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1. Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Author: Cooper, DLM, Lewis, SL, Sullivan, MJP, Prado, PI, ter Steege, H, Barbier, N, Slik, F, Sonké, B, Ewango, CEN, Adu-Bredu, S, Affum-Baffoe, K, de Aguiar, DPP, Reategui, MAA, Aiba, SI, Albuquerque, BW, Matos, FDD, Alonso, A, Amani, CA, do Amaral, DD, do Amaral, IL, Andrade, A, Miranda, IPD, Angoboy, IB, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arboleda, NC, Arroyo, L, Ashton, P, Aymard, CGA, Baider, C, Baker, TR, Balinga, MPB, Balslev, H, Banin, LF, Bánki, OS, Baraloto, C, Barbosa, EM, Barbosa, FR, Barlow, J, Bastin, JF, Beeckman, H, Begne, S, Bengone, NN, Berenguer, E, Berry, N, Bitariho, R, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, Bonyoma, B, Boundja, P, Bourland, N, Bosela, FB, Brambach, F, Brienen, R, Burslem, DFRP, Camargo, JL, Campelo, W, Cano, A, Cárdenas, S, López, DC, Carpanedo, RD, Márquez, YAC, Carvalho, FA, Casas, LF, Castellanos, H, Castilho, CV, Cerón, C, Chapman, CA, Chave, J, Chhang, P, Chutipong, W, Chuyong, GB, Cintra, BBL, Clark, CJ, de Souza, FC, Comiskey, JA, Coomes, DA, Valverde, FC, Correa, DF, Costa, FRC, Costa, JBP, Couteron, P, Culmsee, H, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Dallmeier, F, Damasco, G, Dauby, G, Dávila, N, Doza, HPD, De Alban, JDT, de Assis, RL, De Canniere, C, De Haulleville, T, Carim, MDV, Demarchi, LO, Dexter, KG, Di Fiore, A, Din, HHM, Disney, MI, Djiofack, BY, Djuikouo, MNK, Van Do, T, Doucet, JL, Draper, FC, Droissart, V, Duivenvoorden, JF, Engel, J, Estienne, V, Farfan-Rios, W, Fauset, S, Feeley, KJ, Feitosa, YO, Feldpausch, TR, Ferreira, C, Ferreira, J, Ferreira, LV, Fletcher, CD, Flores, BM, Fofanah, A, Foli, EG, Fonty, E, Fredriksson, GM, Fuentes, A, Galbraith, D, Gonzales, GPG, Garcia-Cabrera, K, García-Villacorta, R, Gomes, VHF, Gómez, RZ, Gonzales, T, Gribel, R, Guedes, MC, Guevara, JE, Hakeem, KR, Hall, JS, Hamer, KC, Harrison, RD, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Hector, A, Henkel, TW, Herbohn, J, Hockemba, MBN, Hoffman, B, Holmgren, M, Coronado, ENH, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I, Hubau, W, Imai, N, Irume, MV, Jansen, PA, Jeffery, KJ, Jimenez, EM, Jucker, T, Junqueira, AB, Kalamandeen, M, Kamdem, NG, Kartawinata, K, Yakusu, EK, Katembo, JM, Kearsley, E, Kenfack, D, Kessler, M, Khaing, TT, Killeen, TJ, Kitayama, K, Klitgaard, B, Labriere, N, Laumonier, Y, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Laurent, F, Le, TC, Leal, ME, Novo, EMLD, Levesley, A, Libalah, MB, Licona, JC, Lima, DD, Lindsell, JA, Lopes, A, Lopes, MA, Lovett, JC, Lowe, R, Lozada, JR, Lu, XH, Luambua, NK, Luize, BG, Maas, P, Magalhaes, JLL, Magnusson, WE, Mahayani, NPD, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Rincón, LM, Mansor, A, Manzatto, AG, Marimon, BS, Marimon, BH Jr, Marshall, AR, Martins, MP, Mbayu, FM, de Medeiros, MB, Mesones, I, Metali, F, Mihindou, V, Millet, J, Milliken, W, Mogollon, HF, Molino, JF, Said, MNM, Mendoza, AM, Montero, JC, Moore, S, Mostacedo, B, Pinto, LFM, Mukul, SA, Munishi, PKT, Nagamasu, H, Nascimento, HEM, Nascimento, MT, Neill, D, Nilus, R, Noronha, JC, Nsenga, L, Vargas, PN, Ojo, L, Oliveira, AA, de Oliveira, EA, Ondo, FE, Cuenca, WP, Pansini, S, Pansonato, MP, Paredes, MR, Paudel, E, Pauletto, D, Pearson, RG, Pena, JLM, Pennington, RT, Peres, CA, Permana, A, Petronelli, P, Mora, MCP, Phillips, JF, Phillips, OL, Pickavance, G, Piedade, MTF, Pitman, NCA, Ploton, P, Popelier, A, Poulsen, JR, Prieto, A, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Qie, L, Quaresma, AC, de Queiroz, HL, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Ramos, JF, Reis, NFC, Reitsma, J, Revilla, JDC, Riutta, T, Rivas-Torres, G, Robiansyah, I, Rocha, M, Rodrigues, DD, Rodriguez-Ronderos, ME, Rovero, F, Rozak, AH, Rudas, A, Rutishauser, E, Sabatier, D, Sagang, L, Sampaio, AF, Samsoedin, I, Satdichanh, M, Schietti, J, Schöngart, J, Scudeller, VV, Seuaturien, N, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Silman, MR, Silva, TSF, Guimaraes, JRD, Simo-Droissart, M, Simon, MF, Sist, P, Sousa, TR, Farias, ED, Coelho, LD, Spracklen, DV, Stas, SM, Steinmetz, R, Stevenson, PR, Stropp, J, Sukri, RS, Sunderland, TCH, Suzuki, E, Swaine, MD, Tang, JW, Taplin, J, Taylor, DM, Tello, JS, Terborgh, J, Texier, N, Theilade, I, Thomas, DW, Thomas, R, Thomas, SC, Tirado, M, Toirambe, B, de Toledo, JJ, Tomlinson, KW, Torres-Lezama, A, Tran, HD, Mukendi, JT, Tumaneng, RD, Umaña, MN, Umunay, PM, Giraldo, LEU, Sandoval, EHV, Gamarra, LV, Van Andel, TR, van de Bult, M, van de Pol, J, van der Heijden, G, Vasquez, R, Vela, CIA, Venticinque, EM, Verbeeck, H, Veridiano, RKA, Vicentini, A, Vieira, ICG, Torre, EV, Villarroel, D, Zegarra, BEV, Vleminckx, J, von Hildebrand, P, Vos, VA, Vriesendorp, C, Webb, EL, White, LJT, Wich, S, Wittmann, F, Zagt, R, Zang, RG, Zartman, CE, Zemagho, L, Zent, EL, Zent, S, Cooper, DLM, Lewis, SL, Sullivan, MJP, Prado, PI, ter Steege, H, Barbier, N, Slik, F, Sonké, B, Ewango, CEN, Adu-Bredu, S, Affum-Baffoe, K, de Aguiar, DPP, Reategui, MAA, Aiba, SI, Albuquerque, BW, Matos, FDD, Alonso, A, Amani, CA, do Amaral, DD, do Amaral, IL, Andrade, A, Miranda, IPD, Angoboy, IB, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arboleda, NC, Arroyo, L, Ashton, P, Aymard, CGA, Baider, C, Baker, TR, Balinga, MPB, Balslev, H, Banin, LF, Bánki, OS, Baraloto, C, Barbosa, EM, Barbosa, FR, Barlow, J, Bastin, JF, Beeckman, H, Begne, S, Bengone, NN, Berenguer, E, Berry, N, Bitariho, R, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, Bonyoma, B, Boundja, P, Bourland, N, Bosela, FB, Brambach, F, Brienen, R, Burslem, DFRP, Camargo, JL, Campelo, W, Cano, A, Cárdenas, S, López, DC, Carpanedo, RD, Márquez, YAC, Carvalho, FA, Casas, LF, Castellanos, H, Castilho, CV, Cerón, C, Chapman, CA, Chave, J, Chhang, P, Chutipong, W, Chuyong, GB, Cintra, BBL, Clark, CJ, de Souza, FC, Comiskey, JA, Coomes, DA, Valverde, FC, Correa, DF, Costa, FRC, Costa, JBP, Couteron, P, Culmsee, H, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Dallmeier, F, Damasco, G, Dauby, G, Dávila, N, Doza, HPD, De Alban, JDT, de Assis, RL, De Canniere, C, De Haulleville, T, Carim, MDV, Demarchi, LO, Dexter, KG, Di Fiore, A, Din, HHM, Disney, MI, Djiofack, BY, Djuikouo, MNK, Van Do, T, Doucet, JL, Draper, FC, Droissart, V, Duivenvoorden, JF, Engel, J, Estienne, V, Farfan-Rios, W, Fauset, S, Feeley, KJ, Feitosa, YO, Feldpausch, TR, Ferreira, C, Ferreira, J, Ferreira, LV, Fletcher, CD, Flores, BM, Fofanah, A, Foli, EG, Fonty, E, Fredriksson, GM, Fuentes, A, Galbraith, D, Gonzales, GPG, Garcia-Cabrera, K, García-Villacorta, R, Gomes, VHF, Gómez, RZ, Gonzales, T, Gribel, R, Guedes, MC, Guevara, JE, Hakeem, KR, Hall, JS, Hamer, KC, Harrison, RD, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Hector, A, Henkel, TW, Herbohn, J, Hockemba, MBN, Hoffman, B, Holmgren, M, Coronado, ENH, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I, Hubau, W, Imai, N, Irume, MV, Jansen, PA, Jeffery, KJ, Jimenez, EM, Jucker, T, Junqueira, AB, Kalamandeen, M, Kamdem, NG, Kartawinata, K, Yakusu, EK, Katembo, JM, Kearsley, E, Kenfack, D, Kessler, M, Khaing, TT, Killeen, TJ, Kitayama, K, Klitgaard, B, Labriere, N, Laumonier, Y, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Laurent, F, Le, TC, Leal, ME, Novo, EMLD, Levesley, A, Libalah, MB, Licona, JC, Lima, DD, Lindsell, JA, Lopes, A, Lopes, MA, Lovett, JC, Lowe, R, Lozada, JR, Lu, XH, Luambua, NK, Luize, BG, Maas, P, Magalhaes, JLL, Magnusson, WE, Mahayani, NPD, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Rincón, LM, Mansor, A, Manzatto, AG, Marimon, BS, Marimon, BH Jr, Marshall, AR, Martins, MP, Mbayu, FM, de Medeiros, MB, Mesones, I, Metali, F, Mihindou, V, Millet, J, Milliken, W, Mogollon, HF, Molino, JF, Said, MNM, Mendoza, AM, Montero, JC, Moore, S, Mostacedo, B, Pinto, LFM, Mukul, SA, Munishi, PKT, Nagamasu, H, Nascimento, HEM, Nascimento, MT, Neill, D, Nilus, R, Noronha, JC, Nsenga, L, Vargas, PN, Ojo, L, Oliveira, AA, de Oliveira, EA, Ondo, FE, Cuenca, WP, Pansini, S, Pansonato, MP, Paredes, MR, Paudel, E, Pauletto, D, Pearson, RG, Pena, JLM, Pennington, RT, Peres, CA, Permana, A, Petronelli, P, Mora, MCP, Phillips, JF, Phillips, OL, Pickavance, G, Piedade, MTF, Pitman, NCA, Ploton, P, Popelier, A, Poulsen, JR, Prieto, A, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Qie, L, Quaresma, AC, de Queiroz, HL, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Ramos, JF, Reis, NFC, Reitsma, J, Revilla, JDC, Riutta, T, Rivas-Torres, G, Robiansyah, I, Rocha, M, Rodrigues, DD, Rodriguez-Ronderos, ME, Rovero, F, Rozak, AH, Rudas, A, Rutishauser, E, Sabatier, D, Sagang, L, Sampaio, AF, Samsoedin, I, Satdichanh, M, Schietti, J, Schöngart, J, Scudeller, VV, Seuaturien, N, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Silman, MR, Silva, TSF, Guimaraes, JRD, Simo-Droissart, M, Simon, MF, Sist, P, Sousa, TR, Farias, ED, Coelho, LD, Spracklen, DV, Stas, SM, Steinmetz, R, Stevenson, PR, Stropp, J, Sukri, RS, Sunderland, TCH, Suzuki, E, Swaine, MD, Tang, JW, Taplin, J, Taylor, DM, Tello, JS, Terborgh, J, Texier, N, Theilade, I, Thomas, DW, Thomas, R, Thomas, SC, Tirado, M, Toirambe, B, de Toledo, JJ, Tomlinson, KW, Torres-Lezama, A, Tran, HD, Mukendi, JT, Tumaneng, RD, Umaña, MN, Umunay, PM, Giraldo, LEU, Sandoval, EHV, Gamarra, LV, Van Andel, TR, van de Bult, M, van de Pol, J, van der Heijden, G, Vasquez, R, Vela, CIA, Venticinque, EM, Verbeeck, H, Veridiano, RKA, Vicentini, A, Vieira, ICG, Torre, EV, Villarroel, D, Zegarra, BEV, Vleminckx, J, von Hildebrand, P, Vos, VA, Vriesendorp, C, Webb, EL, White, LJT, Wich, S, Wittmann, F, Zagt, R, Zang, RG, Zartman, CE, Zemagho, L, Zent, EL, and Zent, S
Abstract: Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations 1–6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories 7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.
Published: 2024

2. Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Author: Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Cooper, DLM, Lewis, SL, Sullivan, MJP, Prado, PI, ter Steege, H, Barbier, N, Slik, F, Sonké, B, Ewango, CEN, Adu-Bredu, S, Affum-Baffoe, K, de Aguiar, DPP, Reategui, MAA, Aiba, SI, Albuquerque, BW, Matos, FDD, Alonso, A, Amani, CA, do Amaral, DD, do Amaral, IL, Andrade, A, Miranda, IPD, Angoboy, IB, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arboleda, NC, Arroyo, L, Ashton, P, Aymard, CGA, Baider, C, Baker, TR, Balinga, MPB, Balslev, H, Banin, LF, Bánki, OS, Baraloto, C, Barbosa, EM, Barbosa, FR, Barlow, J, Bastin, JF, Beeckman, H, Begne, S, Bengone, NN, Berenguer, E, Berry, N, Bitariho, R, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, Bonyoma, B, Boundja, P, Bourland, N, Bosela, FB, Brambach, F, Brienen, R, Burslem, DFRP, Camargo, JL, Campelo, W, Cano, A, Cárdenas, S, López, DC, Carpanedo, RD, Márquez, YAC, Carvalho, FA, Casas, LF, Castellanos, H, Castilho, CV, Cerón, C, Chapman, CA, Chave, J, Chhang, P, Chutipong, W, Chuyong, GB, Cintra, BBL, Clark, CJ, de Souza, FC, Comiskey, JA, Coomes, DA, Valverde, FC, Correa, DF, Costa, FRC, Costa, JBP, Couteron, P, Culmsee, H, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Dallmeier, F, Damasco, G, Dauby, G, Dávila, N, Doza, HPD, De Alban, JDT, de Assis, RL, De Canniere, C, De Haulleville, T, Carim, MDV, Demarchi, LO, Dexter, KG, Di Fiore, A, Din, HHM, Disney, MI, Djiofack, BY, Djuikouo, MNK, Van Do, T, Doucet, JL, Draper, FC, Droissart, V, Duivenvoorden, JF, Engel, J, Estienne, V, Farfan-Rios, W, Fauset, S, Feeley, KJ, Feitosa, YO, Feldpausch, TR, Ferreira, C, Ferreira, J, Ferreira, LV, Fletcher, CD, Flores, BM, Fofanah, A, Foli, EG, Fonty, E, Fredriksson, GM, Fuentes, A, Galbraith, D, Gonzales, GPG, Garcia-Cabrera, K, García-Villacorta, R, Gomes, VHF, Gómez, RZ, Gonzales, T, Gribel, R, Guedes, MC, Guevara, JE, Hakeem, KR, Hall, JS, Hamer, KC, Harrison, RD, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Hector, A, Henkel, TW, Herbohn, J, Hockemba, MBN, Hoffman, B, Holmgren, M, Coronado, ENH, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I, Hubau, W, Imai, N, Irume, MV, Jansen, PA, Jeffery, KJ, Jimenez, EM, Jucker, T, Junqueira, AB, Kalamandeen, M, Kamdem, NG, Kartawinata, K, Yakusu, EK, Katembo, JM, Kearsley, E, Kenfack, D, Kessler, M, Khaing, TT, Killeen, TJ, Kitayama, K, Klitgaard, B, Labriere, N, Laumonier, Y, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Laurent, F, Le, TC, Leal, ME, Novo, EMLD, Levesley, A, Libalah, MB, Licona, JC, Lima, DD, Lindsell, JA, Lopes, A, Lopes, MA, Lovett, JC, Lowe, R, Lozada, JR, Lu, XH, Luambua, NK, Luize, BG, Maas, P, Magalhaes, JLL, Magnusson, WE, Mahayani, NPD, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Rincón, LM, Mansor, A, Manzatto, AG, Marimon, BS, Marimon, BH Jr, Marshall, AR, Martins, MP, Mbayu, FM, de Medeiros, MB, Mesones, I, Metali, F, Mihindou, V, Millet, J, Milliken, W, Mogollon, HF, Molino, JF, Said, MNM, Mendoza, AM, Montero, JC, Moore, S, Mostacedo, B, Pinto, LFM, Mukul, SA, Munishi, PKT, Nagamasu, H, Nascimento, HEM, Nascimento, MT, Neill, D, Nilus, R, Noronha, JC, Nsenga, L, Vargas, PN, Ojo, L, Oliveira, AA, de Oliveira, EA, Ondo, FE, Cuenca, WP, Pansini, S, Pansonato, MP, Paredes, MR, Paudel, E, Pauletto, D, Pearson, RG, Pena, JLM, Pennington, RT, Peres, CA, Permana, A, Petronelli, P, Mora, MCP, Phillips, JF, Phillips, OL, Pickavance, G, Piedade, MTF, Pitman, NCA, Ploton, P, Popelier, A, Poulsen, JR, Prieto, A, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Qie, L, Quaresma, AC, de Queiroz, HL, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Ramos, JF, Reis, NFC, Reitsma, J, Revilla, JDC, Riutta, T, Rivas-Torres, G, Robiansyah, I, Rocha, M, Rodrigues, DD, Rodriguez-Ronderos, ME, Rovero, F, Rozak, AH, Rudas, A, Rutishauser, E, Sabatier, D, Sagang, L, Sampaio, AF, Samsoedin, I, Satdichanh, M, Schietti, J, Schöngart, J, Scudeller, VV, Seuaturien, N, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Silman, MR, Silva, TSF, Guimaraes, JRD, Simo-Droissart, M, Simon, MF, Sist, P, Sousa, TR, Farias, ED, Coelho, LD, Spracklen, DV, Stas, SM, Steinmetz, R, Stevenson, PR, Stropp, J, Sukri, RS, Sunderland, TCH, Suzuki, E, Swaine, MD, Tang, JW, Taplin, J, Taylor, DM, Tello, JS, Terborgh, J, Texier, N, Theilade, I, Thomas, DW, Thomas, R, Thomas, SC, Tirado, M, Toirambe, B, de Toledo, JJ, Tomlinson, KW, Torres-Lezama, A, Tran, HD, Mukendi, JT, Tumaneng, RD, Umaña, MN, Umunay, PM, Giraldo, LEU, Sandoval, EHV, Gamarra, LV, Van Andel, TR, van de Bult, M, van de Pol, J, van der Heijden, G, Vasquez, R, Vela, CIA, Venticinque, EM, Verbeeck, H, Veridiano, RKA, Vicentini, A, Vieira, ICG, Torre, EV, Villarroel, D, Zegarra, BEV, Vleminckx, J, von Hildebrand, P, Vos, VA, Vriesendorp, C, Webb, EL, White, LJT, Wich, S, Wittmann, F, Zagt, R, Zang, RG, Zartman, CE, Zemagho, L, Zent, EL, Zent, S, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Cooper, DLM, Lewis, SL, Sullivan, MJP, Prado, PI, ter Steege, H, Barbier, N, Slik, F, Sonké, B, Ewango, CEN, Adu-Bredu, S, Affum-Baffoe, K, de Aguiar, DPP, Reategui, MAA, Aiba, SI, Albuquerque, BW, Matos, FDD, Alonso, A, Amani, CA, do Amaral, DD, do Amaral, IL, Andrade, A, Miranda, IPD, Angoboy, IB, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arboleda, NC, Arroyo, L, Ashton, P, Aymard, CGA, Baider, C, Baker, TR, Balinga, MPB, Balslev, H, Banin, LF, Bánki, OS, Baraloto, C, Barbosa, EM, Barbosa, FR, Barlow, J, Bastin, JF, Beeckman, H, Begne, S, Bengone, NN, Berenguer, E, Berry, N, Bitariho, R, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, Bonyoma, B, Boundja, P, Bourland, N, Bosela, FB, Brambach, F, Brienen, R, Burslem, DFRP, Camargo, JL, Campelo, W, Cano, A, Cárdenas, S, López, DC, Carpanedo, RD, Márquez, YAC, Carvalho, FA, Casas, LF, Castellanos, H, Castilho, CV, Cerón, C, Chapman, CA, Chave, J, Chhang, P, Chutipong, W, Chuyong, GB, Cintra, BBL, Clark, CJ, de Souza, FC, Comiskey, JA, Coomes, DA, Valverde, FC, Correa, DF, Costa, FRC, Costa, JBP, Couteron, P, Culmsee, H, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Dallmeier, F, Damasco, G, Dauby, G, Dávila, N, Doza, HPD, De Alban, JDT, de Assis, RL, De Canniere, C, De Haulleville, T, Carim, MDV, Demarchi, LO, Dexter, KG, Di Fiore, A, Din, HHM, Disney, MI, Djiofack, BY, Djuikouo, MNK, Van Do, T, Doucet, JL, Draper, FC, Droissart, V, Duivenvoorden, JF, Engel, J, Estienne, V, Farfan-Rios, W, Fauset, S, Feeley, KJ, Feitosa, YO, Feldpausch, TR, Ferreira, C, Ferreira, J, Ferreira, LV, Fletcher, CD, Flores, BM, Fofanah, A, Foli, EG, Fonty, E, Fredriksson, GM, Fuentes, A, Galbraith, D, Gonzales, GPG, Garcia-Cabrera, K, García-Villacorta, R, Gomes, VHF, Gómez, RZ, Gonzales, T, Gribel, R, Guedes, MC, Guevara, JE, Hakeem, KR, Hall, JS, Hamer, KC, Harrison, RD, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Hector, A, Henkel, TW, Herbohn, J, Hockemba, MBN, Hoffman, B, Holmgren, M, Coronado, ENH, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I, Hubau, W, Imai, N, Irume, MV, Jansen, PA, Jeffery, KJ, Jimenez, EM, Jucker, T, Junqueira, AB, Kalamandeen, M, Kamdem, NG, Kartawinata, K, Yakusu, EK, Katembo, JM, Kearsley, E, Kenfack, D, Kessler, M, Khaing, TT, Killeen, TJ, Kitayama, K, Klitgaard, B, Labriere, N, Laumonier, Y, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Laurent, F, Le, TC, Leal, ME, Novo, EMLD, Levesley, A, Libalah, MB, Licona, JC, Lima, DD, Lindsell, JA, Lopes, A, Lopes, MA, Lovett, JC, Lowe, R, Lozada, JR, Lu, XH, Luambua, NK, Luize, BG, Maas, P, Magalhaes, JLL, Magnusson, WE, Mahayani, NPD, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Rincón, LM, Mansor, A, Manzatto, AG, Marimon, BS, Marimon, BH Jr, Marshall, AR, Martins, MP, Mbayu, FM, de Medeiros, MB, Mesones, I, Metali, F, Mihindou, V, Millet, J, Milliken, W, Mogollon, HF, Molino, JF, Said, MNM, Mendoza, AM, Montero, JC, Moore, S, Mostacedo, B, Pinto, LFM, Mukul, SA, Munishi, PKT, Nagamasu, H, Nascimento, HEM, Nascimento, MT, Neill, D, Nilus, R, Noronha, JC, Nsenga, L, Vargas, PN, Ojo, L, Oliveira, AA, de Oliveira, EA, Ondo, FE, Cuenca, WP, Pansini, S, Pansonato, MP, Paredes, MR, Paudel, E, Pauletto, D, Pearson, RG, Pena, JLM, Pennington, RT, Peres, CA, Permana, A, Petronelli, P, Mora, MCP, Phillips, JF, Phillips, OL, Pickavance, G, Piedade, MTF, Pitman, NCA, Ploton, P, Popelier, A, Poulsen, JR, Prieto, A, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Qie, L, Quaresma, AC, de Queiroz, HL, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Ramos, JF, Reis, NFC, Reitsma, J, Revilla, JDC, Riutta, T, Rivas-Torres, G, Robiansyah, I, Rocha, M, Rodrigues, DD, Rodriguez-Ronderos, ME, Rovero, F, Rozak, AH, Rudas, A, Rutishauser, E, Sabatier, D, Sagang, L, Sampaio, AF, Samsoedin, I, Satdichanh, M, Schietti, J, Schöngart, J, Scudeller, VV, Seuaturien, N, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Silman, MR, Silva, TSF, Guimaraes, JRD, Simo-Droissart, M, Simon, MF, Sist, P, Sousa, TR, Farias, ED, Coelho, LD, Spracklen, DV, Stas, SM, Steinmetz, R, Stevenson, PR, Stropp, J, Sukri, RS, Sunderland, TCH, Suzuki, E, Swaine, MD, Tang, JW, Taplin, J, Taylor, DM, Tello, JS, Terborgh, J, Texier, N, Theilade, I, Thomas, DW, Thomas, R, Thomas, SC, Tirado, M, Toirambe, B, de Toledo, JJ, Tomlinson, KW, Torres-Lezama, A, Tran, HD, Mukendi, JT, Tumaneng, RD, Umaña, MN, Umunay, PM, Giraldo, LEU, Sandoval, EHV, Gamarra, LV, Van Andel, TR, van de Bult, M, van de Pol, J, van der Heijden, G, Vasquez, R, Vela, CIA, Venticinque, EM, Verbeeck, H, Veridiano, RKA, Vicentini, A, Vieira, ICG, Torre, EV, Villarroel, D, Zegarra, BEV, Vleminckx, J, von Hildebrand, P, Vos, VA, Vriesendorp, C, Webb, EL, White, LJT, Wich, S, Wittmann, F, Zagt, R, Zang, RG, Zartman, CE, Zemagho, L, Zent, EL, and Zent, S
Published: 2024

