in acute phase with clinical signs.

Theileriosis continues to threaten the livestock industry worldwide, but comprehensive epidemiological surveys for this disease have not been conducted in the Tibet Plateau Region, China. In this study, we screened 154 cattle blood samples from the Tibet Plateau Region (Lhasa, Lhoka, and Tianzhu), China, for detection of Theileria pathogens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with species-specific primers. The results revealed that the prevalence was 6.9 % (2/29) for Theileria orientalis and 27.6 % (8/29) for Theileria sinensis in Lhasa, 0 % (0/30) for T. orientalis and 26.7 % (8/30) for T. sinensis in Lhoka, and 0 % (0/95) for T. orientalis and 30.5 % (29/95) for T. sinensis in Tianzhu. Interestingly, Theileria luwenshuni, which was a previously reported pathogenic Theileria sp. in sheep and goats, was detected in blood samples from cattle and yaks for the first time, with a prevalence of 10 % (3/30) in Lhoka and 1.1 % (1/95) in Tianzhu. No other Theileria sp. was detected in these samples. T. sinensis and T. orientalis infections were detected in cattle and yaks, and T. luwenshuni was discovered for the first time in cattle and yaks in the Tibet Plateau Region, China.

Control of Theileria equi, the primary cause of equine theileriosis, is largely reliant on acaracide use and chemosterilization with imidocarb dipropionate (ID). However, it is currently unknown if ID is effective against Theileria haneyi, the recently identified second causative agent of equine theileriosis, or if the drug maintains effectiveness against T. equi in the presence of T. haneyi co-infection. The purpose of this study was to address these questions using ID treatment of the following three groups of horses: (1) five T. haneyi infected horses, (2) three T. haneyi-T. equi infected horses, and (3) three T. equi-T. haneyi infected horses. Clearance was first evaluated using nPCR for each Theileria sp. on peripheral blood samples. ID failed to clear T. haneyi in all three groups of horses, and failed to clear T. equi in two of three horses in group two. For definitive confirmation of infection status, horses in groups two and three underwent splenectomy post-treatment. The T. equi-nPCR-positive horses in group two developed severe clinical signs and were euthanized. Remaining horses exhibited moderate signs consistent with T. haneyi. Our results demonstrate that ID therapy lacks efficacy against T. haneyi, and T. haneyi-T. equi co-infection may interfere with ID clearance of T. equi.

Ticks are blood-feeding arthropods and transmit a variety of medically important viral, bacterial, protozoan pathogens to animals and humans. Ticks also harbor a diverse community of microbes linked to their biological processes, such as hematophagy, and hence affect vector competence. The interactions between bacterial and/or protozoan pathogens and the tick microbiome is a black-box, and therefore we tested the hypothesis that the presence of a protozoan or bacterial pathogen will alter the microbial composition within a tick. Hence, this study was designed to define the microbial composition of two tick species, Hyalomma (H.) anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (R.) microplus. We used a combination of PCR based pathogen (Anaplasma marginale and Theileria species) and symbiont (Wolbachia species) identification followed by metagenomic sequencing and comparison of the microbial communities in PCR positive and negative ticks. A total of 1786 operational taxonomic units was identified representing 25 phyla, 50 classes, and 342 genera. The phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota were the most represented bacteria group. Alpha and beta diversity were not significantly affected in the presence or absence of Theileria sp. and A. marginale as see with H. anatolicum ticks. Interestingly, bacterial communities were significantly reduced in Theileria sp. infected R. microplus ticks, while also exhibiting a significant reduction in microbial richness and evenness. Putting these observations together, we referred to the effect the presence of Theileria sp. has on R. microplus a &ldquo, pathogen-induced dysbiosis&rdquo, We also identify the presence of Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of human malaria from the microbiome of both H. anatolicum and R. microplus ticks. These findings support the presence of a &ldquo, within the tick and further validation experiments are required to investigate how they are important in the vector competence of ticks. Understanding the mechanism of &ldquo, on tick microbial composition may aid the discovery of intervention strategies for the control of emerging tick-borne infections.

