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Through their article, the author considers the features of the organizational and staff structure and combat training of 12 divisions of people's militia of Moscow during the summer and autumn of 1941. The research is based on archival sources, most of them are introduced into scientific use for the first time: documents of management and record keeping of the Moscow Military District and the Reserve Front, accounting and statistical materials of the highest military authorities, and an array of documents of the Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War from the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The documents show that shortcomings revealed already during the first field exercises, such as the inadequacy of some personnel for the requirements of combat service, low qualifications of the command staff, diversity of small arms and artillery weapons, poor rear service of divisions, etc., were in fact a common occurrence. These issues required a significant reorganization of the divisions of people's militia. Eventually, all the divisions of people's militia were reorganized into regular infantry divisions of the Red Army and entered battle in this status in early October 1941. The author also follows the process and results of this reorganization.

In the article, the authors undertake a research in order to elucidate the causes and circumstances of leaving the battlefield by Russian soldiers, who deserted en masse from the Soviet Army during the Second World War and went over to the side of the enemy. Thus, it is mentioned that in the year 1941 many soldiers were in the prime of life among those who suffered as a result of the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, the fight against kulaks, the сossacks as well as other repressions, so it is not surprising that many Soviet soldiers passed on the side of the enemy. Moreover, during more than two decades there was also an extensive purge process within the Soviet Army with the aim of eliminating soldiers disloyal to the regime. In this regard, the cases of desertion, complicity in desertion and instigation to desertion committed by ethnic Russians enlisted in the Soviet Army are presented. Among them, there were self-mutilated soldiers and others who faked illnesses to avoid mobilization and military service during the war. They used such methods to avoid going to the front. Under these conditions, representatives of various peoples of the USSR, including Bessarabians, were enlisted to replace Russian deserters in the Soviet Army. Therefore, the truth is that Russian soldiers were committing crimes on the territory of Bessarabia and Romania while many of our compatriots were fighting on the fronts of the Second World War.

In the case of the mandate that Grigore Niculescu-Buzești (1908–1949) fulfilled in the Latvian capital, attention is captivated, from the very beginning, by his numerous reports and analysis carried out by the Romanian diplomat. A careful and detailed study of the telegrams he sent to Bucharest from the Baltic capital can reveal to anyone, on the one hand, the concerns, fears, tensions and hopes of the authorities in Riga, as well as of Latvian society, in the context of the Soviet-German pact of 23 August 1939, of the outbreak of the war and the relationship with the Soviet Union, and on the other hand, – the mechanisms of Moscow’s aggression that led to the annexation of the Baltic countries in June 1940. Until the summer of 1940, the Romanian diplomat sent numerous telegrams to Bucharest, in which the stages of the annexation can be captured clearly and precisely. The number of documents and the amount of information reveal Bucharest’s high interest regarding the events in the Baltic states at that time. Thus, the author can trace the impact and relevance of his information and analysis in a tragic context, marked by tensions and convulsions throughout Europe. Moreover, Niculescu-Buzeștis experience as Romani’s chargé daffaires in Riga deeply marked the future Romanian minister of foreign affairs.

Based on an analysis of documentary sources from Russian, American, and British archives, this article delves into the intricacies of coalition diplomacy among the Allies during World War II. It places special emphasis on the adherence to obligations and coalition behavior norms, encompassing respect for partners' interests, maintaining unity amidst divergences, coordinating actions towards shared objectives, and avoiding actions that risk coalition breakdown. The comparative analysis of Soviet and Anglo-American diplomacy reveals that the principal members of the anti-Hitler coalition generally adhered to these norms, contributing to the ultimate defeat of their common adversary. However, the study indicates that the Soviet Union exhibited greater fidelity in fulfilling its obligations and was more proactive in institutionalizing the coalition for enhanced stability and equal participation in strategic decision-making for war conduct and postwar arrangements. This quest for parity was often impeded by the Western powers' reluctance to accept the Soviet Union as an enduring, equal partner and legitimate member of the great powers' club, both during and after the war. This hesitance, the article argues, was rooted not just in geopolitical considerations but also in deep-seated cultural factors, particularly the traditional Western sense of superiority and perception of Russia as a 'lesser' civilization not fit for inclusion in the Euro-Atlantic community. The article brings to light lesser-known documents from US and UK archives to illustrate this mindset. It also acknowledges dissenting voices in Anglo-American political spheres who advocated for a more equitable relationship with the USSR. However, these perspectives did not significantly alter the overarching direction of Western policy.