3. Unearthing the “Lost” Andean Root Crop “Mauka” (Mirabilis expansa [Ruíz & Pav.] Standl.)

Author: Gendall, H., Seminario, J., Sørensen, M., and Theilade, I.
Published: 2019
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4. Range-wide differential adaptation and genomic offset in critically endangered Asian rosewoods

Author: Hung, TIN, So, T, Thammavong, B, Chamchumroon, V, Theilade, I, Phourin, C, Bouamanivong, S, Hartvig, I, Gaisberger, H, Jalonen, R, Boshier, D, and Mackay, J
Published: 2023

5. Floristics and biogeography of vegetation in seasonally dry tropical regions

Author: DEXTER, K.G., SMART, B., BALDAUF, C., BAKER, T.R., BALINGA, M.P. BESSIKE, BRIENEN, R.J.W., FAUSET, S., FELDPAUSCH, T.R., SILVA, L. FERREIRA-DA, MULEDI, J. ILUNGA, LEWIS, S.L., LOPEZ-GONZALEZ, G., MARIMON-JUNIOR, B.H., MARIMON, B.S., MEERTS, P., PAGE, N., PARTHASARATHY, N., PHILLIPS, O.L., SUNDERLAND, T.C.H., THEILADE, I., WEINTRITT, J., AFFUM-BAFFOE, K., ARAUJO, A., ARROYO, L., BEGNE, S.K., NEVES, E. CARVALHO-DAS, COLLINS, M., CUNI-SANCHEZ, A., DJUIKOUO, M.N.K., ELIAS, F., FOLI, E.G., JEFFERY, K.J., KILLEEN, T.J., MALHI, Y., MARACAHIPES, L., MENDOZA, C., MONTEAGUDO-MENDOZA, A., MORANDI, P., OLIVEIRA-DOS SANTOS, C., PARADA, A.G., PARDO, G., PEH, K.S.-H., SALOMÃO, R.P., SILVEIRA, M., SINATORA –MIRANDA, H., SLIK, J.W.F., SONKE, B., TAEDOUMG, H.E., TOLEDO, M., UMETSU, R.K., VILLAROEL, R.G., VOS, V.A., WHITE, L.J.T., and PENNINGTON, R.T.
Published: 2015

6. The importance of local forest benefits: Economic valuation of Non-Timber Forest Products in the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania

Author: Schaafsma, M., Morse-Jones, S., Posen, P., Swetnam, R.D., Balmford, A., Bateman, I.J., Burgess, N.D., Chamshama, S.A.O., Fisher, B., Freeman, T., Geofrey, V., Green, R.E., Hepelwa, A.S., Hernández-Sirvent, A., Hess, S., Kajembe, G.C., Kayharara, G., Kilonzo, M., Kulindwa, K., Lund, J.F., Madoffe, S.S., Mbwambo, L., Meilby, H., Ngaga, Y.M., Theilade, I., Treue, T., van Beukering, P., Vyamana, V.G., and Turner, R.K.
Published: 2014
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7. Does participatory forest management promote sustainable forest utilisation in Tanzania?

Author: TREUE, T., NGAGA, Y.M., MEILBY, H., LUND, J.F., KAJEMBE, G., IDDI, S., BLOMLEY, T., THEILADE, I., CHAMSHAMA, S.A.O., SKEIE, K., NJANA, M.A., NGOWI, S.E., ISANGO, J.A.K., and BURGESS, N.D.
Published: 2014

8. Forest Monitoring in Prey Lang: Preah Rokar and Sorng Rokha Vorn wildlife sanctuaries:2nd Monitoring Report

Author: Argyriou, D., Theilade, I., Bori, P. J., Argyriou, D., Theilade, I., and Bori, P. J.
Published: 2022

9. 1st Monitoring Report

Author: Argyriou, D., Theilade, I., Bori, P., Argyriou, D., Theilade, I., and Bori, P.
Published: 2022

10. Towards transferable functions for extraction of Non-timber Forest Products: A case study on charcoal production in Tanzania

Author: Schaafsma, M., Morse-Jones, S., Posen, P., Swetnam, R.D., Balmford, A., Bateman, I.J., Burgess, N.D., Chamshama, S.A.O., Fisher, B., Green, R.E., Hepelwa, A.S., Hernández-Sirvent, A., Kajembe, G.C., Kulindwa, K., Lund, J.F., Mbwambo, L., Meilby, H., Ngaga, Y.M., Theilade, I., Treue, T., Vyamana, V.G., and Turner, R.K.
Published: 2012
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11. The global abundance of tree palms

Author: Muscarella, R., Emilio, T., Phillips, O.L., Lewis, S.L., Slik, F., Baker, W.J., Couvreur, T.L.P., Eiserhardt, W.L., Svenning, J.-C., Affum-Baffoe, K., Aiba, S.-I., de Almeida, E.C., de Almeida, S.S., de Oliveira, E.A., Álvarez-Dávila, E., Alves, L.F., Alvez-Valles, C.M., Carvalho, F.A., Guarin, F.A., Andrade, A., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Murakami, A.A., Arroyo, L., Ashton, P.S., Corredor, G.A.A., Baker, T.R., de Camargo, P.B., Barlow, J., Bastin, J.-F., Bengone, N.N., Berenguer, E., Berry, N., Blanc, L., Böhning-Gaese, K., Bonal, D., Bongers, F., Bradford, M., Brambach, F., Brearley, F.Q., Brewer, S.W., Camargo, J.L.C., Campbell, D.G., Castilho, C.V., Castro, W., Catchpole, D., Cerón Martínez, C.E., Chen, S., Chhang, P., Cho, P., Chutipong, W., Clark, C., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Medina, M.N.C., Costa, F.R.C., Culmsee, H., David-Higuita, H., Davidar, P., del Aguila-Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Di Fiore, A., Van Do, T., Doucet, J.-L., Dourdain, A., Drake, D.R., Ensslin, A., Erwin, T., Ewango, C.E.N., Ewers, R.M., Fauset, S., Feldpausch, T.R., Ferreira, J., Ferreira, L.V., Fischer, M., Franklin, J., Fredriksson, G.M., Gillespie, T.W., Gilpin, M., Gonmadje, C., Gunatilleke, A.U.N., Hakeem, K.R., Hall, J.S., Hamer, K.C., Harris, D.J., Harrison, R.D., Hector, A., Hemp, A., Herault, B., Pizango, C.G.H., Coronado, E.N.H., Hubau, W., Hussain, M.S., Ibrahim, F.-H., Imai, N., Joly, C.A., Joseph, S., Anitha, K., Kartawinata, K., Kassi, J., Killeen, T.J., Kitayama, K., Klitgård, B.B., Kooyman, R., Labrière, N., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Levesley, A., Lisingo, J., Lovejoy, T., Lovett, J.C., Lu, X., Lykke, A.M., Magnusson, W.E., Mahayani, N.P.D., Malhi, Y., Mansor, A., Peña, J.L.M., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Marshall, A.R., Melgaco, K., Bautista, C.M., Mihindou, V., Millet, J., Milliken, W., Mohandass, D., Mendoza, A.L.M., Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nagy, L., Seuaturien, N., Nascimento, M.T., Neill, D.A., Neto, L.M., Nilus, R., Vargas, M.P.N., Nurtjahya, E., de Araújo, R.N.O., Onrizal, O., Palacios, W.A., Palacios-Ramos, S., Parren, M., Paudel, E., Morandi, P.S., Pennington, R.T., Pickavance, G., Pipoly J.J., III, Pitman, N.C.A., Poedjirahajoe, E., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J.R., Rama Chandra Prasad, P., Prieto, A., Puyravaud, J.-P., Qie, L., Quesada, C.A., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J.M., Requena-Rojas, E.J., Correa, Z.R., Rodriguez, C.R., Roopsind, A., Rovero, F., Rozak, A., Lleras, A.R., Rutishauser, E., Rutten, G., Punchi-Manage, R., Salomão, R.P., Van Sam, H., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schietti, J., Schmitt, C.B., Marimon, B.S., Senbeta, F., Nath Sharma, L., Sheil, D., Sierra, R., Silva-Espejo, J.E., Silveira, M., Sonké, B., Steininger, M.K., Steinmetz, R., Stévart, T., Sukumar, R., Sultana, A., Sunderland, T.C.H., Suresh, H.S., Tang, J., Tanner, E., ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J.W., Theilade, I., Timberlake, J., Torres-Lezama, A., Umunay, P., Uriarte, M., Gamarra, L.V., van de Bult, M., van der Hout, P., Martinez, R.V., Vieira, I.C.G., Vieira, S.A., Vilanova, E., Cayo, J.V., Wang, O., Webb, C.O., Webb, E.L., White, L., Whitfeld, T.J.S., Wich, S., Willcock, S., Wiser, S.K., Young, K.R., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Zartman, C.E., Zo-Bi, I.C., Balslev, H., Muscarella, R., Emilio, T., Phillips, O.L., Lewis, S.L., Slik, F., Baker, W.J., Couvreur, T.L.P., Eiserhardt, W.L., Svenning, J.-C., Affum-Baffoe, K., Aiba, S.-I., de Almeida, E.C., de Almeida, S.S., de Oliveira, E.A., Álvarez-Dávila, E., Alves, L.F., Alvez-Valles, C.M., Carvalho, F.A., Guarin, F.A., Andrade, A., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Murakami, A.A., Arroyo, L., Ashton, P.S., Corredor, G.A.A., Baker, T.R., de Camargo, P.B., Barlow, J., Bastin, J.-F., Bengone, N.N., Berenguer, E., Berry, N., Blanc, L., Böhning-Gaese, K., Bonal, D., Bongers, F., Bradford, M., Brambach, F., Brearley, F.Q., Brewer, S.W., Camargo, J.L.C., Campbell, D.G., Castilho, C.V., Castro, W., Catchpole, D., Cerón Martínez, C.E., Chen, S., Chhang, P., Cho, P., Chutipong, W., Clark, C., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Medina, M.N.C., Costa, F.R.C., Culmsee, H., David-Higuita, H., Davidar, P., del Aguila-Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Di Fiore, A., Van Do, T., Doucet, J.-L., Dourdain, A., Drake, D.R., Ensslin, A., Erwin, T., Ewango, C.E.N., Ewers, R.M., Fauset, S., Feldpausch, T.R., Ferreira, J., Ferreira, L.V., Fischer, M., Franklin, J., Fredriksson, G.M., Gillespie, T.W., Gilpin, M., Gonmadje, C., Gunatilleke, A.U.N., Hakeem, K.R., Hall, J.S., Hamer, K.C., Harris, D.J., Harrison, R.D., Hector, A., Hemp, A., Herault, B., Pizango, C.G.H., Coronado, E.N.H., Hubau, W., Hussain, M.S., Ibrahim, F.-H., Imai, N., Joly, C.A., Joseph, S., Anitha, K., Kartawinata, K., Kassi, J., Killeen, T.J., Kitayama, K., Klitgård, B.B., Kooyman, R., Labrière, N., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Levesley, A., Lisingo, J., Lovejoy, T., Lovett, J.C., Lu, X., Lykke, A.M., Magnusson, W.E., Mahayani, N.P.D., Malhi, Y., Mansor, A., Peña, J.L.M., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Marshall, A.R., Melgaco, K., Bautista, C.M., Mihindou, V., Millet, J., Milliken, W., Mohandass, D., Mendoza, A.L.M., Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nagy, L., Seuaturien, N., Nascimento, M.T., Neill, D.A., Neto, L.M., Nilus, R., Vargas, M.P.N., Nurtjahya, E., de Araújo, R.N.O., Onrizal, O., Palacios, W.A., Palacios-Ramos, S., Parren, M., Paudel, E., Morandi, P.S., Pennington, R.T., Pickavance, G., Pipoly J.J., III, Pitman, N.C.A., Poedjirahajoe, E., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J.R., Rama Chandra Prasad, P., Prieto, A., Puyravaud, J.-P., Qie, L., Quesada, C.A., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J.M., Requena-Rojas, E.J., Correa, Z.R., Rodriguez, C.R., Roopsind, A., Rovero, F., Rozak, A., Lleras, A.R., Rutishauser, E., Rutten, G., Punchi-Manage, R., Salomão, R.P., Van Sam, H., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schietti, J., Schmitt, C.B., Marimon, B.S., Senbeta, F., Nath Sharma, L., Sheil, D., Sierra, R., Silva-Espejo, J.E., Silveira, M., Sonké, B., Steininger, M.K., Steinmetz, R., Stévart, T., Sukumar, R., Sultana, A., Sunderland, T.C.H., Suresh, H.S., Tang, J., Tanner, E., ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J.W., Theilade, I., Timberlake, J., Torres-Lezama, A., Umunay, P., Uriarte, M., Gamarra, L.V., van de Bult, M., van der Hout, P., Martinez, R.V., Vieira, I.C.G., Vieira, S.A., Vilanova, E., Cayo, J.V., Wang, O., Webb, C.O., Webb, E.L., White, L., Whitfeld, T.J.S., Wich, S., Willcock, S., Wiser, S.K., Young, K.R., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Zartman, C.E., Zo-Bi, I.C., and Balslev, H.
Abstract: Aim: Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location: Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period: Current. Major taxa studied: Palms (Arecaceae). Methods: We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co-occurring non-palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results: On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long-term climate stability. Life-form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non-tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above-ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions: Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neot
Published: 2020