Mountain bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros isaaci) from Kenya were exported to zoological institutions in North America and Europe in the 1970s and 1980s. In the following 20–30 years bongo numbers declined in Kenya and the Mountain Bongo Repatriation Project was launched. This resulted in 18 adult bongo, descendants of the original translocated bongo, being repatriated from the United States to Kenya in 2004. These newly arrived bongo were inadvertently exposed to heavy tick infestation on release in a conservancy on the slopes of Mount Kenya. Mortality and morbidity occurred during the third week after arrival. Theileria sp. infection was apparent from the history, clinical signs, and necropsy findings, and Theileria-like parasites were detected microscopically in samples from sick and dead animals. Four bongo died before the outbreak was controlled. In order to identify the Theileria parasite conclusively, molecular amplification techniques were used. A combination of reverse line blotting, with small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and nucleotide sequencing, identified the protozoan parasite Theileria taurotragi, suggesting this as the most probable cause of mortality and morbidity in the repatriated bongo.

Theileriosis is an important tick-borne pathogen of livestock globally, causing severe reduction of livestock productivity and economic loss. To systematically investigate the prevalence and species of Theileria spp. in goats from Shaanxi province, a total of 509 blood samples were collected from dairy, cashmere and meat goats from 7 counties, and examined by using the microscopic examination and the nested PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene. Of them, 268 (52.7%, 268/509) were positive for Theileria infection. The prevalence was closely associated with ages and production categories. The highest infection was found in meat goats of 7 to 12-months, and lowest was detected in cashmere goats of 3 to 6 months. Sequence analysis indicated the presence of 2 Theileria species, with Theileria luwenshuni as the prevalent species and the first report of Theileria sp. OT3 in goats in China. These findings indicated the wide distribution of Theileria spp. in goats of Shaanxi province, and would shed new light on the distribution of this parasite in China.

Theileriosis is one of the most economically important tick-borne diseases of cattle and buffaloes in tropical countries and Mediterranean region. The present study investigates 120 cows and 80 buffaloes in Cairo and Giza governorates, Egypt to evaluate PCR assay as sensitive and specific technique and microscopic examination for diagnosis of Theileria sp. Only 5 cows and 2 buffaloes showed clinical signs varied from rise of body temperature, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, nasal and ocular discharge and sometimes associated with corneal opacity. The infection rate of Theileria in cows and buffaloes was 6 (12%) and 3 (9.3%) in Cairo and 10 (14.2%) and 6 (12.5%) in Giza respectively. The PCR result of examined blood samples of 12 cows and 8 buffaloes were positive for Theileria species by using 989a/990a and Tbs-S/Tbs-A primers where give 1098 pb and 430 pb respectively. None of the samples were positive for Theileria annulata by using N516/N517 primers. All positive samples for Theileria species by using Tbs-S/Tbs-A primers were used as a template and amplified by using Ta-S/Tbs-A primers specific for Theileria annulata, 10 out of 12 and 5 out of 8 blood samples of cow and buffaloes respectively were positive for Theileria annulata and give 193 bp.

Bovine theileriosis is a common tick-born disease infected by Theileria spp. causing loss of beef and dairy cattle worldwide, therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of Theileria spp. in Southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. We screened 493 dairy cattle blood samples from Southern Xinjiang to detect Theileria spp. by PCR. The overall prevalence of Theileria spp. was 23.5% (116/493). The most frequent Theileria sp. was Theileria annulata 22.5% (111/493), followed by T. orientalis (0.6%, 3/493) and T. ovis (0.2%, 1/493). Additionally, one sample was co-infected with T. annulata and T. orientalis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 11 T. annulata Tams1 sequences grouped into three sequence clusters that belonged to group 2 (Asia group) and shared 96.4% to 99.9% identity with to each other. Furthermore, our results revealed the presence of several T. orientalis MPSP genotypes (types 1, 2, and 5) in this region. In this study, T. annulata was found to be the most prevalent Theileria species in dairy cattle from Southern Xinjiang. Theileria ovis was detected in one DNA sample of a free-grazing dairy cow from China for the first time.

Atranorin (ATR), is a compound with multidirectional biological activity under different in vitro and in vivo conditions and it is effective as an antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal and anti-inflammatory agent. In the current study, the in vitro as well as in vivo chemotherapeutic effect of ATR as well as its combined efficacy with the existing antibabesial drugs (diminazene aceturate (DA), atovaquone (AV) and clofazimine (CF)) were investigated on six species of piroplasm parasites. ATR suppressed B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi and T. equi multiplication in vitro with IC50 values of 98.4 &plusmn, 4.2, 64.5 &plusmn, 3.9, 45.2 &plusmn, 5.9, 46.6 &plusmn, 2.5, and 71.3 &plusmn, 2.7 &micro, M, respectively. The CCK test was used to examine ATR&rsquo, s cytotoxicity and adverse effects on different animal and human cell lines, the main hosts of piroplasm parasites and it showed that ATR affected human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3) and Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell viability in a dose-related effect with a moderate selective index. The combined efficacy of ATR with DA, CF, and AV exhibited a synergistic and additive efficacy toward all tested species. In the in vivo experiment, ATR prohibited B. microti multiplication in mice by 68.17%. The ATR-DA and ATR-AV combination chemotherapies were more potent than ATR monotherapy. These results indicate the prospects of ATR as a drug candidate for piroplasmosis treatment.