Copyright of Radovi Zavod za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zaru is the property of Zavod za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the University of Latvia. History / Latvijas Universitātes Žurnāls. Vēsture is the property of University of Latvia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article describes the implementation of a professional development program for young librarians from the CIS countries, which was implemented with the support of the MFGS in 2023 by the M.I. Rudomino All-Russian State Library for Foreign Literature (Moscow) and the V. Mayakovsky Central City Library (St. Petersburg). The topics and brief content of professional events as part of the program are listed. Its results and significance for the formation and strengthening of the professional community of libraries in the CIS are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları is the property of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakin Donem Turkiye Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Second World War, although rarely an explicit topic in Hindi literature, was a crucial moment not only in articulating the politics of the nationalist movement, but in imagining new configurations of national and international space. This article considers a brief travelogue by the poet and novelist S. H. Vatsyayan 'Agyeya' that describes a journey from Assam to the borders of Afghanistan. Although purportedly a description of travel across a historical and mythic landscape of then-undivided India, Are yāyāvar rahegā yād? [Oh Wanderer, will you Remember?] unfolds in the final moments of the war effort in India in 1945. Agyeya, who, uniquely among major literary figures, joined the British Army despite being arrested for terrorism in the 1930s, was tasked with leading a convoy of jeeps from Parshuram, Assam, to Torkham, on what is today the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. In fact, the majority of the route, through landscapes both of mythology and history as well as fuel depots and off-duty American soldiers, is narrated by the tyre of one of these jeeps. 'Are Yayavar' thus reveals a tense interrelationship between the unified, religio-historical space of India which the text presents the reader, and the world of international mobilization created by the war. Ultimately, Agyeya's travelogue shows how Hindi writers engaged with the Second World War, and the ideas of space that it created, as ways of imagining the interrelations between national and international space in the first years of independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arthur C. Danto's distinction between monuments and memorials proposes a differentiation between two ideologically-determined modes of commemoration, encompassing not just architectural symbols of the past but also all other forms of cultural 'remembering', including documentary, literary, and cinematic forms of representation. My discussion will focus on a photographic album significantly entitled The Last Good War and the transhistorical depictions of the war veteran in the film Memorial Day. The purpose of this paper is to underscore the ideological ambivalences at the heart of the American Second World War veteran 'craze', which not only paved the way for overriding the post-Vietnam War cultural legacy, but also served to ethically and ideologically legitimize contemporary US military interventions in national (collective) memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the attitude of irregular Latvian military units active in the territory of Latvia at the onset of the Germany-USSR war - national partisans and self-defence fighters - towards the Soviet and German occupation rules. Views on the relevant topic expressed in historiography are analysed, to help in understanding the notions of resistance and collaboration/collaborationism in the context of these military units. The article raises a topical research problem and suggests possible solutions with regard to the research of these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vilamovians are an ethnic group living on the borderland of Silesia and Lesser Poland. They are descendants of settlers who came to this place in the 13th century, as evidenced by the continuously functioning Germanic language called Wymysorys. In 1941 they signed the Volksliste, which became one of the causes of their postwar persecutions. In memoir-based stories of the Vilamovians there are recurrent elements of narration – interpretive models, topoi and linguistic fossils – which are shared by all group members as a result of the process of fabulization and folklorization. I refer to this group as the “Vilamovian-centric community of memory”. One of the most important models occurring in the narration of this community is the interpretive model of “the belief in the functioning of the state”. Its main function is to justify the actions of the Vilamovians as a group to an outside listener who, according to the perceptions of community members, has a false image of what the Volksliste was. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History in Africa: A Journal of Method is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reconstructs the organization of church singing in occupied Pskov in 1941–1944, associated with the restoration of worship in churches closed in the pre-war period, headed by the Holy Trinity Cathedral — a former anti-religious museum. Documentary and narrative sources were involved in the work, including published memoirs of members of the Pskov Orthodox Mission, the manuscript of the priest Vasily Lirin “Church Chronicle” of the Church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God of the village of Lisye, Pechersk district (1927–1945), oral testimonies of Pskov residents, the occupation press — the newspaper “Za Rodinu” (Dno, Pskov), the magazine “Orthodox Christian” and other publications of the time being studied, as well as notes of church works. Revival of church life in Pskov and the opening of churches led to the creation of church choirs, ensembles and the activation of not only liturgical, but also concert activities. The structure of the choir of the Varlaam church is reconstructed according to the memoirs of L. I. Manukhina and the administration of worship by Bezpopovtsy according to the stories of L. K. Rozhkova. The central figure of this movement was the priest, composer and regent M. F. Grivsky, who came from Riga to Pskov, under whose leadership the united choir of Pskov church singers operated. The consolidated choir took part in festive divine services and important events, spiritual concerts and radio broadcasts. The available sources contain a repertoire of works performed at concerts, consisting of works by prerevolutionary figures of church music. The article puts in the historical context and analyzes the Small Doxology of Grivsky found among the notes of the library of the Pskov-Pechory Monastery with the date of publication, and probably the creation of 1943. This work is published in the appendix to the article.