12. Protecting tropical forests from the rapid expansion of rubber using carbon payments

Author: Warren-Thomas, E.M., Edwards, D.P., Bebber, D.P., Chhang, P., Diment, A.N., Evans, T.D., Lambrick, F.H., Maxwell, J.F., Nut, M., O'Kelly, H.J., Theilade, I., and Dolman, P.M.
Abstract: Expansion of Hevea brasiliensis rubber plantations is a resurgent driver of deforestation, carbon emissions, and biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian rubber extent is massive, equivalent to 67% of oil palm, with rapid further expansion predicted. Results-based carbon finance could dis-incentivise forest conversion to rubber, but efficacy will be limited unless payments match, or at least approach, the costs of avoided deforestation. These include opportunity costs (timber and rubber profits), plus carbon finance scheme setup (transaction) and implementation costs. Using comprehensive Cambodian forest data, exploring scenarios of selective logging and conversion, and assuming land-use choice is based on net present value, we find that carbon prices of $30-$51 per tCO2are needed to break even against costs, higher than those currently paid on carbon markets or through carbon funds. To defend forests from rubber, either carbon prices must be increased, or other strategies are needed, such as corporate zero-deforestation pledges, and governmental regulation and enforcement of forest protection.
Published: 2018

13. The value and opportunities of community- and citizen-based approaches to tropical forest biodiversity monitoring

Author: Chandler, Mark, See, Linda, Andrianandrasana, Herizo, Becker, Dusti, Berardi, Andrea, Bodmer, Richard, Brofeldt, S., de Araujo Lima Constantino, Pedro, Cousins, Jenny, Crimmins, Theresa M., Danielsen, Finn, Giorgi, Ana Paula, Huxham, Mark, Leslie, Alison, Mistry, Jayalaxshmi, Mora, B., Nelson, M., Poulsen, Michael, Pratihast, A.K., Theilade, I., Vakil, Thrity, and Williams, John N.
Subjects: Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Life Science, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing
Published: 2017

14. The value and opportunities of community-and citizen-based approaches to tropical forest biodiversity monitoring

Author: Gill, M., Jongman, R., Luque, S., Mora, B., Paganini, M., Szantoi, Z., Chandler, M., See, L., Andrianandrasana, H., Becker, D., Berardi, A., Bodmer, R., Constantino, P.D.A.L., Cousins, J., Crimmins, T.M., Danielsen, F., Giorgi, A.P., Huxham, M., Leslie, A., Mistry, J., Nelson, M., Poulsen, M.K., Pratihast, A.K., Theilade, I., Vakil, T., Williams, J.N., Gill, M., Jongman, R., Luque, S., Mora, B., Paganini, M., Szantoi, Z., Chandler, M., See, L., Andrianandrasana, H., Becker, D., Berardi, A., Bodmer, R., Constantino, P.D.A.L., Cousins, J., Crimmins, T.M., Danielsen, F., Giorgi, A.P., Huxham, M., Leslie, A., Mistry, J., Nelson, M., Poulsen, M.K., Pratihast, A.K., Theilade, I., Vakil, T., and Williams, J.N.
Published: 2017

15. Participatory forest management for more than a decade in Tanzania: does it live up to its Goals?

Author: Ngaga, YM, Treue, T, Meilby, H, Lund, JF, Kajembe, GC, Chamshama, SAO, Theilade, I, Njana, MA, Ngowi, SE, Mwakalukwa, EE, Isango, JAK, and Burgess, ND
Abstract: In Tanzania, Participatory Forest Management (PFM) was introduced in order to address the challenge of deforestation which continues at alarming rate. Equally, PFM aimed to involve communities adjacent to forests in management of forest resources while at the same time accrue economic benefits. PFM consists of Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) and Joint Forest Management (JFM). CBFM takes place on village land, in forests that are owned by the village while JFM takes place in Central or Local Government forest reserves (FRs) whereby owner of the FR and adjacent communities jointly manage and share benefits accrued from the FR. This study aimed to assess the role of PFM in sustainable exploitation of forest resources, equitable economic benefits and good forest governance. Generally, the study concludes that PFM can and does contribute to sustainable utilisation of forest resources and that, households across wealth categories benefit economically from PFM. However, there is a slight tendency that the rich benefit more than the poor. Similarly, the study concludes that, while CBFM and JFM have formally established appropriate institutions for PFM, this has not promoted enfranchisement and inclusiveness. The problem of elite capture in PFM should be addressed through information and education.Key words: Participatory Forest management, bio-physical sustainability, socio-economics, governance, Tanzania.
Published: 2013

16. Participatory Forest Management in Tanzania and livelihoods of rural people – evidence from 12 villages

Author: Skeie, K., Burgess, N., Chamshama, S., Kajembe, G., Lund, J.F., Meilby, Henrik, Ngaga, Y., Ngowi, S., Njana, M., Theilade, I., and Treue, T.
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use
Abstract: Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in Tanzania aims to improve forest condition, livelihoods for local people and natural resources governance at the village level. Using data collected from 12 villages and forest areas with (n=10) and without (n=2) participatory forest management across eastern Tanzania we aim to assess how livelihoods of villagers compare between forest management regimes. Data show that most villagers across the study sites are poor, with small numbers of wealthier people. There is little overall income variation across forests under PFM, but there is considerable variation of benefits from the PFM forest between village wealth classes. Richer village members are able to secure preferential access to the PFM forest and utilise it (or benefit from issuing licences) for livestock keeping (in drier forests), charcoal production (close to access routes to towns), and harvesting (where high value timber remains). Data suggest that the PFM approach has made certain sectors of the community more wealthy, typically those setting the rules and enforcing them. But they also indicate that the overall impacts across the community are marginal – and may be negative for the poorest community members.
Published: 2012
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17. Wealth ranking in 12 Tanzanian villages – turning failure into triumph

Author: Meilby, Henrik, Burgess, N., Chamshama, S., Kajembe, G., Lund, J.F., Ngaga, Y., Ngowi, S., Njana, M., Skeie, K., Theilade, I., and Treue, T.
Subjects: International Relations/Trade, Agribusiness
Abstract: Rapid Rural Appraisal techniques are frequently used for wealth-ranking of households in rural communities. The main justifications of such approaches are that they are fast, allow prestratification of households in preparation for surveys and that they have been shown to have at least some empirical validity as means of stratifying households by socio-economic status. Sometimes, however, the participatory process may fail to produce consistent wealth categories, or people refuse to accept labels such as ‘poor’ and ‘rich’ and/or are reluctant to assign such categories to households within their village. A household survey in Tanzania was conducted in 12 villages across eastern Tanzania in 2008-2010. In all villages a participatory wealth ranking exercise was conducted and used for stratification of households. Sample households (n=40 per village) were allocated proportionally to wealth categories. The structured household survey emphasized assets, income, and perceived effects of Participatory Forest Management. The value of individual non-productive assets was estimated through a follow-up survey and combined with results from the household survey to estimate total value of assets for each household. In this study the original, partly inconsistent wealth ranking is examined and compared with estimated incomes and asset values. Next, alternative wealth classification rules are introduced and resulting classification outcomes are examined and discussed.
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

18. The forgotten D : challenges of addressing forest degradation in complex mosaic landscapes under REDD

Author: Mertz, O., Muller, D., Sikor, T., Hett, C., Heinimann, A., Castella, Jean-Christophe, Lestrelin, Guillaume, Ryan, C. M., Reay, D. S., Schmidt-Vogt, D., Danielsen, F., Theilade, I., van Noordwijk, M., Verchot, L. V., Burgess, N. D., Berry, N. J., Pham, T. T., Messerli, P., Xu, J. C., Fensholt, R., Hostert, P., Pflugmacher, D., Bruun, T. B., de Neergaard, A., Dons, K., Dewi, S., Rutishauser, E., and Sun, Z. L.
Subjects: forest, monitoring, remote sensing, governance, REDD, forest degradation, carbon, greenhouse gases, deforestation, livelihoods, mosaic landscapes, biodiversity
Abstract: International climate negotiations have stressed the importance of considering emissions from forest degradation under the planned REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation + enhancing forest carbon stocks) mechanism. However, most research, pilot-REDD+ projects and carbon certification agencies have focused on deforestation and there appears to be a gap in knowledge on complex mosaic landscapes containing degraded forests, smallholder agriculture, agroforestry and plantations. In this paper we therefore review current research on how avoided forest degradation may affect emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and expected co-benefits in terms of biodiversity and livelihoods. There are still high uncertainties in measuring and monitoring emissions of carbon and other GHG from mosaic landscapes with forest degradation since most research has focused on binary analyses of forest vs. deforested land. Studies on the impacts of forest degradation on biodiversity contain mixed results and there is little empirical evidence on the influence of REDD+ on local livelihoods and tenure security, partly due to the lack of actual payment schemes. Governance structures are also more complex in landscapes with degraded forests as there are often multiple owners and types of rights to land and trees. Recent technological advances in remote sensing have improved estimation of carbon stock changes but establishment of historic reference levels is still challenged by the availability of sensor systems and ground measurements during the reference period. The inclusion of forest degradation in REDD+ calls for a range of new research efforts to enhance our knowledge of how to assess the impacts of avoided forest degradation. A first step will be to ensure that complex mosaic landscapes can be recognised under REDD+ on their own merits.
Published: 2012

19. The importance of local forest benefits:Valuation of nontimber forest products in the eastern arc mountains in Tanzania

Author: Schaafsma, M., MorseJones, S., Posen, P., Swetnam, R. D., Balmford, A., Bateman, I. J., Burgess, N., Chamshama, S. A.O., Fisher, B., Freeman, T., Geofrey, V., Green, R., Hepelwa, A. S., Hernández-Sirvent, A., Hess, S., Kajembe, G. C., Kayharara, G., Kilonzo, M., Kulindwa, K., Lund, J. F., Madoffe, S. S., Mbwambo, L., Meilby, H., Ngaga, Y. M., Theilade, I., Treue, T., Van Beukering, P., Vyamana, V. G., and Turner, R. K.
Subjects: SDG 1 - No Poverty, Environmental valuation, Benefit transfer, Non-timber forest products, SDG 15 - Life on Land
Abstract: Understanding the spatial distribution of the quantity and value of Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) collection gives insight into the benefits that local communities obtain from forests, and can inform decisions about the selection of forested areas that are eligible for conservation and enforcement of regulations. In this paper we estimate transferable household production functions of NTFP extraction in the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Tanzania, based on information from several multisite datasets related to the behaviour of over 2000 households. These micro-level models can be used to predict the value of NTFP collection across a broader spatial scale. The study shows that the total benefit flow of charcoal, firewood, poles and thatch from the EAM to the local population has an estimated value of TSH 59 billion (USD 42 million) per year, and provides an important source of additional income for local communities, especially the poorest. We therefore argue that further restrictions on forest access to promote conservation will require additional policies to prevent a consequent increase in poverty, and an enforced trade-off between conservation and energy supply to rural and urban households.
Published: 2011

20. The importance of local forest benefits: Valuation of nontimber forest products in the eastern arc mountains in Tanzania

Author: Schaafsma, M., MorseJones, S., Posen, P., Swetnam, R. D., Balmford, A., Bateman, I. J., Burgess, N., Chamshama, S. A.O., Fisher, B., Freeman, T., Geofrey, V., Green, R., Hepelwa, A. S., Hernández-Sirvent, A., Hess, S., Kajembe, G. C., Kayharara, G., Kilonzo, M., Kulindwa, K., Lund, J. F., Madoffe, S. S., Mbwambo, L., Meilby, H., Ngaga, Y. M., Theilade, I., Treue, T., Van Beukering, P., Vyamana, V. G., Turner, R. K., and Environmental Economics
Subjects: SDG 1 - No Poverty, Environmental valuation, Benefit transfer, Non-timber forest products, SDG 15 - Life on Land
Abstract: Understanding the spatial distribution of the quantity and value of Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) collection gives insight into the benefits that local communities obtain from forests, and can inform decisions about the selection of forested areas that are eligible for conservation and enforcement of regulations. In this paper we estimate transferable household production functions of NTFP extraction in the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Tanzania, based on information from several multisite datasets related to the behaviour of over 2000 households. These micro-level models can be used to predict the value of NTFP collection across a broader spatial scale. The study shows that the total benefit flow of charcoal, firewood, poles and thatch from the EAM to the local population has an estimated value of TSH 59 billion (USD 42 million) per year, and provides an important source of additional income for local communities, especially the poorest. We therefore argue that further restrictions on forest access to promote conservation will require additional policies to prevent a consequent increase in poverty, and an enforced trade-off between conservation and energy supply to rural and urban households.
Published: 2011