Case report The clinical and laboratory findings in an orphaned juvenile female platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) that presented with a severe anaemia and tick infestation are reported. The animal developed a terminal septicaemia and died. Antemortem clinical pathology, postmortem histopathology and 18S rDNA sequencing supported a diagnosis of extravascular haemolytic anaemia secondary to Theileria ornithorhynchi infection. Conclusion Although T. ornithorhynchi infection is common in the platypus, this is the first case in which it has been shown to cause a haemolytic anaemia in this species and molecular characterisation of the organism has been described. A review of the previous literature concerning T. ornithorhynchi and possible treatment options for future cases are discussed.

Species identification using DNA sequences is the basis for DNA taxonomy. In this study, we sequenced the ribosomal large-subunit RNA gene sequences (3,037-3,061 bp) in length of 13 Chinese Theileria stocks that were infective to cattle and sheep. The complete 28S rRNA gene is relatively difficult to amplify and its conserved region is not important for phylogenetic study. Therefore, we selected the D2-D3 region from the complete 28S rRNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Our analyses of 28S rRNA gene sequences showed that the 28S rRNA was useful as a phylogenetic marker for analyzing the relationships among Theileria spp. in ruminants. In addition, the D2-D3 region was a short segment that could be used instead of the whole 28S rRNA sequence during the phylogenetic analysis of Theileria, and it may be an ideal DNA barcode.

The establishment of good experimental models for Theileria sp. infection is important for theileriosis research. Routinely, infection of ticks is accomplished by feeding on parasite-infected animals (sheep, cows and horses), which raises practical and ethical problems, driving the search for alternative methods of tick infection. Artificial tick feeding systems are based mainly on rearing ticks on host-derived or hand-made artificial membranes. We developed a modified feeding assay for infecting nymphal stages of Hyalomma anatolicum ticks with Theileria lestoquardi, a highly pathogenic parasite of sheep. We compared two different membranes: an artificial silicone membrane and a natural alternative using mouse skin. We observed high attachment rates with mouse skin, whereas in vitro feeding of H. anatolicum nymphs on silicone membranes was unsuccessful. We could infect H. anatolicum nymphs with T. lestoquardi and the emerging adult ticks transmitted infective parasites to sheep. In contrast, similar infections with Rhipicephalus bursa, a representative tick with short mouth-parts that was proposed as a vector for T. lestoquardi, appeared not to be a competent vector tick species. This is the first report of an experimentally controlled infection of H. anatolicum with T. lestoquardi and opens avenues to explore tick-parasite dynamics in detail.

The prevalence of piroplasms in a closed population of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) living in the Italian preserve of “Bosco della Mesola” – Ferrara (Mesola wood) was investigated. Blood samples and ticks were collected from 62 fallow deer. On microscopic observation, 28 (45.0%) blood samples were positive for piroplasms while PCR provided evidence for piroplasms infection in 47 (75.8%) fallow deer. The 67 ticks, collected from positive and negative animals, were identified as Ixodes ricinus L., 1758 (89.6%) and Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, 1844 (10.4%). At the PCR, four samples of I. ricinus were positive for piroplasms. The sequences of the 18S rRNA gene from both blood and ticks were identical and showed high identity (99.6%) with Theileria sp. 3185/02 (DQ866842) and Theileria capreoli (AY726011) from roe deer. Interestingly, the phylogenetical analyses evidenced differences between the Theileria strain from Mesola wood and the ones isolated in fallow deer from other Italian areas.

