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World War II, which started in 1939, caused both countries entering the war and countries which were succeed in not entering the war until last moment thanks to following a certain policy of balance and neutrality such as Turkey to experience really difficult times both economically and socially. Due to the war economy, the decrease in many basic consumption items from food to clothing, coal to gasoline, the onset of black market and the tax policies applied worsened the socio-economic situation of the people. The absence and scarcity experienced were felt intensely in all segments of the society, and these difficulties experienced economically and socially reflected on art, as well. The burden of war economy on the people, especially in literature, painting, cinema and especially music was mentioned as the subject of emerging artworks. In an environment where people tried to survive under such difficult conditions, the main venues where cultural and artistic activities were held were cinema, theater, exhibition, fair, school buildings and especially public house halls. The concert halls and musical activities performed in these places were the sharing of works with society, and they also served as a function for mass entertainment for the Turkish society who were overwhelmed by the war environment. In this study, music policies and the impacts of the war on music in Turkey will be discussed. Besides, music institutions and musical activities and activities carried out during the war period will be included in the study.

В статье анализируются биографии активных членов и функционеров Союза польских патриотов, живших в Молотовской области в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Было выяснено, что работники СПП в основном были выходцами из непривилегированных слоев населения, польскими евреями, с довольно высоким уровнем образования, сторонниками левых взглядов, 1910-х гг. рождения. Большинство из них добровольно во время Второй мировой войны приехали на Урал, спасаясь от Холокоста. The article analyzes the biographies of active members and functionaries of the Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP) who lived in the Molotov region during the Great Patriotic war. The workers of the ZPP were mainly from the unprivileged strata of the population, Polish Jews, with a high level of education, supporters of left-wing views born in the 1910s. Most of them came to the Urals voluntarily during the Second World War, fleeing the Holocaust.

Within the paradigm of the totalitarian nature of Stalinism, an attempt to consider the confrontation of ideological systems on the example of propaganda refl ections of the media, namely the press under the conditions of the Second World War is not the territory of Ukraine. The subject of study has chosen ideological orientation of the Russian media, access to the zone of the Romanian occupation administration, and the degree actualization of theme repression on newspaper pages in the Soviet Union, use the consequences of the repressive policies of the CPSU(b)-NKVD in achieving their goals. Implementing the task, we had to draw the eyes to the empirical material that is signifi cantly represented in various periodicals, concentrated in the funds of the State archive of Odessa region (SAOR). We are talking about newspapers „Molva” and „Odesskaia gazeta” (funds P-13, P-3964, P-4093). The theme of repression is often raised on the pages of publications transnistriyskih and had a clear advocacy focus in countering the ideologies of the opposing sides. Material systematized on the principle of common meaning, ideological orientation, rhetoric and even artistic images (graphics).

В статье исследуется развитие двух региональных центров польской диаспоры, созданных советской властью на Урале в 1943–1946 гг.: временные областные правления Союза польских патриотов (СПП) Свердловской и Молотовской областей. Были найдены сходства двух правлений в специфике и целях работы, основных формах деятельности. Отличия в работе организаций исходили, прежде всего, из того, что польских граждан в Свердловской области было в два раза больше чем в Молотовской. После так называемой реэвакуации отличия стали заметны сильнее. The article compares the establishment of the two regional boards of the same organization that operated in the Ural during the Second World War. Similarities in the beginning of systematic work of the organizations and the main forms of activity were revealed. The difference in the dates of foundation of organizations was revealed. The Polish population of Sverdlovsk region exceeded twice the number of Poles of Molotov region. After re-evacuation, the difference became even larger.