21. Community Monitoring of Carbon Stocks for REDD+: Does Accuracy and Cost Change over Time?

Author: Brofeldt, S., Theilade, I., Burgess, N.D., Danielsen, F., Poulsen, M.K., Adrian, T., Nguyen Bang, T., Budiman, A., Jensen, J., Jensen, A.E., Kurniawan, Y., Laegaard, S.B.L., Mingxu, Z., van Noordwijk, M., Rahayu, S., Rutishauser, E., Schmidt-Vogt, D., Warta, Z., Widayati, A., Brofeldt, S., Theilade, I., Burgess, N.D., Danielsen, F., Poulsen, M.K., Adrian, T., Nguyen Bang, T., Budiman, A., Jensen, J., Jensen, A.E., Kurniawan, Y., Laegaard, S.B.L., Mingxu, Z., van Noordwijk, M., Rahayu, S., Rutishauser, E., Schmidt-Vogt, D., Warta, Z., and Widayati, A.
Abstract: Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+) is a potentially powerful international policy mechanism that many tropical countries are working towards implementing. Thus far, limited practical consideration has been paid to local rights to forests and forest resources in REDD+ readiness programs, beyond noting the importance of these issues. Previous studies have shown that community members can reliably and cost-effectively monitor forest biomass. At the same time, this can improve local ownership and forge important links between monitoring activities and local decision-making. Existing studies have, however, been static assessments of biomass at one point in time. REDD+ programs will require repeated surveys of biomass over extended time frames. Here, we examine trends in accuracy and costs of local forest monitoring over time. We analyse repeated measurements by community members and professional foresters of 289 plots over two years in four countries in Southeast Asia. This shows, for the first time, that with repeated measurements community members’ biomass measurements become increasingly accurate and costs decline. These findings provide additional support to available evidence that community members can play a strong role in monitoring forest biomass in the local implementation of REDD+.
Published: 2014

22. Conservation and utilization of threatened hardwood species through reforestation - An example of Afzelia xylocarpa (Kruz.) Craib and Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre in Cambodia

Author: So, T., Theilade, I., Dell, B., So, T., Theilade, I., and Dell, B.
Abstract: The leguminaceous rosewoods, Afzelia xylocarpa (Caesalpiniodeae) and Dalbergia cochinchinensis (Faboideae) are threatened by habitat loss and exploitation for their extremely highly-prized timber throughout their range. This paper examines the current conservation status of A. xylocarpa and D. cochinchinensis in Cambodia, draws together information on silviculture and trade, and summarizes current conservation measures in the country. Urgent measures are required to conserve and sustainably use the remaining genetic resources. Opportunities and challenges for achieving these goals, through use of the two threatened species in reforestation, are discussed. The suitability of the species for reforestation combined with increasing domestic and international prices for rosewood provide an opportunity for promotion of the species in planting programmes. This would not only alleviate the pressure on their natural habitats, but also bring about economic benefit. The paper outlines some important steps in the development of domestication strategies including testing and improving silvicultural practices, and increasing the supply of genetically superior seeds from seed production areas and/or seed orchards. As a first step, a network of in situ gene banks has been established in natural forests in Cambodia. A wide range of stakeholders need to participate in such programmes in order to address socio-economic development and poverty reduction. This is in line with the main objective of the National Forest Programme of Cambodia.
Published: 2010

23. People's participation and the role of governments in conservation of forest genetic resources

Author: Isager, Lotte, Theilade, I., Thomsen, L., Isager, Lotte, Theilade, I., and Thomsen, L.
Published: 2004

24. Conservation and utilization of threatened hardwood species through reforestation ? an example of Afzelia xylocarpa (Kruz.) Craib and Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre in Cambodia

Author: So, T., primary, Theilade, I., additional, and Dell, B., additional
Published: 2010
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25. Two new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from the Philippines

Author: Mood, J., Theilade, I., Mood, J., and Theilade, I.
Published: 2001

26. USE-VALUES AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TREES TO THE KAGURU PEOPLE IN SEMI-ARID TANZANIA: PART II WOODLAND SPECIES

Author: THEILADE, I., primary, HANSEN, H. H., additional, KROG, M., additional, and RUFFO, C. K., additional
Published: 2007
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27. A new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam

Author: Theilade, I., Mood, J., Theilade, I., and Mood, J.
Abstract: Zingiber collinsii, a new species from Vietnam is described and illustrated. It is placed in section Zingiber having the inflorescence on a radical, short erect scape.
Published: 1999

28. ESTIMATING USE-VALUES AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TREES TO THE KAGURU PEOPLE IN SEMI-ARID TANZANIA

Author: KROG, M., primary, THEILADE, I., additional, HANSEN, H. H., additional, and RUFFO, C. K., additional
Published: 2005
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29. Six new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Borneo

Author: Theilade, I., primary and Mood, J., additional
Published: 1999
Full Text: View/download PDF

30. A new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam

Author: Theilade, I., primary and Mood, J., additional
Published: 1999
Full Text: View/download PDF

31. Zingiber kelabitianum(Zingiberaceae): a new species from Borneo

Author: Theilade, I., primary and Christensen, H., additional
Published: 1998
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32. Pollen morphology and structure ofZingiber(Zingiberaceae)

Author: Theilade, I., primary, Mærsk-Møller, M. L., additional, Theilade, J., additional, and Larsen, K., additional
Published: 1993
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33. Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests

Author: Slik, J. W. F., Franklin, J., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Field, R., Aguilar, S., Aguirre, N., Ahumada, J., Aiba, S.-I., Alves, L. F., Anitha, K., Avella, A., Mora, F., Aymard, G. A. C., Báez, S., Balvanera, P., Bastian, M. L., Bastin, J.-F., Bellingham, P. J., Van Den Berg, E., Da Conceição Bispo, P., Boeckx, P., Boehning-Gaese, K., Bongers, F., Boyle, B., Brambach, F., Brearley, F. Q., Brown, S., Chai, S.-L., Chazdon, R. L., Chen, S., Chhang, P., Chuyong, G., Ewango, C., Coronado, I. M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, J., Culmsee, H., Damas, K., Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, P., DeWalt, S. J., DIn, H., Drake, D. R., Duque, A., Durigan, G., Eichhorn, K., Eler, E. S., Enoki, T., Ensslin, A., Fandohan, A. B., Farwig, N., Feeley, K. J., Fischer, M., Forshed, O., Garcia, Q. S., Garkoti, S. C., Gillespie, T. W., Gillet, J.-F., Gonmadje, C., Granzow-De La Cerda, I., Griffith, D. M., Grogan, J., Hakeem, K. R., Harris, D. J., Harrison, R. D., Hector, A., Hemp, A., Homeier, J., Hussain, M. S., Ibarra-Manríquez, G., Hanum, I. F., Imai, N., Jansen, P. A., Joly, C. A., Joseph, S., Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kelly, D. L., Kessler, M., Killeen, T. J., Kooyman, R. M., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S. G., Laurance, W. F., Lawes, M. J., Letcher, S. G., Lindsell, J., Lovett, J., Lozada, J., Lu, X., Lykke, A. M., Bin Mahmud, K., Mahayani, N. P. D., Mansor, A., Marshall, A. R., Martin, E. H., Matos, D. C. L., Meave, J. A., Melo, F. P. L., Mendoza, Z. H. A., Metali, F., Medjibe, V. P., Metzger, J. P., Metzker, T., Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, M. A., Muñoz, R., Nurtjahy, E., De Oliveira, E. L., Onrizal, Parolin, P., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, E., Perez, R., Pérez-García, E. A., Pommer, U., Poorter, L., Qi, L., Piedade, M. T. F., Pinto, J. R. R., Poulsen, A. D., Poulsen, J. R., Powers, J. S., Prasad, R. C., Puyravaud, J.-P., Rangel, O., Reitsma, J., Rocha, D. S. B., Rolim, S., Rovero, F., Rozak, A., Ruokolainen, K., Rutishauser, E., Rutten, G., Mohd Said, M. N., Saiter, F. Z., Saner, P., Santos, B., Dos Santos, J. R., Sarker, S. K., Schmitt, C. B., Schoengart, J., Schulze, M., Sheil, D., Sist, P., Souza, A. F., Spironello, W. R., Sposito, T., Steinmetz, R., Stevart, T., Suganuma, M. S., Sukri, R., Sultana, A., Sukumar, R., Sunderland, T., Supriyadi, Suresh, H. S., Suzuki, E., Tabarelli, M., Tang, J., Tanner, E. V. J., Targhetta, N., Theilade, I., Thomas, D., Timberlake, J., De Morisson Valeriano, M., Van Valkenburg, J., Van Do, T., Van Sam, H., Vandermeer, J. H., Verbeeck, H., Vetaas, O. R., Adekunle, V., Vieira, S. A., Webb, C. O., Webb, E. L., Whitfeld, T., Wich, S., Williams, J., Wiser, S., Wittmann, F., Yang, X., Yao, C. Y. A., Yap, S. L., Zahawi, R. A., Zakaria, R., and Zang, R.
Subjects: 15. Life on land

34. Floristics and biogeography of vegetation in seasonally dry tropical regions

Author: Dexter, K. G., Smart, B., Baldauf, C., Baker, T. R., Balinga, M. P. Bessike, Brienen, R. J. W., Fauset, S., Ted R. Feldpausch, Ferreira-Da Silva, L., Muledi, J. Ilunga, Lewis, S. L., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Marimon-Junior, B. H., Marimon, B. S., Meerts, P., Page, N., Parthasarathy, N., Phillips, O. L., Sunderland, T. C. H., Theilade, I., Weintritt, J., Affum-Baffoe, K., Araujo, A., Arroyo, L., Begne, S. K., Carvalho-Das Neves, E., Collins, M., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Djuikouo, M. N. K., Elias, F., Foli, E. G., Jeffery, K. J., Killeen, T. J., Malhi, Y., Maracahipes, L., Mendoza, C., Monteagudo-Mendoza, A., Morandi, P., Oliveira-Dos Santos, C., Parada, A. G., Pardo, G., Peh, K. S. -H, Salomao, R. P., Silveira, M., Sinatora-Miranda, H., Slik, J. W. F., Sonke, B., Taedoumg, H. E., Toledo, M., Umetsu, R. K., Villaroel, R. G., Vos, V. A., White, L. J. T., and Pennington, R. T.
Subjects: Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, Flora, Ecology, Biogeography, Geography, Planning and Development, Tropical vegetation, Tropics, Forestry, Rainforest, Vegetation, Floristics
Abstract: To provide an inter-continental overview of the floristics and biogeography of drought-adapted tropical vegetation formations, we compiled a dataset of inventory plots in South America (n=93), Africa (n=84), and Asia (n=92) from savannas (subject to fire), seasonally dry tropical forests (not generally subject to fire), and moist forests (no fire). We analysed floristic similarity across vegetation formations within and between continents. Our dataset strongly suggests that different formations tend to be strongly clustered floristically by continent, and that among continents, superficially similar vegetation formations (e.g. savannas) are floristically highly dissimilar. Neotropical moist forest, savanna and seasonally dry tropical forest are floristically distinct, but elsewhere there is no clear floristic division of savanna and seasonally dry tropical forest, though moist and dry formations are separate. We suggest that because of their propensity to burn, many formations termed “dry forest” in Africa and Asia are best considered as savannas. The floristic differentiation of similar vegetation formations from different continents suggests that cross-continental generalisations of the ecology, biology and conservation of savannas and seasonally dry tropical forests may be difficult.

35. The importance of local forest benefits: Valuation of nontimber forest products in the eastern arc mountains in Tanzania

Author: Schaafsma, M., Morsejones, S., Paulette Posen, Swetnam, R. D., Balmford, A., Bateman, I. J., Burgess, N., Chamshama, S. A. O., Fisher, B., Freeman, T., Geofrey, V., Green, R., Hepelwa, A. S., Hernández-Sirvent, A., Hess, S., Kajembe, G. C., Kayharara, G., Kilonzo, M., Kulindwa, K., Lund, J. F., Madoffe, S. S., Mbwambo, L., Meilby, H., Ngaga, Y. M., Theilade, I., Treue, T., Beukering, P., Vyamana, V. G., and Turner, R. K.