In this study during one year 294 blood samples, collected from cattle showing clinical signs arousing suspicion of theileriosis and apparently healthy neighboring animal (related one) for diagnosis of theileriosis using stained blood film and molecular diagnosis (Semi nested PCR). the result of blood film revealed that 91 out of 294 examined cattle (30.95%) were positive for the piroplasmic form (intra erythrocytic stage) of T. annulate infection, the highest prevalence of infection by theileriosis was (39.50 %) in Summer, and the lowest rate was (13.95 %) in Winter. and the highest prevalence of infection was 39.30 %, in age group1(1day – 6months) and the lowest rate was 21.40%. in group 5 (> 4 Years). The Tbs-S/Tbs-A primer set was used for PCR amplification of Theileria sp. And the Ta-S/Tbs-A specific primer set was used in semi-nested PCR technique for detection of Theileria annulata. The semi-nested PCR accurately revealed (60%) positive samples The results indicated that Giemsa staining method, having 50% sensitivity, is not suitable for determination of Theileria annulata in carrier cattle, while semi-nested PCR technique can be used as a gold standard method for the mentioned aim and also can be used for screening of Theileria annulata carrier cattle in all regions. The phylogenic analysis of DNA of theileriosis revealed two sequences deposited in the GenBank database under accession numbers MK332380 and MK332382.

Two cases of Theileria sp. infection in wild Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) were diagnosed by microscopic examination of thin blood smears and by molecular typing. Two wild Chinese water deer were referred to the Veterinary Medical Center of Chungbuk National University in South Korea, presumably the result of traffic accidents. Thin blood smears, which were stained with Giemsa, revealed intraerythrocytic parasites; however, the deer had no remarkable findings on physical examination. Polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing indicated that the parasite was nearly identical to the unidentified Theileria sp. previously found in China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Theileria sp. identified in these cases are closest to the group of unidentified Theileria spp. previously found in China and Japan.

A Theileria species was detected by PCR in blood samples collected from dogs in the Pietermaritzburg area and was also found in dogs presented at the Outpatients Clinic of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH), in the Pretoria area, South Africa. In the Pietermaritzburg area, 79 of the 192 samples were positive, while 3 out of 1137 of the Onderstepoort samples were positive. Three positive samples from Pietermaritzburg were co-infected with Ehrlichia canis. PCR positive samples were further analysed by the Reverse Line Blot (RLB) and sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA full-length gene sequences of one sample (VT12) from Pietermaritzburg and two samples from OVAH (BC281 and BC295) revealed a close relationship with sequences of Theileria species (sable). Clinical signs of the dogs that were examined at Pietermaritzburg and OVAH included an immune-mediated condition with severe thrombocytopenia. These findings identify a Theileria sp. in dogs for the first time in South Africa and add yet another microorganism to the growing list of haemoprotozoan parasites infecting dogs worldwide. The clinical significance of this infection in dogs is poorly resolved.

A total of 1,138 blood specimens were collected over a 6-year period (2000-2006) from domestic dogs in South Africa. Specimens from domestic dogs were obtained from the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH) in Pretoria, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Johannesburg, Durban, East London and Bloemfontein) and private practices from four provinces (Gauteng, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape). All specimens were screened for Babesia, Theileria, Hepatozoon and Ehrlichia/Anaplasma species using PCR and Reverse Line Blot (RLB) assays. On RLB, 560/1,137 domestic dog-specimens were positive for one or more parasites. Of the positive domestic dog-specimens, 420 (75%) were infected with Babesia rossi; 82 (15%) dogs were infected with Theileria sp. (dog); 18 (3%) dogs were infected with Babesia vogeli; 14 (3%) specimens were infected with Ehrlichia canis. Mixed infections were also found: B. rossi and E. canis were detected in 12 (2%) specimens; B. vogeli and E. canis occurred in 7 (1%) specimens; Theileria sp. (dog) and E. canis in 3 (0.5%) specimens; B. rossi and B. vogeli in one specimen. B. rossi, B. vogeli and E. canis occurred simultaneously in one dog. There was also one incidental finding of a dog positive for Trypanosoma congolense. The results indicate that a wide range of tick-borne pathogens are circulating in the canine populations in South Africa.