The article describes the landscape history of the Westerplatte Peninsula in Gdańsk (Poland) from the 17th to the 20th century presented as a complex process of the landscape's environmental, urban and military transformations. Westerplatte is known as the symbolic place where the Second World War in Europe broke out, and for this reason the current discourse is mainly concentrated on that period. Nonetheless, the history of Westerplatte includes many other important events involving Polish, German, Russian and even French politics over the last three centuries. Thanks to its location at the entrance of one of the main harbours on the Baltic Sea, it is cartographically the best-documented part of the Vistula river estuary. A comprehensive archival survey conducted in the Polish and German archives and cartographical analysis of over 200 selected historical maps allowed the authors to reconstruct its spatial history over three centuries. This case study of Westerplatte can be regarded as an example of the research modus operandi of a historical landscape which has been transformed multiple times. It might form the basis for establishing a new policy for its preservation, allowing a balance to be kept between fluctuations of the current historical politics and more universal requirements for the protection of tangible and intangible heritage. The article also stresses the importance of a holistic and interdisciplinary approach in the analysis of a historical landscape and the necessity of proper selection and critical verification of sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The paper deals with the condition of industrial establishments of the Lower Volga water transport before the Second World War. The goal of the work is to establish the technical and economic condition of these Lower Volga steamship line facilities in the second half of the 1930s. All objects were studied in detail. Materials and methods. The study is based on the principles of objectivity, it applies both general scientific and specific historical methods. The paper is based on unpublished archival materials, as well as on scientific publications on river transport. Analysis and results. In 1934 the Upper Volga, Middle Volga and Lower Volga steamship lines were organized. They were big economic entities in the Volga region. At that time industrial facilities of the river transport infrastructure were developed. Those were shipyards, repairing facilities, and workshops. In the latter half of the 1930s, the Lower Volga ship repairing establishments were in the middle positions in terms of their output among the other Volga steamship lines. The Lower Volga steamship line did not have a shipyard. The equipment was mainly run for ship repairing (in winter as well) and for making spare parts. The balance of the Volga transport industrial establishments was changing. The facilities were repeatedly exchanged among the steamship lines and agencies. When the Lower Volga steamship line was just formed it had 10 industrial establishments. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War there were half as many. The facilities were ranked in classes. The biggest establishment during the entire period studied was the Stalingrad ship-repairing works. The production capacity of the ship-repairing facilities made possible to increase workload, but the facilities needed renewal, required renovation, as well as the entire material base of the Lower Volga steamship line. When the war began the condition of the industrial establishments aggravated.