36. An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

Author: Slik, J.W.F., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Álvarez Loayza, P., Alvese, L.F., Ashton, P., Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, M.L., Bellingham, P.J., Berg, E. van den, Bernacci, L., Conceição Bispo, P.da, Blanc, Lilian, Bohning-Gaese, K., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Boyle, B., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Hockemba, M.B.-N., Bunyavejchewin, S., Matos, D.C.L., Castillo-Santiago, M., Catharino, E.L.M., Chai, S.L., Chen, Y., Colwell, R.K., Robin, C.L., Clark, C., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Culmsee, H., Damas, K., Dattaraja, H.S., Dauby, G., Davidar, P., DeWalt, S.J., Doucet, J.L., Duque, A., Durigan, G., Eichhorn, K.A.O., Eisenlohr, P.V., Eler, E., Ewango, C.E.N., Farwig, N., Feeley, K.J., Ferreira, L., Field, R., Oliveira Filho, A.T. de, Fletcher, C., Forshed, O., Franco, G., Fredriksson, G., Gillespie, T., Gillet, J.F., Amarnath, Giriraj, Griffith, D.M., Grogan, J., Gunatilleke, N., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hector, A., Homeier, J., Imai, N., Itoh, A., Jansen, P.A., Joly, C.A., Jong, B.H.J. de, Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kelly, D.L., Kenfack, D., Kessler, M., Kitayama, K., Kooyman, R., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Amaral, I.L.do, Letcher, S.G., Lindsell, J., Lu, X., Mansor, A., Marjokorpi, A., Martin, E.H., Meilby, H., Melo, F.P.L., Metcalfea, D.J., Medjibe, V.P., Metzger, J.P., Millet, J., Mohandass, D., Montero, J.C., Morisson Valeriano, M. de, Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Onrizal, S.O.G., Page, N., Parolin, P., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, E., Permana, A., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A.D., Poulsen, J., Powers, J., Prasad, R.C., Puyravaud, J.-P., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J., Santos, J.R. dos, Spironello, W.R., Romero Saltos, H., Rovero, F., Rozak, A.H., Ruokolainen, K., Rutishauser, E., Saiter, F., Saner, P., Santos, B.A., Santos, F., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schmitt, C.B., Schongart, J., Schulze, M., Suganuma, M.S., Sheil, Douglas, Silva Pinheiro, E.da, Sist, P., Stevart, T., Sukumar, R., Sun, I.-F., Sunderland, Terry C.H., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, E., Tabarelli, M., Tang, J., Targhetta, N., Theilade, I., Thomas, D.W., Tchouto, P., Hurtado, J., Valencia, R., Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van, Van Do, T., Vásquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Adekunle, V., Vieira, S.A., Webb, C.O., Whitfeld, T., Wich, S.A., Williams, J., Wittmann, F., Woll, H., Yang, X., Yao, C.Y.A., Yap, S.L., Yoneda, T., Zahawi, R.A., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Assis, R.L. de, Luize, B.G., Venticinque, E.M., Slik, J.W.F., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Álvarez Loayza, P., Alvese, L.F., Ashton, P., Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, M.L., Bellingham, P.J., Berg, E. van den, Bernacci, L., Conceição Bispo, P.da, Blanc, Lilian, Bohning-Gaese, K., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Boyle, B., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Hockemba, M.B.-N., Bunyavejchewin, S., Matos, D.C.L., Castillo-Santiago, M., Catharino, E.L.M., Chai, S.L., Chen, Y., Colwell, R.K., Robin, C.L., Clark, C., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Culmsee, H., Damas, K., Dattaraja, H.S., Dauby, G., Davidar, P., DeWalt, S.J., Doucet, J.L., Duque, A., Durigan, G., Eichhorn, K.A.O., Eisenlohr, P.V., Eler, E., Ewango, C.E.N., Farwig, N., Feeley, K.J., Ferreira, L., Field, R., Oliveira Filho, A.T. de, Fletcher, C., Forshed, O., Franco, G., Fredriksson, G., Gillespie, T., Gillet, J.F., Amarnath, Giriraj, Griffith, D.M., Grogan, J., Gunatilleke, N., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hector, A., Homeier, J., Imai, N., Itoh, A., Jansen, P.A., Joly, C.A., Jong, B.H.J. de, Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kelly, D.L., Kenfack, D., Kessler, M., Kitayama, K., Kooyman, R., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Amaral, I.L.do, Letcher, S.G., Lindsell, J., Lu, X., Mansor, A., Marjokorpi, A., Martin, E.H., Meilby, H., Melo, F.P.L., Metcalfea, D.J., Medjibe, V.P., Metzger, J.P., Millet, J., Mohandass, D., Montero, J.C., Morisson Valeriano, M. de, Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Onrizal, S.O.G., Page, N., Parolin, P., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, E., Permana, A., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A.D., Poulsen, J., Powers, J., Prasad, R.C., Puyravaud, J.-P., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J., Santos, J.R. dos, Spironello, W.R., Romero Saltos, H., Rovero, F., Rozak, A.H., Ruokolainen, K., Rutishauser, E., Saiter, F., Saner, P., Santos, B.A., Santos, F., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schmitt, C.B., Schongart, J., Schulze, M., Suganuma, M.S., Sheil, Douglas, Silva Pinheiro, E.da, Sist, P., Stevart, T., Sukumar, R., Sun, I.-F., Sunderland, Terry C.H., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, E., Tabarelli, M., Tang, J., Targhetta, N., Theilade, I., Thomas, D.W., Tchouto, P., Hurtado, J., Valencia, R., Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van, Van Do, T., Vásquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Adekunle, V., Vieira, S.A., Webb, C.O., Whitfeld, T., Wich, S.A., Williams, J., Wittmann, F., Woll, H., Yang, X., Yao, C.Y.A., Yap, S.L., Yoneda, T., Zahawi, R.A., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Assis, R.L. de, Luize, B.G., and Venticinque, E.M.

37. An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

Author: Slik, J.W.F., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Álvarez Loayza, P., Alvese, L.F., Ashton, P., Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, M.L., Bellingham, P.J., Berg, E. van den, Bernacci, L., Conceição Bispo, P.da, Blanc, Lilian, Bohning-Gaese, K., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Boyle, B., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Hockemba, M.B.-N., Bunyavejchewin, S., Matos, D.C.L., Castillo-Santiago, M., Catharino, E.L.M., Chai, S.L., Chen, Y., Colwell, R.K., Robin, C.L., Clark, C., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Culmsee, H., Damas, K., Dattaraja, H.S., Dauby, G., Davidar, P., DeWalt, S.J., Doucet, J.L., Duque, A., Durigan, G., Eichhorn, K.A.O., Eisenlohr, P.V., Eler, E., Ewango, C.E.N., Farwig, N., Feeley, K.J., Ferreira, L., Field, R., Oliveira Filho, A.T. de, Fletcher, C., Forshed, O., Franco, G., Fredriksson, G., Gillespie, T., Gillet, J.F., Amarnath, Giriraj, Griffith, D.M., Grogan, J., Gunatilleke, N., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hector, A., Homeier, J., Imai, N., Itoh, A., Jansen, P.A., Joly, C.A., Jong, B.H.J. de, Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kelly, D.L., Kenfack, D., Kessler, M., Kitayama, K., Kooyman, R., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Amaral, I.L.do, Letcher, S.G., Lindsell, J., Lu, X., Mansor, A., Marjokorpi, A., Martin, E.H., Meilby, H., Melo, F.P.L., Metcalfea, D.J., Medjibe, V.P., Metzger, J.P., Millet, J., Mohandass, D., Montero, J.C., Morisson Valeriano, M. de, Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Onrizal, S.O.G., Page, N., Parolin, P., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, E., Permana, A., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A.D., Poulsen, J., Powers, J., Prasad, R.C., Puyravaud, J.-P., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J., Santos, J.R. dos, Spironello, W.R., Romero Saltos, H., Rovero, F., Rozak, A.H., Ruokolainen, K., Rutishauser, E., Saiter, F., Saner, P., Santos, B.A., Santos, F., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schmitt, C.B., Schongart, J., Schulze, M., Suganuma, M.S., Sheil, Douglas, Silva Pinheiro, E.da, Sist, P., Stevart, T., Sukumar, R., Sun, I.-F., Sunderland, Terry C.H., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, E., Tabarelli, M., Tang, J., Targhetta, N., Theilade, I., Thomas, D.W., Tchouto, P., Hurtado, J., Valencia, R., Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van, Van Do, T., Vásquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Adekunle, V., Vieira, S.A., Webb, C.O., Whitfeld, T., Wich, S.A., Williams, J., Wittmann, F., Woll, H., Yang, X., Yao, C.Y.A., Yap, S.L., Yoneda, T., Zahawi, R.A., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Assis, R.L. de, Luize, B.G., Venticinque, E.M., Slik, J.W.F., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Álvarez Loayza, P., Alvese, L.F., Ashton, P., Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, M.L., Bellingham, P.J., Berg, E. van den, Bernacci, L., Conceição Bispo, P.da, Blanc, Lilian, Bohning-Gaese, K., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Boyle, B., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Hockemba, M.B.-N., Bunyavejchewin, S., Matos, D.C.L., Castillo-Santiago, M., Catharino, E.L.M., Chai, S.L., Chen, Y., Colwell, R.K., Robin, C.L., Clark, C., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Culmsee, H., Damas, K., Dattaraja, H.S., Dauby, G., Davidar, P., DeWalt, S.J., Doucet, J.L., Duque, A., Durigan, G., Eichhorn, K.A.O., Eisenlohr, P.V., Eler, E., Ewango, C.E.N., Farwig, N., Feeley, K.J., Ferreira, L., Field, R., Oliveira Filho, A.T. de, Fletcher, C., Forshed, O., Franco, G., Fredriksson, G., Gillespie, T., Gillet, J.F., Amarnath, Giriraj, Griffith, D.M., Grogan, J., Gunatilleke, N., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hector, A., Homeier, J., Imai, N., Itoh, A., Jansen, P.A., Joly, C.A., Jong, B.H.J. de, Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kelly, D.L., Kenfack, D., Kessler, M., Kitayama, K., Kooyman, R., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Amaral, I.L.do, Letcher, S.G., Lindsell, J., Lu, X., Mansor, A., Marjokorpi, A., Martin, E.H., Meilby, H., Melo, F.P.L., Metcalfea, D.J., Medjibe, V.P., Metzger, J.P., Millet, J., Mohandass, D., Montero, J.C., Morisson Valeriano, M. de, Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Onrizal, S.O.G., Page, N., Parolin, P., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, E., Permana, A., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A.D., Poulsen, J., Powers, J., Prasad, R.C., Puyravaud, J.-P., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J., Santos, J.R. dos, Spironello, W.R., Romero Saltos, H., Rovero, F., Rozak, A.H., Ruokolainen, K., Rutishauser, E., Saiter, F., Saner, P., Santos, B.A., Santos, F., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schmitt, C.B., Schongart, J., Schulze, M., Suganuma, M.S., Sheil, Douglas, Silva Pinheiro, E.da, Sist, P., Stevart, T., Sukumar, R., Sun, I.-F., Sunderland, Terry C.H., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, E., Tabarelli, M., Tang, J., Targhetta, N., Theilade, I., Thomas, D.W., Tchouto, P., Hurtado, J., Valencia, R., Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van, Van Do, T., Vásquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Adekunle, V., Vieira, S.A., Webb, C.O., Whitfeld, T., Wich, S.A., Williams, J., Wittmann, F., Woll, H., Yang, X., Yao, C.Y.A., Yap, S.L., Yoneda, T., Zahawi, R.A., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Assis, R.L. de, Luize, B.G., and Venticinque, E.M.

38. Asháninka medicinal plants: a case study from the native community of Bajo Quimiriki, Junín, Peru.

Author: Luziatelli G, Sørensen M, Theilade I, and Mølgaard P
Published: 2010
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39. Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities.