Seven healthy sheep and 10 sheep diagnosed with piroplasmosis based on clinical signs were tested for the presence of babesiae and theileriae. Using the molecular techniques, two species of theileriae were detected and characterized. Theileria ovis was present mostly in healthy sheep and in Rhipicephalus ticks collected from infected sheep. Theileria sp. OT3 parasite was detected mostly in ill animals which represent additional evidence to the possible pathogenic nature of Theileria sp. OT3. The presence of babesiae in sheep or in ticks was not determined. The results of this study showed that ovine piroplasmosis due to Theileria is present in Southern Croatia. It was concluded that clinical diagnosis of ovine piroplasmosis should be confirmed by molecular analysis in order to identify the species of piroplasm, to select the appropriate treatment and to exclude the threat for public health.

application/pdf, 全国8地域のニホンジカに寄生するタイレリアの18S rRNAおよびp33/34遺伝子を解析した. 18S rRNA遺伝子の相同性は99.7-100%であったが,山口県産ニホンジカのタイレリアp33/34遺伝子の相同性は,他地域のものに比べて塩基配列で68.7〜70.1%,アミノ酸配列で64,1〜70.0%と低く,ニホンジカのタイレリアには遺伝的に異なる株が存在することが示唆された., The 18S rRNA gene and the piroplasm major immunodominant protein gene (p33/34) of Theileria from various subspecies of sika deer in 8 different locations of Japan were analyzed. The similarity between 633 bp partial sequences of the 18S rRNA gene among various subspecies of sika deer was found to be between 99.7% and 100%. While the percent identities of the 412 bp partial p33/34 gene sequence and deduced amino acid sequences between Theileria of sika deer from Yamaguchi Prefecture and those found in deer from other Prefectures, were comparatively low, 68.7% to 70.1% and 64.1% to 70.0% respectively. These findings suggest that there are at least two genetically distinct strains of Theileria of sika deer in Japan.

Piroplasms from Theileria genus were detected in blood and spleen of red deer Cervus elaphus culled during the months of September 2004–January 2005 in northwestern Poland. The polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of Theileria deoxyribonucleic acid in 88% (36 of 41) of the animals examined. Molecular characterization of the parasites based on large piece of 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene containing hypervariable region V4 showed 99.9% similarity to two Theileria spp. sequences: Theileria sp. 3185/02 and Theileria capreoli BAB1158. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the three isolates cluster together with high bootstrap support. It is supposed that those pathogens can be classified as one group characteristic for the Eurasian continent, contrary to protozoon of Theileria from the T. cervi group, which are often found on the North American continent and can also infect the representatives of Cervidae. In conclusion, this study suggested that free-living C. elaphus in northwestern Poland are a competent reservoir of Theileria sp. ZS T04 C.e. parasites, although the vector of the piroplasms is still unknown.

Theileria parasites are important tick-borne pathogens of animals and cause huge economic losses worldwide. Here, we undertook to assess the prevalence of Theileria spp. in cervids in Gansu, China, based on PCR analysis and sequencing of the 18S rRNA genes. Molecular survey showed that Theileria luwenshuni and Theileria sp. RSR were frequently found in Gansu cervids, and the prevalence of T. luwenshuni was 66.7 % (n = 9, 6/9) in roe deer in Zhengning County, 58.3 % (n = 12, 7/12) in sika deer in Ningxian County, 50 % (n = 10, 5/10) in sika deer and 42.9 % (n = 14, 6/14) in red deer in Weiyuan County. The prevalence of Theileria sp. RSR was 77.8 % (n = 9, 7/9) in roe deer in Zhengning County, 75 % (n = 12, 9/12) in sika deer in Ningxian County, 60.0 % (n = 10, 6/10) in sika deer, and 50.0 % (n = 14, 7/14) in red deer in Weiyuan County. The co-prevalence of the two T. luwenshuni and Theileria sp. RSR was 55.6 % (n = 5, 5/9) in roe deer in Zhengning County, 50 % (n = 12, 6/12) in sika deer in Ningxian county, 50 % (n = 10, 5/10) in sika deer and 35.7 % (n = 14, 5/14) in red deer in Weiyuan County, respectively. No other Theileria species was found in these samples. T. luwenshuni and Theileria sp. RSR were detected for the first time in cervids in Gansu, China. Animal experiments showed that four sheep were inoculated with roe deer blood from Zhengning, sika deer blood from Ningxian, sika deer blood, and red deer blood from Weiyuan, respectively, and the Theileria isolated from these inoculated sheep was identified as T. luwenshuni, but Theileria sp. RSR was not detected in these sheep. Our results extend our understanding of the epidemiology of cervine theileriosis in Gansu, China, and will facilitate the implementation of measures to control theileriosis in cervids and small ruminants. This was the first report to demonstrate the occurrence of T. luwenshuni from roe deer, sika deer, and red deer worldwide.