During the World War II, Turkey has managed to stay out of the war although it was difficult. However, the country has suffered from economic difficulties. Application of war period had difficult situationsfor people and the level of production decreased since young peoplewere enlisted. The people, who lived in poverty in the big cities, couldnot get their own necessities. The people, who did not see the war, sawseverely hunger and poverty. The application of pass in bread wasapplied within the framework of the national conservation law convictedcitizens to be able to live with only bread. The bread distributionapplication, which did not influence the rich people, influenced badlythe poor people. The government tried to protect its officers and soldierson the subject of food supply. Jobbery showed itself at the top level, andthe easy way of making Money often used. The government did notsuccess on the precautions of difficulties. Although the difficultiesdecreased after the end of war was seen, shortage of food supply wenton after the period of war. The people saw Republican People’s Party asa reason of the difficulties and they powered to the party in selections,which were made in 1950. The justification of pass in bread application,which was in effect in 1942 and 1946, modes of administration,vicissitudes which occured in the enforcement process and rationingsystem, are interpreted in this work. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Türkiye, zor da olsa savaş dışında kalmayı başarmıştır. Fakat ülke, ekonomik anlamda büyük sıkıntılar çekmiştir. Savaş dönemine ait uygulamalar halkı zor duruma sokmuş, genç nüfusun askere alınmasıyla da üretim durma seviyesine gerilemiştir. Büyük şehirlerde yaşayan halk, temel gıda ihtiyaçlarını gideremez hale gelmiştir. Savaşı görmeyen halk, açlığı ve yokluğu en şiddetli şekilde yaşamıştır. Dönem içerisinde uygulanma imkânı bulan Milli Korunma Kanunu çerçevesinde yürürlüğe giren ekmek karnesi uygulaması, vatandaşı çok az miktarda bir ekmekle yaşayabilmeye mahkûm etmiştir. Maddi durumu iyi olanların pek de etkilenmediği karne ile ekmek dağıtımı uygulaması, daha çok dar gelirlileri zorlamıştır. Devlet, memurunu ve askerini gıda temini konusunda olabildiğince korumaya çalışmıştır. Karaborsacılık en üst seviyelerde kendini göstermiş, kolay yoldan para kazanabilme yolları sıkça kullanılmıştır. Devlet, sıkıntılar karşısında almaya çalıştığı tedbirlerde beklenen başarıyı sağlayamamıştır. Yaşanan sıkıntılar savaşın sona ereceğinin anlaşılmasıyla birlikte bir miktar azalış gösterse de, gıda temini sıkıntısı savaş sonrası dönemde de devam etmiştir. Halk, çektiği yoklukların temel nedeni olarak iktidarda bulunan Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’ni görmüş ve 1950 yılında yapılan seçimlerle bu partiyi iktidardan uzaklaştırmıştır. Bu çalışma içerisinde; 1942–1946 yılları arasında yürürlükte olan ekmek karnesi uygulamasının gerekçeleri, uygulama şekilleri, yürürlük sürecinde gerçekleşen değişiklikler ve karne sisteminin etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.

Using the comparative reading method of texts by Wolfgang Borchert, Uwe Timm and Julia Franck this bachelor thesis compares the differences in historical and cultural memory of the World War II within the West German society. Each author belongs to a different generation of authors which all have had a different opinion about the War. The thesis therefore explores the texts separately at first, noticing their most important elements related to the World War II. Consequently, the component findings are compared in the final part of the thesis and lead to conclusions about what the opinions of the respective generations have in common and where they differ.