Author: Cooper DLM, Lewis SL, Sullivan MJP, Prado PI, Ter Steege H, Barbier N, Slik F, Sonké B, Ewango CEN, Adu-Bredu S, Affum-Baffoe K, de Aguiar DPP, Ahuite Reategui MA, Aiba SI, Albuquerque BW, de Almeida Matos FD, Alonso A, Amani CA, do Amaral DD, do Amaral IL, Andrade A, de Andrade Miranda IP, Angoboy IB, Araujo-Murakami A, Arboleda NC, Arroyo L, Ashton P, Aymard C GA, Baider C, Baker TR, Balinga MPB, Balslev H, Banin LF, Bánki OS, Baraloto C, Barbosa EM, Barbosa FR, Barlow J, Bastin JF, Beeckman H, Begne S, Bengone NN, Berenguer E, Berry N, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bonyoma B, Boundja P, Bourland N, Boyemba Bosela F, Brambach F, Brienen R, Burslem DFRP, Camargo JL, Campelo W, Cano A, Cárdenas S, Cárdenas López D, de Sá Carpanedo R, Carrero Márquez YA, Carvalho FA, Casas LF, Castellanos H, Castilho CV, Cerón C, Chapman CA, Chave J, Chhang P, Chutipong W, Chuyong GB, Cintra BBL, Clark CJ, Coelho de Souza F, Comiskey JA, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Correa DF, Costa FRC, Costa JBP, Couteron P, Culmsee H, Cuni-Sanchez A, Dallmeier F, Damasco G, Dauby G, Dávila N, Dávila Doza HP, De Alban JDT, de Assis RL, De Canniere C, De Haulleville T, de Jesus Veiga Carim M, Demarchi LO, Dexter KG, Di Fiore A, Din HHM, Disney MI, Djiofack BY, Djuikouo MK, Do TV, Doucet JL, Draper FC, Droissart V, Duivenvoorden JF, Engel J, Estienne V, Farfan-Rios W, Fauset S, Feeley KJ, Feitosa YO, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira C, Ferreira J, Ferreira LV, Fletcher CD, Flores BM, Fofanah A, Foli EG, Fonty É, Fredriksson GM, Fuentes A, Galbraith D, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Garcia-Cabrera K, García-Villacorta R, Gomes VHF, Gómez RZ, Gonzales T, Gribel R, Guedes MC, Guevara JE, Hakeem KR, Hall JS, Hamer KC, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Harrison RD, Hart TB, Hector A, Henkel TW, Herbohn J, Hockemba MBN, Hoffman B, Holmgren M, Honorio Coronado EN, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Hubau W, Imai N, Irume MV, Jansen PA, Jeffery KJ, Jimenez EM, Jucker T, Junqueira AB, Kalamandeen M, Kamdem NG, Kartawinata K, Kasongo Yakusu E, Katembo JM, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kessler M, Khaing TT, Killeen TJ, Kitayama K, Klitgaard B, Labrière N, Laumonier Y, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Laurent F, Le TC, Le TT, Leal ME, Leão de Moraes Novo EM, Levesley A, Libalah MB, Licona JC, Lima Filho DA, Lindsell JA, Lopes A, Lopes MA, Lovett JC, Lowe R, Lozada JR, Lu X, Luambua NK, Luize BG, Maas P, Magalhães JLL, Magnusson WE, Mahayani NPD, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Maniguaje Rincón L, Mansor A, Manzatto AG, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martins MP, Mbayu FM, de Medeiros MB, Mesones I, Metali F, Mihindou V, Millet J, Milliken W, Mogollón HF, Molino JF, Mohd Said MN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Moore S, Mostacedo B, Mozombite Pinto LF, Mukul SA, Munishi PKT, Nagamasu H, Nascimento HEM, Nascimento MT, Neill D, Nilus R, Noronha JC, Nsenga L, Núñez Vargas P, Ojo L, Oliveira AA, de Oliveira EA, Ondo FE, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pansonato MP, Paredes MR, Paudel E, Pauletto D, Pearson RG, Pena JLM, Pennington RT, Peres CA, Permana A, Petronelli P, Peñuela Mora MC, Phillips JF, Phillips OL, Pickavance G, Piedade MTF, Pitman NCA, Ploton P, Popelier A, Poulsen JR, Prieto A, Primack RB, Priyadi H, Qie L, Quaresma AC, de Queiroz HL, Ramirez-Angulo H, Ramos JF, Reis NFC, Reitsma J, Revilla JDC, Riutta T, Rivas-Torres G, Robiansyah I, Rocha M, Rodrigues DJ, Rodriguez-Ronderos ME, Rovero F, Rozak AH, Rudas A, Rutishauser E, Sabatier D, Sagang LB, Sampaio AF, Samsoedin I, Satdichanh M, Schietti J, Schöngart J, Scudeller VV, Seuaturien N, Sheil D, Sierra R, Silman MR, Silva TSF, da Silva Guimarães JR, Simo-Droissart M, Simon MF, Sist P, Sousa TR, de Sousa Farias E, de Souza Coelho L, Spracklen DV, Stas SM, Steinmetz R, Stevenson PR, Stropp J, Sukri RS, Sunderland TCH, Suzuki E, Swaine MD, Tang J, Taplin J, Taylor DM, Tello JS, Terborgh J, Texier N, Theilade I, Thomas DW, Thomas R, Thomas SC, Tirado M, Toirambe B, de Toledo JJ, Tomlinson KW, Torres-Lezama A, Tran HD, Tshibamba Mukendi J, Tumaneng RD, Umaña MN, Umunay PM, Urrego Giraldo LE, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Van Andel TR, van de Bult M, van de Pol J, van der Heijden G, Vasquez R, Vela CIA, Venticinque EM, Verbeeck H, Veridiano RKA, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Vilanova Torre E, Villarroel D, Villa Zegarra BE, Vleminckx J, von Hildebrand P, Vos VA, Vriesendorp C, Webb EL, White LJT, Wich S, Wittmann F, Zagt R, Zang R, Zartman CE, Zemagho L, Zent EL, and Zent S
Subjects: Biodiversity, Africa, Asia, Southeastern, Forests, Trees anatomy & histology, Trees classification, Trees growth & development, Tropical Climate
Abstract: Trees structure the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations 1-6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth's 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories 7 , we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world's most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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40. Range-wide differential adaptation and genomic offset in critically endangered Asian rosewoods.

Author: Hung TH, So T, Thammavong B, Chamchumroon V, Theilade I, Phourin C, Bouamanivong S, Hartvig I, Gaisberger H, Jalonen R, Boshier DH, and MacKay JJ
Subjects: Genomics, Climate Change, Adaptation, Physiological genetics, Acclimatization genetics
Abstract: In the billion-dollar global illegal wildlife trade, rosewoods have been the world's most trafficked wild product since 2005. Dalbergia cochinchinensis and Dalbergia oliveri are the most sought-after rosewoods in the Greater Mekong Subregion. They are exposed to significant genetic risks and the lack of knowledge on their adaptability limits the effectiveness of conservation efforts. Here, we present genome assemblies and range-wide genomic scans of adaptive variation, together with predictions of genomic offset to climate change. Adaptive genomic variation was differentially associated with temperature and precipitation-related variables between the species, although their natural ranges overlap. The findings are consistent with differences in pioneering ability and in drought tolerance. We predict their genomic offsets will increase over time and with increasing carbon emission pathway but at a faster pace in D. cochinchinensis than in D. oliveri . These results and the distinct gene-environment association in the eastern coastal edge of Vietnam suggest species-specific conservation actions: germplasm representation across the range in D. cochinchinensis and focused on hotspots of genomic offset in D. oliveri . We translated our genomic models into a seed source matching application, seedeR , to rapidly inform restoration efforts. Our ecological genomic research uncovering contrasting selection forces acting in sympatric rosewoods is of relevance to conserving tropical trees globally and combating risks from climate change.
Published: 2023
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41. Tropical and subtropical Asia's valued tree species under threat.

Author: Gaisberger H, Fremout T, Kettle CJ, Vinceti B, Kemalasari D, Kanchanarak T, Thomas E, Serra-Diaz JM, Svenning JC, Slik F, Eiadthong W, Palanisamy K, Ravikanth G, Bodos V, Sang J, Warrier RR, Wee AKS, Elloran C, Ramos LT, Henry M, Hossain MA, Theilade I, Laegaard S, Bandara KMA, Weerasinghe DP, Changtragoon S, Yuskianti V, Wilkie P, Nghia NH, Elliott S, Pakkad G, Tiansawat P, Maycock C, Bounithiphonh C, Mohamed R, Nazre M, Siddiqui BN, Lee SL, Lee CT, Zakaria NF, Hartvig I, Lehmann L, David DBD, Lillesø JB, Phourin C, Yongqi Z, Ping H, Volkaert HA, Graudal L, Hamidi A, Thea S, Sreng S, Boshier D, Tolentino E Jr, Ratnam W, Aung MM, Galante M, Isa SFM, Dung NQ, Hoa TT, Le TC, Miah MD, Zuhry ALM, Alawathugoda D, Azman A, Pushpakumara G, Sumedi N, Siregar IZ, Nak HK, Linsky J, Barstow M, Koh LP, and Jalonen R
Subjects: Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources, Forests, Thailand, Ecosystem, Trees
Abstract: Tree diversity in Asia's tropical and subtropical forests is central to nature-based solutions. Species vulnerability to multiple threats, which affect provision of ecosystem services, is poorly understood. We conducted a region-wide, spatially explicit assessment of the vulnerability of 63 socioeconomically important tree species to overexploitation, fire, overgrazing, habitat conversion, and climate change. Trees were selected for assessment from national priority lists, and selections were validated by an expert network representing 20 countries. We used Maxent suitability modeling to predict species distribution ranges, freely accessible spatial data sets to map threat exposures, and functional traits to estimate threat sensitivities. Species-specific vulnerability maps were created as the product of exposure maps and sensitivity estimates. Based on vulnerability to current threats and climate change, we identified priority areas for conservation and restoration. Overall, 74% of the most important areas for conservation of these trees fell outside protected areas, and all species were severely threatened across an average of 47% of their native ranges. The most imminent threats were overexploitation and habitat conversion; populations were severely threatened by these factors in an average of 24% and 16% of their ranges, respectively. Our model predicted limited overall climate change impacts, although some study species were likely to lose over 15% of their habitat by 2050 due to climate change. We pinpointed specific natural areas in Borneo rain forests as hotspots for in situ conservation of forest genetic resources, more than 82% of which fell outside designated protected areas. We also identified degraded areas in Western Ghats, Indochina dry forests, and Sumatran rain forests as hotspots for restoration, where planting or assisted natural regeneration will help conserve these species, and croplands in southern India and Thailand as potentially important agroforestry options. Our results highlight the need for regionally coordinated action for effective conservation and restoration., (© 2021 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.)
Published: 2022
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42. Who Wants to Save the Forest? Characterizing Community-Led Monitoring in Prey Lang, Cambodia.

Author: Turreira-García N, Meilby H, Brofeldt S, Argyriou D, and Theilade I
Subjects: Cambodia, Humans, Ownership, Population Groups, Socioeconomic Factors, Trees, Community Networks, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Environmental Monitoring methods, Forests
Abstract: Community monitoring is believed to be successful only where there is sustained funding, legislation for communities to enforce rules, clear tenure rights, and an enabling environment created by the state. Against this backdrop, we present the case of an autonomous grassroots-monitoring network that took the initiative to protect their forest, in a context, where no external incentives and rule enforcement power were provided. The aim was to analyze the socio-demographic and economic backgrounds, motivations and achievements of forest monitors, compared to non-monitors in the same communities. A total of 137 interviews were conducted in four villages bordering Prey Lang forest in Cambodia. We used binary logit models to identify the factors that influenced the likelihood of being a monitor. Results show that there were few (22%, n = 30) active monitors. Active monitors were intrinsically motivated forest-users, and not specifically associated with a particular gender, ethnicity, or residence-time in that area. The most common interventions were with illegal loggers, and the monitors had a general feeling of success in stopping the illegal activities. Most (73%, n = 22) of them had been threatened by higher authorities and loggers. Our results show that despite the lack of power to enforce rules, absence of external funding and land-ownership rights, and enduring threats of violence and conflicts, autonomous community monitoring may take place when community members are sufficiently motivated by the risk of losing their resources.
Published: 2018
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43. Protecting tropical forests from the rapid expansion of rubber using carbon payments.

Author: Warren-Thomas EM, Edwards DP, Bebber DP, Chhang P, Diment AN, Evans TD, Lambrick FH, Maxwell JF, Nut M, O'Kelly HJ, Theilade I, and Dolman PM
Abstract: Expansion of Hevea brasiliensis rubber plantations is a resurgent driver of deforestation, carbon emissions, and biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian rubber extent is massive, equivalent to 67% of oil palm, with rapid further expansion predicted. Results-based carbon finance could dis-incentivise forest conversion to rubber, but efficacy will be limited unless payments match, or at least approach, the costs of avoided deforestation. These include opportunity costs (timber and rubber profits), plus carbon finance scheme setup (transaction) and implementation costs. Using comprehensive Cambodian forest data, exploring scenarios of selective logging and conversion, and assuming land-use choice is based on net present value, we find that carbon prices of $30-$51 per tCO 2 are needed to break even against costs, higher than those currently paid on carbon markets or through carbon funds. To defend forests from rubber, either carbon prices must be increased, or other strategies are needed, such as corporate zero-deforestation pledges, and governmental regulation and enforcement of forest protection.
Published: 2018
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44. Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests.