Theileriaspp. are tick-transmitted, intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasites infecting a wide range of animals. As there is very limited information on the prevalence ofTheileriaspp. in the Caribbean we used the recently described genus-specific pan-TheileriaFRET-qPCR to identify infected animals in the region and a standard 18S rRNA gene PCR and sequencing to determine the species involved. We foundTheileriaspp. in 9% of the convenience samples of animals (n=752) studied from five Caribbean islands. Donkeys (20.0%: 5/25) were most commonly infected, followed by sheep (17.4%, 25/144), cattle (6.8%; 22/325), goats (5.0%; 12/238), and horses (5.0%; 1/20). Six species ofTheileriawere identified:T.equi(donkeys, cattle, goats, and sheep),Theileriasp. OT3 (sheep and goats),Theileriasp. NG-2013a (cattle),Theileriasp. YW-2014 (donkeys),Theileriasp. B15a (goats), andBabesia vulpesor a closely related organism (sheep and goats). OnlyT. equihas been previously reported in the Caribbean. Our findings expand the known host ranges ofTheileriaspp. and the known distribution of the organisms around the world.

Parasite is a detrimental living creature that using other living creature food in its life. Blood parasite is one of the quite important livestock disease which is endemic and can lead to fairly large economic losses which include weight loss, employment loss, and death of livestock. Blood parasites that usually attack livestock are Theileria sp , Babesia sp , Anaplasma and Plasmodium . The purpose of the research is to identify blood parasite of swine in Polewali Mandar district. This research was conducted on 25 August to 23 September 2016. The samples are 80 swine which obtained from all Swine People Ranch at Polewali in Polewali Mandar district, West Sulawesi. The samples made into an blood thinner then examined under a microscope. From 80 samples, the results showed that there are 4 samples which is positive infested Theileria sp . Key words : Blood Parasite, Swine, Theileria , Theileriosis.

To determine the presence and distribution of bovine theileriosis in the North Central region of Algeria, 358 DNA samples and 359 blood smears were analyzed from nine provinces. Theileria DNA extracted from cattle blood was amplified by fluorescence resonance energy transfer polymerase chain reaction (FRET-PCR). Blood smears were examined for Theileria piroplasms by microscopical examination (ME) of Giemsa-stained slides. While microscopical identification revealed only 42 animals being infected with Theileria piroplasms, PCR-positive amplification using Theileria genus-specific primers was obtained from 132 Theileria spp. (P

Two cases of acute babesiosis in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in two German zoos in 2009 and 2012 triggered this study to investigate the occurrence and species diversity of Babesia parasites infecting reindeer in different zoos and deer parks in Germany. Between June and December 2013, blood samples were taken from 123 clinically inapparent reindeer from 16 different facilities. Samples were tested for the presence of Babesia species DNA by conventional PCR and sequence analysis of part of the 18S rRNA gene. Also, Giemsa-stained smears of reindeer blood samples were examined for parasitaemia by light microscopy. The overall PCR-prevalence in blood samples was 23.6% (n=29). Comparison of sequenced amplicons with GenBank entries possibly revealed up to five different Babesia species: B. venatorum (n=19), B. capreoli (n=2) and B. capreoli-like (n=4), B. odocoilei-like (n=2) and B. divergens (n=1), while one sample turned out to be a Theileria sp. Out of the 16 facilities in the study, 12 housed at least one positive animal. In Giemsa-stained blood smears, intra-erythrocytic Babesia parasites were detected in samples of three reindeer from three locations. The high prevalence of Babesia infections implicates babesiosis to be a relevant infectious disease threat for captive reindeer in Germany. Consequently, reindeer with clinical signs compatible to those of acute babesiosis should either be tested for the presence of Babesia spp. DNA or blood smears should be examined for parasitaemia.