Turkey became a homeland for the asylum seekers who were denationalized and declared stateless ‘heimatlos’ and came to Turkey as refugees from the Nazi Government during the World War II by including them in the country development. During the same period, one of the basic training problems in the agenda of Turkey was ‘the University Reform’. Darulfunun, which Abdulhamid II founded in 1900, was insufficient to achieve the objectives of the republic. Ataturk invited Professor of Pedagogy Albert Malche from Geneva University to Turkey to prepare a report. When Prof. Malche, presented the detailed assessment report he prepared after his observations, Ataturk had the report, which included the closure of Darulfunun, the elimination of academicians far from the contemporary science and art, the establishment of a disciplined education system with the academicians imported from abroad and educating academic members, approved and it was carried into practice. Professor Malche communicated with some academicians in order to be assigned in the n Among these scholars who were assigned in the construction of Turkish music institutions by being reformed, Licco Amar, (music lecturer at Ankara State Conservatory), Carl Ebert (director at Ankara State Conservatory and State Theatre), Paul Hindemith (violinist and composer, Founder of Ankara State Conservatory), Eduard Zuckmayer (employed first at Music Teacher Training School, then at Music Department in Gazi Teacher Training Institute) were important musicians.n Those academicians were assigned in all areas.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sürecinde Türkiye'nin Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumu (1939-1945) adlı yüksek lisans çalışması, tez kriterinde ele alınmış bir incelemedir. Buçalışmada, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sürecinde Türkiye'nin sosyo-ekonomik yapısı tahliledilerek, bu süreçteki sosyal ve ekonomik politikaların uygulama ve sonuçlarının, savaşsonrası süreçteki siyasal, sosyal ve ekonomik olaylar üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir.Birinci başlık altında, İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi Türkiye'nin sosyo-ekonomikdurumu incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde, Cumhuriyet'in Osmanlıdan aldığı ekonomik miras,Cumhuriyetin ilk yılları ve iktisat politikası arayışları, liberal ekonomik dönemdekiekonomi politikaları ve bu politikaların sonuçları, devletçiliğe geçiş süreci ve devletçiekonomik dönemdeki ekonomi politikaları ve bu politikaların sonuçları üzerindedurulmuştur. Ayrıca bu bölümde, Atatürk dönemi olarakta adlandırdığımız, 1923-1938döneminin sosyo-ekonomik bakımdan genel bir değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır.İkinci ana başlık altında, tezimizin de ana konusunu oluşturan, İkinci DünyaSavaşı Sürecinde Türkiye'nin sosyo-ekonomik durumu incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde,savaş ekonomisine geçişte yapılan yasal düzenlemeler ve ekonomik yapılanmanınyeniden kuruluşu, savaş döneminde yükselen fiyatlara ve karaborsaya karşı devletinmüdahaleleri, savaş dönemi ekonomisini kontrol etmeye yönelik geçmişte ve şimdi deçok tartışılan Karne Uygulaması, Yüzde 25 Kararı, Varlık Vergisi, Toprak MahsulleriVergisi ve Çiftçiyi Topraklandırma Kanunları üzerinde durulmuş ve bu kanunlarınuygulama ve sonuçları tahlil edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu bölümde, İkinci Dünya savaşı öncesisüreçten başlayarak, Türkiye'deki nüfus, sağlık, eğitim ve kültür politikalarınınuygulama ve sonuçları incelenmiştir.Üçüncü ana başlık altında, İkinci Dünya savaşı yıllarında uygulanan sosyal veekonomik politikaların savaş sonrası süreçteki siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik yapıyayansımaları üzerinde durulmuştur.Bu çalışma, İkinci Dünya Savaşından günümüze kadar gelen süreci daha iyianlamamıza ve Türkiye'deki Çok Partili hayata geçişin, dış etkilerinden çok, içetkilerini ayrıntılı bir biçimde irdeleyen, hem resmi kaynakları, hem de ulusal basındayer alan kaynakları eleştirel bir biçimde inceleyen ve bu konuda araştırma yapacak olanaraştırmacılara kaynak olacak bir çalışma olacağı inancındayım.Anahtar Sözcüklerİkinci Dünya Savaşı, sosyal tarih, ekonomik tarih, sosyal yapıVarlık Vergisi, Çiftçiyi Topraklandırma Kanunu, Toprak Mahsulleri Vergisi, Nüfus,Eğitim First of all this is a kind of research which considered as bachelor?s degreestudy. Turkey?s Social and Economical Situation During The World War II. (1939-1945) In this research I try to indicate economical and social aspects of TurkishRepublic before and during the world war 2nd. This research also try to explain theeffects and results of political desicions in Turkey.Within the first topicheadline in this research the readres can see Turkey?s socialand economical situation before the World War II very clearly. In this topic the mainsubject considered about the existence of young Turkish Repuplic and liberal economyhow developed with the Ottoman Empire?s economical heritage In the begining ofyoung Turkish Repuplic try to find an economical policy in liberal way. The effects andresults of liberal economic policy encouraged by the Turkish Government Investments.This is called Atatürk?s Period between 1923-1938. There is an explanation and anevaluation of this period.Within the second topic headline in this research the main subject is Turkey?ssituation during the World War II. There were numerous battles in World War II. Someof these battles lasted only days while others took months or years. Some of the battleswere notable for the material losses such as tanks or aircraft carriers while others werenotable for the number of human losses. Although this is not a comprehensive list of allbattes of WWII, it is a list of the major battles of World War II. The readers can seehow Turkish Repuclic government work in accordance with war economy. What kindof principles and rules serviced to protect people such as having a licence for bread.National Economical Principles resist price increase and black markets. Here are somerules and principles such as, 25 percent tax, owners value tax, agriculture tax, givingland to farmers, There is an explanation and an evaluation about education, health,population increase and cultural policies.Within the third topic headline in this research the main subject is Turkey?ssocial and economical situation after the World War II. By means of this research thetotal evaluation help us to understand our daily life clearly. In any way the internalreasons occurs rather than external for transfering from one political group throughmulti political groups in Turkey. I beleive that this research satisfied readers in manyways who wants to get informations by critisizing government multi political groups indemocrasy.Key Words:The World War II, Social history, Economical history, Social Situation,Owners value tax, Gving Land to Farmers, Agricultere tax, Population,Education 271