Author: Slik JWF, Franklin J, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Field R, Aguilar S, Aguirre N, Ahumada J, Aiba SI, Alves LF, K A, Avella A, Mora F, Aymard C GA, Báez S, Balvanera P, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Bellingham PJ, van den Berg E, da Conceição Bispo P, Boeckx P, Boehning-Gaese K, Bongers F, Boyle B, Brambach F, Brearley FQ, Brown S, Chai SL, Chazdon RL, Chen S, Chhang P, Chuyong G, Ewango C, Coronado IM, Cristóbal-Azkarate J, Culmsee H, Damas K, Dattaraja HS, Davidar P, DeWalt SJ, Din H, Drake DR, Duque A, Durigan G, Eichhorn K, Eler ES, Enoki T, Ensslin A, Fandohan AB, Farwig N, Feeley KJ, Fischer M, Forshed O, Garcia QS, Garkoti SC, Gillespie TW, Gillet JF, Gonmadje C, Granzow-de la Cerda I, Griffith DM, Grogan J, Hakeem KR, Harris DJ, Harrison RD, Hector A, Hemp A, Homeier J, Hussain MS, Ibarra-Manríquez G, Hanum IF, Imai N, Jansen PA, Joly CA, Joseph S, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kelly DL, Kessler M, Killeen TJ, Kooyman RM, Laumonier Y, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Lawes MJ, Letcher SG, Lindsell J, Lovett J, Lozada J, Lu X, Lykke AM, Mahmud KB, Mahayani NPD, Mansor A, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Calderado Leal Matos D, Meave JA, Melo FPL, Mendoza ZHA, Metali F, Medjibe VP, Metzger JP, Metzker T, Mohandass D, Munguía-Rosas MA, Muñoz R, Nurtjahy E, de Oliveira EL, Onrizal, Parolin P, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Paudel E, Perez R, Pérez-García EA, Pommer U, Poorter L, Qie L, Piedade MTF, Pinto JRR, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Powers JS, Prasad RC, Puyravaud JP, Rangel O, Reitsma J, Rocha DSB, Rolim S, Rovero F, Rozak A, Ruokolainen K, Rutishauser E, Rutten G, Mohd Said MN, Saiter FZ, Saner P, Santos B, Dos Santos JR, Sarker SK, Schmitt CB, Schoengart J, Schulze M, Sheil D, Sist P, Souza AF, Spironello WR, Sposito T, Steinmetz R, Stevart T, Suganuma MS, Sukri R, Sultana A, Sukumar R, Sunderland T, Supriyadi, Suresh HS, Suzuki E, Tabarelli M, Tang J, Tanner EVJ, Targhetta N, Theilade I, Thomas D, Timberlake J, de Morisson Valeriano M, van Valkenburg J, Van Do T, Van Sam H, Vandermeer JH, Verbeeck H, Vetaas OR, Adekunle V, Vieira SA, Webb CO, Webb EL, Whitfeld T, Wich S, Williams J, Wiser S, Wittmann F, Yang X, Adou Yao CY, Yap SL, Zahawi RA, Zakaria R, and Zang R
Subjects: Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Forests, Phylogeny, Plants classification, Plants genetics, Tropical Climate
Abstract: Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world's tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world's tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: ( i ) Indo-Pacific, ( ii ) Subtropical, ( iii ) African, ( iv ) American, and ( v ) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: V.A.-R., K.B.-G., B.B., F.Q.B., N.F., M.K., W.F.L., S. G. Letcher, C.B.S., D.S., T. Stevart, and S. Wiser have coauthored papers with Jens-Christian Svenning in the past 48 months. A.M.L. and Jens-Christian Svenning are both affiliated with Aarhus University., (Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)
Published: 2018
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45. Population genetic structure of the endemic rosewoods Dalbergia cochinchinensis and D. oliveri at a regional scale reflects the Indochinese landscape and life-history traits.

Author: Hartvig I, So T, Changtragoon S, Tran HT, Bouamanivong S, Theilade I, Kjær ED, and Nielsen LR
Abstract: Indochina is a biodiversity hot spot and harbors a high number of endemic species, most of which are poorly studied. This study explores the genetic structure and reproductive system of the threatened endemic timber species Dalbergia cochinchinensis and Dalbergia oliveri using microsatellite data from populations across Indochina and relates it to landscape characteristics and life-history traits. We found that the major water bodies in the region, Mekong and Tonle Sap, represented barriers to gene flow and that higher levels of genetic diversity were found in populations in the center of the distribution area, particularly in Cambodia. We suggest that this pattern is ancient, reflecting the demographic history of the species and possible location of refugia during earlier time periods with limited forest cover, which was supported by signs of old genetic bottlenecks. The D. oliveri populations had generally high levels of genetic diversity (mean H e = 0.73), but also strong genetic differentiation among populations (global G ST = 0.13), while D. cochinchinensis had a moderate level of genetic diversity (mean H e = 0.55), and an even stronger level of differentiation (global G ST = 0.25). These differences in genetic structure can be accounted for by a higher level of gene flow in D. oliveri due to a higher dispersal capacity, but also by the broader distribution area for D. oliveri , and the pioneer characteristics of D. cochinchinensis . This study represents the first detailed analysis of landscape genetics for tree species in Indochina, and the found patterns might be common for other species with similar ecology.
Published: 2017
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46. Can Community Members Identify Tropical Tree Species for REDD+ Carbon and Biodiversity Measurements?

Author: Zhao M, Brofeldt S, Li Q, Xu J, Danielsen F, Læssøe SB, Poulsen MK, Gottlieb A, Maxwell JF, and Theilade I
Subjects: Biodiversity, Biomass, China, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Ecosystem, Forests, Humans, Tropical Climate, Carbon chemistry, Trees classification
Abstract: Biodiversity conservation is a required co-benefit of REDD+. Biodiversity monitoring is therefore needed, yet in most areas it will be constrained by limitations in the available human professional and financial resources. REDD+ programs that use forest plots for biomass monitoring may be able to take advantage of the same data for detecting changes in the tree diversity, using the richness and abundance of canopy trees as a proxy for biodiversity. If local community members are already assessing the above-ground biomass in a representative network of forest vegetation plots, it may require minimal further effort to collect data on the diversity of trees. We compare community members and trained scientists' data on tree diversity in permanent vegetation plots in montane forest in Yunnan, China. We show that local community members here can collect tree diversity data of comparable quality to trained botanists, at one third the cost. Without access to herbaria, identification guides or the Internet, community members could provide the ethno-taxonomical names for 95% of 1071 trees in 60 vegetation plots. Moreover, we show that the community-led survey spent 89% of the expenses at village level as opposed to 23% of funds in the monitoring by botanists. In participatory REDD+ programs in areas where community members demonstrate great knowledge of forest trees, community-based collection of tree diversity data can be a cost-effective approach for obtaining tree diversity information., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Published: 2016
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47. The Use of DNA Barcoding in Identification and Conservation of Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.).

Author: Hartvig I, Czako M, Kjær ED, Nielsen LR, and Theilade I
Subjects: Dalbergia growth & development, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis, DNA methods, Species Specificity, Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic methods, DNA, Plant genetics, Dalbergia genetics
Abstract: The genus Dalbergia contains many valuable timber species threatened by illegal logging and deforestation, but knowledge on distributions and threats is often limited and accurate species identification difficult. The aim of this study was to apply DNA barcoding methods to support conservation efforts of Dalbergia species in Indochina. We used the recommended rbcL, matK and ITS barcoding markers on 95 samples covering 31 species of Dalbergia, and tested their discrimination ability with both traditional distance-based as well as different model-based machine learning methods. We specifically tested whether the markers could be used to solve taxonomic confusion concerning the timber species Dalbergia oliveri, and to identify the CITES-listed Dalbergia cochinchinensis. We also applied the barcoding markers to 14 samples of unknown identity. In general, we found that the barcoding markers discriminated among Dalbergia species with high accuracy. We found that ITS yielded the single highest discrimination rate (100%), but due to difficulties in obtaining high-quality sequences from degraded material, the better overall choice for Dalbergia seems to be the standard rbcL+matK barcode, as this yielded discrimination rates close to 90% and amplified well. The distance-based method TaxonDNA showed the highest identification rates overall, although a more complete specimen sampling is needed to conclude on the best analytic method. We found strong support for a monophyletic Dalbergia oliveri and encourage that this name is used consistently in Indochina. The CITES-listed Dalbergia cochinchinensis was successfully identified, and a species-specific assay can be developed from the data generated in this study for the identification of illegally traded timber. We suggest that the use of DNA barcoding is integrated into the work flow during floristic studies and at national herbaria in the region, as this could significantly increase the number of identified specimens and improve knowledge about species distributions.
Published: 2015
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48. Community assessment of tropical tree biomass: challenges and opportunities for REDD.

Author: Theilade I, Rutishauser E, and Poulsen MK
Abstract: Background: REDD+ programs rely on accurate forest carbon monitoring. Several REDD+ projects have recently shown that local communities can monitor above ground biomass as well as external professionals, but at lower costs. However, the precision and accuracy of carbon monitoring conducted by local communities have rarely been assessed in the tropics. The aim of this study was to investigate different sources of error in tree biomass measurements conducted by community monitors and determine the effect on biomass estimates. Furthermore, we explored the potential of local ecological knowledge to assess wood density and botanical identification of trees., Results: Community monitors were able to measure tree DBH accurately, but some large errors were found in girth measurements of large and odd-shaped trees. Monitors with experience from the logging industry performed better than monitors without previous experience. Indeed, only experienced monitors were able to discriminate trees with low wood densities. Local ecological knowledge did not allow consistent tree identification across monitors., Conclusion: Future REDD+ programmes may benefit from the systematic training of local monitors in tree DBH measurement, with special attention given to large and odd-shaped trees. A better understanding of traditional classification systems and concepts is required for local tree identifications and wood density estimates to become useful in monitoring of biomass and tree diversity.
Published: 2015
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49. Wild edible plant knowledge, distribution and transmission: a case study of the Achí Mayans of Guatemala.

Author: Turreira-García N, Theilade I, Meilby H, and Sørensen M
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Altitude, Ecology methods, Female, Guatemala, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Rural Population, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult, Ethnobotany methods, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Information Dissemination methods, Plants, Edible classification, Population Groups
Abstract: Background: Knowledge about wild edible plants (WEPs) has a high direct-use value. Yet, little is known about factors shaping the distribution and transfer of knowledge of WEPs at global level and there is concern that use of and knowledge about WEPs is decreasing. This study aimed to investigate the distribution, transmission and loss of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) concerning WEPs used by a Mayan community of Guatemala and to enumerate such plants., Methods: The case study was carried out in a semi-isolated community where part of the population took refuge in the mountains in 1982-1985 with WEPs as the main source of food. Major variables possibly determining knowledge and therefore investigated were socio-demographic characteristics, distance to and abundance of natural resources and main source of knowledge transmission. A reference list of species was prepared with the help of three key informants. Information about the theoretical dimension of knowledge was gathered through free listing and a questionnaire survey, while practical skills were assessed using a plant identification test with photographs. All villagers older than 7 years participated in the research (n = 62 including key informants)., Results: A total of 44 WEPs were recorded. Theoretical knowledge was unevenly distributed among the population, and a small group including very few informants (n = 3) mentioned, on average, three times more plants than the rest of the population during the free listing. Practical knowledge was more homogeneously distributed, key informants recognising 23 plants on average and the rest of the population 17. Theoretical and practical knowledge increased with age, the latter decreasing in the late phases of life. Knowledge about WEPs was transmitted through relatives in 76% of the cases, which led to increased knowledge of plants and ability to recognise them., Conclusions: The WEP survey may serve as a reference point and as a useful compilation of knowledge for the community for their current and future generations. This study shows that the elder and the refugees living in the area for longer time know more than others about WEPs. It also shows the important role of knowledge transmission through relatives to preserve TEK.
Published: 2015
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50. An estimate of the number of tropical tree species.

Author: Slik JW, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Aiba S, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Ashton P, Balvanera P, Bastian ML, Bellingham PJ, van den Berg E, Bernacci L, da Conceição Bispo P, Blanc L, Böhning-Gaese K, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Boyle B, Bradford M, Brearley FQ, Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba M, Bunyavejchewin S, Calderado Leal Matos D, Castillo-Santiago M, Catharino EL, Chai SL, Chen Y, Colwell RK, Chazdon RL, Clark C, Clark DB, Clark DA, Culmsee H, Damas K, Dattaraja HS, Dauby G, Davidar P, DeWalt SJ, Doucet JL, Duque A, Durigan G, Eichhorn KA, Eisenlohr PV, Eler E, Ewango C, Farwig N, Feeley KJ, Ferreira L, Field R, de Oliveira Filho AT, Fletcher C, Forshed O, Franco G, Fredriksson G, Gillespie T, Gillet JF, Amarnath G, Griffith DM, Grogan J, Gunatilleke N, Harris D, Harrison R, Hector A, Homeier J, Imai N, Itoh A, Jansen PA, Joly CA, de Jong BH, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kelly DL, Kenfack D, Kessler M, Kitayama K, Kooyman R, Larney E, Laumonier Y, Laurance S, Laurance WF, Lawes MJ, Amaral IL, Letcher SG, Lindsell J, Lu X, Mansor A, Marjokorpi A, Martin EH, Meilby H, Melo FP, Metcalfe DJ, Medjibe VP, Metzger JP, Millet J, Mohandass D, Montero JC, de Morisson Valeriano M, Mugerwa B, Nagamasu H, Nilus R, Ochoa-Gaona S, Onrizal, Page N, Parolin P, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Paudel E, Permana A, Piedade MT, Pitman NC, Poorter L, Poulsen AD, Poulsen J, Powers J, Prasad RC, Puyravaud JP, Razafimahaimodison JC, Reitsma J, Dos Santos JR, Roberto Spironello W, Romero-Saltos H, Rovero F, Rozak AH, Ruokolainen K, Rutishauser E, Saiter F, Saner P, Santos BA, Santos F, Sarker SK, Satdichanh M, Schmitt CB, Schöngart J, Schulze M, Suganuma MS, Sheil D, da Silva Pinheiro E, Sist P, Stevart T, Sukumar R, Sun IF, Sunderland T, Suresh HS, Suzuki E, Tabarelli M, Tang J, Targhetta N, Theilade I, Thomas DW, Tchouto P, Hurtado J, Valencia R, van Valkenburg JL, Van Do T, Vasquez R, Verbeeck H, Adekunle V, Vieira SA, Webb CO, Whitfeld T, Wich SA, Williams J, Wittmann F, Wöll H, Yang X, Adou Yao CY, Yap SL, Yoneda T, Zahawi RA, Zakaria R, Zang R, de Assis RL, Garcia Luize B, and Venticinque EM
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, Databases, Factual, Ecosystem, Phylogeography, Rainforest, Species Specificity, Statistics, Nonparametric, Biodiversity, Forests, Trees classification, Tropical Climate
Abstract: The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼ 40,000 and ∼ 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼ 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼ 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.
Published: 2015
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