Theileriosis is a tick-borne disease caused by a piroplasma of the genus Theileria that can causeanaemia and thrombocytopenia. Its clinical importance for dogs’ remains poorly understood,as only some develop clinical signs. In this study, physical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcomes of six client-owned diseased dogs presented at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital are described retrospectively. In the dogs, Theileria species (n = 4)and Theileria equi (n = 2) were detected by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-reverse blothybridisation assay in blood samples, whilst PCR for Babesia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia were negative. The most common physical findings were pale mucous membranes (five out of six dogs), bleeding tendencies (five out of six dogs) and lethargy (three out of six dogs). All dogs were thrombocytopenic [median 59.5 x 109/L (range 13–199)] and five out of six dogs were anaemic [median haematocrit 18% (range 5–32)]. Bone marrow core biopsies performed in two dogs showed myelofibrosis. Theileriosis was treated with imidocarb dipropionate and the suspected secondary immune-mediated haematological disorders with prednisolone and azathioprine. Five dogs achieved clinical cure and post-treatment PCR performed in three out of five dogs confirmed absence of circulating parasitaemia. An immune-mediated response to Theileria species is thought to result in anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia in diseased dogs with theileriosis. A bleeding tendency, most likely secondary to thrombocytopenia and/or thrombocytopathy, was the most significant clinical finding in these cases. The link between thrombocytopenia, anaemia and myelofibrosis in theileriosis requires further investigation and theileriosis should be considered a differential diagnosis for dogs presenting with anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia in endemic tick-borne disease areas.

The present study provides the first epidemiological data regarding infection by Theileria and Babesia piroplasms in cattle in Minorca. More than 94% of the studied animals were positive for the presence of Theileria sp., and of those, 41.3% were positive for the presence of Theileria annulata. These results indicate that the prevalence of Mediterranean theileriosis caused by T. annulata is very high in Minorcan dairy farms and that other Theileria sp. are also present in the area. The prevalence of infection was similar throughout the study indicating an endemic situation in this island. The use of PCR resulted in significantly higher efficacy of detection of Theileria sp. compared to microscopical observation (MO) of blood smears and allowed the specific discrimination between pathogenic and non-pathogenic theilerias which cannot be accomplished by traditional diagnosis by MO. Babesia infection in the area was mainly due to Babesia bigemina (6.0% of the studied animals were infected), while one animal (0.75%) was found to be infected by Babesia bovis. It was observed that 31% of animals infected with B. bigemina had a concurrent infection of T. annulata. PCR also resulted in a significantly higher efficacy of detection of Babesia sp. compared to MO when infection levels were higher, towards the end of the study period. The results clearly demonstrate that parasitic infection by piroplasms, especially Theileria sp. is common and endemic in the island of Minorca and that PCR is the optimal approach for the detection and discrimination of these important parasites.

Out of ninety eight of camels (Camelus dormadarius) examined, only forty eight (48.9 %) were found to be infected with blood protozoan parasites (Trypanosoma evansi, Theileria sp. and Babesia sp.). The higher incidence of infection were found in males (36.7%) whereas, (12.24%) in females. Microscopical examination revealed that longitudinal binary fission, the stumpy, slender forms of Trypanosoma evansi, trophozoites of both Theileria sp. And Babesia sp. Experimental infection revealed that both of Babesia and Theileria have a zoonotic importance for their transmissible to the experimental animals.

A rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic method, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was developed for the diagnosis of Theileria sp. infection in sheep; and optimal conditions were established, such as antigen concentration, serum dilution, coating time, Tween-20 concentration and conjugate. The results were analyzed by measuring the coefficient of variation (CV). Three sera titers (high, middle, low) were analyzed over the measurement range, resulting in a CV of around 10%, whereas a 30% variation is the maximum acceptable. The cut-off value was determined by the mean of a negative control plus three standard deviations. Cross-reaction was found only with Babesia ovis. However, this result may be questionable, because it cannot be excluded that these sheep were already infected with both Theileria sp. and B. ovis. The ELISA described in the present study proved to be a useful tool for studying the epidemiology of Theileria sp.

An epizootiological field study on tick-borne protozoan infections in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was carried out in different parts of Croatia. Spleen samples of 191 carcasses of red foxes killed in sanitary hunting, were examined for the presence of hematozoa by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent sequencing. The investigation revealed four species of hematozoa in 57 foxes (30%), namely Theileria annae, Theileria sp. 3182/05 and Hepatozoon canis. Theileria annae was found in 10 foxes (5%), Theileria sp. 3182/05 in a single animal (1%), H. canis in 44 (23%) and Hepatozoon sp. was detected in two foxes (1%). T. annae and H. canis were distributed through all the studied regions, while Theileria sp. 3182/05 and Hepatozoon sp. were restricted to the Zagreb and Zagorje, and Istria regions, respectively. Detection of T. annae in all regions of Croatia indicates the presence of the natural cycle of the parasite and raises the possibility of other vectors other than the proposed Ixodes hexagonus.

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Wild Chinese Water Deer exist in large numbers in Northeast Asia, including South Korea. The deer population is so widespread that they are common even in urban areas, resulting in increased contact with humans and domestic animals. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of Theileria sp. infection in wild Chinese Water Deer in South Korea. Using biomolecular techniques, blood samples taken from 18 wild Chinese Water Deer were examined. Thirteen of the 18 samples (72%) tested positive for infection. In 11 of the deer, a Theileria sp. was detected that is nearly identical to the highly pathogenic Theileria sp. reported in China. Theileria ovis and Theileria capreoli were also detected individually in two deer. These results indicate that there may be a high prevalence of Theileria sp. infection in wild Chinese Water Deer, and that the deer may act as a reservoir for the Theileria sp. infection of domestic animals.

The 18S rRNA gene and the piroplasm major immunodominant protein gene (p33/34) of Theileria from various subspecies of sika deer in 8 different locations of Japan were analyzed. The similarity between 633 bp partial sequences of the 18S rRNA gene among various subspecies of sika deer was found to be between 99.7% and 100%. While the percent identities of the 412 bp partial p33/34 gene sequence and deduced amino acid sequences between Theileria of sika deer from Yamaguchi Prefecture and those found in deer from other Prefectures, were comparatively low, 68.7% to 70.1% and 64.1% to 70.0% respectively. These findings suggest that there are at least two genetically distinct strains of Theileria of sika deer in Japan.

Studies on host responses in sheep artificially infected with Theileria sp. (China) were discussed and summarized mainly on typical high fever periods, merozoits and schizoon observation, antibody response.

The 18S rRNA genes of Theileria species detected in sika deer, Cervus nippon centralis in Yamaguchi and Cervus nippon yesoensis in Hokkaido, were analyzed. The percent identities of the nucleotide sequences of Theileria from Cervus nippon centralis and Cervus nippon yesoensis were more than 99%. The percent identities of the Theileria sp. from sika deer and Theileria sergenti, Theileria buffeli and Theileria cervi were 97, 96 and 95%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequences also revealed that Theileria sp. detected from sika deer comprise a clade that is clearly distinct from the clade comprised of Theileria from cattle.

A stabilste of Theileria sp (eland) was prepared from adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks which had fed as nymphs on a parasitaemic eland. This stabilate proved infective to eland and cattle which developed macroschizont, and, in most cases, piroplasm parasitoses. The reactions of cattle and eland to this stabilate challenge were variable but lower numbers of piroplasms were produced in cattle. Theileria sp (eland) appeared to have low pathogenicity for eland and cattle although one eland died on challenge, showing a 50 per cent piroplasm para-sitaemla. Eland and cattle recovered from Theileria sp (eland) infection were immune to challenge with the homologous stabilate. However, eland infected previously with blood developed macroschizonts when challenged with stabilate. Cattle recovered from Theileria sp (eland) were fully susceptible to T parva stabilate challenge. Sera from cattle infected with Theileria sp (eland) only showed a significant rise in indirect fluorescent antibody titres when Theileria sp (eland) piroplasm antigen was used. Sera from cattle reacting to Theileria sp (Idobogo) and Theileria sp (Mwanza), other species with low pathogenicity, also showed an antibody response to Theileria sp (eland) piroplasm antigen. In two cases it proved possible to transmit Theileria sp (eland) between cattle using R appendiculatus. The establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with schizonts was achieved from eland but not from cattle. One infected cell line from eland grew as a monolayer. The development of this parasite was compared with other Theileria spp and it is proposed that Theileria sp (eland) be designated T taurotragl(Martin and Brocklesby 1960).

Theileria taurotragi and Theileria sp. (Idobogo) isolated from Kenyan eland and Tanzanian cattle, respectively, have many characteristics in common. It was found that tick-derived stabilites of Theileria sp. (Idobogo) were infective to eland, although only very mild infections developed. Eland that had recovered from Theileria sp. (Idobogo) infections were susceptible to challenge with T. taurotragi stabilate, and similar infections developed in control eland. Cattle that had recovered from Theileria sp. (Idobogo) infection were immune to challenge with T. taurotragi , in contrast to cattle that had recovered from T. taurotragi , which were susceptible to Theileria sp. (Idobogo) challenge. Using T. taurotragi piroplasm antigen in the indirect fluorescent antibody test, a high degree of cross-reaction was observed between T. taurotragi and Theileria sp. (Idobogo) antisera. It would appear that T. taurotragi and Theileria sp. (Idobogo) represent strains of the same species which are adapted to different hosts.