This article is about the experiences of three Chinese men who were involved in smuggling between India and China during the Second World War. Chen Mengzhao's rise as a leading figure in India-China smuggling in Calcutta uncovers the hidden links between the black markets in India and China during the Second World War. Gao Wenjie disguised himself as a Chinese army officer and utilized this fake identity to facilitate his smuggling business. Wang Li-an was sent to Calcutta to undertake smuggling for a Chinese government department. In telling these stories, this article argues that most smuggling in modern India and China was undertaken in transnational contexts that resulted in transnational effects. Ironically, the Nationalist government's state-building project to contain India-China smuggling ended by facilitating it. This project was further perceived by the British authorities as a Chinese conspiracy against India's sovereignty. The misunderstanding between the Chinese and British authorities led to the end of Chinese immigration to India in 1945. Overall, this article provides a new perspective to make sense of the tensions between the Chinese, Indian, and British governments during the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the lens of the multinational staff of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service (CMCS), this article argues that a technocratic programme of reconstruction evolved in the Nationalist government's wartime efforts on post-war planning, which refashioned a cadre of foreign (semi-)colonial-era experts into technocrats serving a sovereign state. This episode, in which the weakened Customs Service reclaimed its significance for the Chinese state, occurred in China's wartime capital, Chongqing. After the abrogation of the so-called 'unequal treaties' with foreign powers in January 1943, China entered a post-treaty era, and the question of retaining long-serving foreign Customs Service employees perplexed Nationalist leaders. Eventually, China's huge post-war need for foreign expertise, networks, and imports led to a moderate staff reorganization of the CMCS, with foreign technocrats being kept on and other bureaucrats either shifted to advisory positions or being forced to retire. Technical expertise provided a new guise for the European and American presence in post-imperialist China. Taking the rehabilitation of coastal lighthouses as an example, this article demonstrates the significance of foreign technocrats to the Chinese state during the last phase of the Sino-Japanese War and in its immediate aftermath. In showing the ambition and preparations of the Nationalist government for a post-war era, this article corrects a narrative of an all-out collapse of the Nationalist government from the mid-1940s. The wartime evolution of the Customs Service further highlights the growing importance of technocrats in the decolonizing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Second World War, for the population of Romania from the east of the Prut River, began with the annexation of 28 June 1940, based on the secret additional protocol of the Soviet-Nazi pact Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August 1939. Thus, the period June 1940 – August 1944 in memory of local communities preserves multiple traumatic memories of political repression, mass arrests and deportations, war disaster and human losses on both sides of the front, including massacre of the Jewish and Roma communities, epidemics, evacuations and mass destruction – issues sequestered to historical knowledge for a long time. This study aims to elucidate the image of war, reflected in the childhood universe of a segment of voices marginalized by the discourse of Soviet historiography – the cohort of „children of enemies of the people”, emerging in the first year of forced Sovietization in the Moldavian SSR. Their memoirs on the events surrounding the Second World War are an important source for synthetic studies on the totalitarian past, but also for researching the impact of Soviet policies on contemporary society of the Republic of Moldova.

The article presents two views, two approaches to the memory of the Second World War and the people who blockedfascist movement on the way to world domination. On the one hand, the winners which keep sacred memory of the soldiers who defended the country from enslavement, on the other hand, the losers who honor the deserters, who left the battlefield or refused to serve in the Wehrmacht. The author believes that modern German society has to do itto get rid of the guilt of the war unleashed by Nazis. At the same time, according to the author, this approach does not unite, but rather divides German society, divides it into supporters and opponents of this kind of memory. The memory of the War, in his opinion, should be based only on truth, on a sincere respect for the people who gave their lives for their country, which excludes any attempt of falsification and substitution of real events of wartime.

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Netaji's Secret Service 'Indian National Army' essentially revolutionary organisation. It is well known the leftist played a crucial role in Subhas Bose getting elected as the President of the Tripuri Congress. In 1939 found the Left Consolidation Committee (LCC), but the tenuous coalition of the leftists in the Committee soon broke but CPI remained with Bose. However, after the Second World War broke out, Bose decided to leave India. The Communists helped Subhas in his escape; the main operator was Achhar Singh Chhina, who was best known by the Soviets as Larkin, Akbar Mia of Forward Bloc and Ajoy Ghosh of CPI. Bose's after the escape to contact the Soviet leaders for enlisting them as India's ally, was also helped by the communists. In the War theatre, Subhas Bose Was in favour of Link. Before his departure, All India Revolutionary Committee code-named 'MARY' in Delhi communicated with Kabul link station codenamed 'OlIVER' and with German link codenamed 'TOM'. T. Holt Writes 'channel "SILVER" was one of the great deception double agent channels of the war, real name Bhagat Ram Talwar'. 1 'SILVER' the game Master, one of the closest person of Bose, was a communist, a Master of disguise, Knowledgeable about the various revolutionaries Movements in India. Silver kept the soviet posted on his work as the Link between the Axis legation in Kabul and Bose sympathisers in India. Silver's intelligence system as a high-grade source. But Silver remained a Communist first and foremost, and whenever he entered Afghanistan, practical control passed to the Soviets. Eventually Bose could make his way to Rangoon where a new arrangement was made by the Axis. Subhas codenamed 'RHINO' sponsored by the Japanese and codename 'ELEPHANT' sponsored by the Germans to remain in touch with 'MARY' in Delhi. Netaji set up a pro-Axis Provisional Government of Free India in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. PG operated successfully military deception plans with military intelligent tactics. Netaji began to broadcast anti-British Propaganda as the Voice of Azad Hind. He made it clear that neither his armed forces nor his Azad Hind Radio Service could be used for anti-Soviet purposes. Unfortunately, the strategic deception role of Netaji remained secret for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the activities of Polish organizations, especially the Polish Committee for Aid to the Victims of War, operating in the Far East during the Second World War. Its main concern is with efforts undertaken in support of Polish citizens of Jewish origin who embarked on a long journey outside Europe in search of refuge from the war. The basic research method adopted in the preparation of this article was the analysis of documents and reports left by the Committee. From the research conducted, I found out how over two thousand people–Polish citizens of Jewish origin–received help. Thanks to the commitment and devotion not only of members of the Committee mentioned above but also of the Polish diaspora and the Polish Embassy in Tokyo, over two thousand Polish refugees found shelter in Japan and then, after obtaining exit visas, traveled further to Canada, Palestine, Australia, Burma, New Zealand, South Africa, the United States of America, South America, or Shanghai. The Committee also provided them with material aid. The help and support they received allowed them to reach a place of safety away from the war and start afresh.

Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The primary focus here is to accentuate the competing roles of race and propaganda in the enlistment of Africans and African Americans for the Second World War. Among other things, the discussion captures on the interwar years and emphasizes the subtleties of African American Pan-Africanist discourses as a counterweight to Black oppression encountered in the racialized spaces of Jim Crow America, colonized Africa, and the pugnacious infraction that was the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935–1936. Tying up the implications of these events into the broader global politics of 1939–1945 establishes the background in which the Allied Powers sought after Black people's support in the war against the Axis Powers. Recalling that Italy's fascist leader Benito Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in 1935 with poisonous gas while the League of Nations refused to act, points to the barefaced conflation of race and propaganda in the Great War and the centrality of African and African Diaspora exertions in the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the publication “The Attitude of the Soviet Security Organs to the Home Army (July 1944 – January 1945)” written by the Polish historian Dariusz Rogut. The article refutes the idea of heroization of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK) and considers the reasons for the repression of the Soviet security agencies against the AK. The author proposes other interpretations of the most controversial issues raised in the article. He concludes that the article by D. Rogut is a typical example of the a priori approach, which is characteristic of a number of contemporary Polish historians associated with the Institute of National Remembrance who often set political and ideological attitudes above scientific objectivity.

Internal dynamics of the warfare and evolution of the general strategic situation in the period of WWII, limited by the German aggression against Poland, on the one hand, and the failure of ‘Barbarossa’ and the U.S. entry into the war, on the other hand, were not so straightforward, as it is sometimes presented in scholarly accounts. This paper underlines ambivalences, intrinsic to the international and strategic situation between September 1939 and December 1941, focusing on the two interdependent though not identical trends of ‘totalization’ and ‘globalization’ of the warfare. To operationalize these processes the author suggests 3 parameters for each of them. As for ‘totalization’, they are: the duration of the war (a short war versus a long war), the degree of economy militarization, the degree of violence and absence of limitation in the warfare. To describe ‘globalization’ of the war the criteria are as follows: the geographical scale, the number of participants and the relative role and place of neutral powers, and, finally, the degree of the ‘bipolarization’ in the form of the two opposing coalitions. This paper concludes that the picture of WWII during the period under research was not identical to its textbook image of the total and global military conflict. Though the elements of the ‘total war’ were evident even in the pre-war period and included the preparation of the powers for the long struggle, a partial militarization of the economies based on the ‘lessons’ of WWI, and the ideological and criminal aims of Nazism, these elements needed time to take their ‘final’ forms and could not be implemented on a click. Moreover, the unexpected successes of the German ‘blitzkriegs’, as it seemed at the epoch, could turn the war into a series of relatively short military campaigns which didn’t demand the ‘total mobilization’. The same dichotomy was evident in the ‘globalization’ of the warfare: though the war was not only European from the beginning, due to the participation of the British and French colonial empires, due to the extension of the warfare to the North and East Africa and the global nature of the naval warfare, there were significant barriers to its extension to the whole world. Some of the Great Powers — the USSR and the USA, first of all — were officially neutral, there were a lot of expectations of the compromise peace and nobody knew exactly the final composition of the opposing blocs.

The article explores the process of rethinking the heritage of World War II in Austrian literature of the second half of the twentieth century. We show that this issue has become leading in the work of the group of Austrian playwrights “Schocktheater”, who wrote plays aimed at awakening the public, changing people’s views on social problems and outstanding authors, laureate of the Nobel Prize for Literature Elfrida Jelinek and novelist Christoph Ransmire. The paper provides an overview of the cultural and political events of the 1980s that influenced the choice of subjects and problems of texts of that time. On the example of novels by Chr. Ransmair “The Last World” and El. Jelinek “Wonderful, wonderful times”, we show how each of the authors in his own unique way embodies the realities of modern Austria, discussing the pressing problems of modernity (the legacy of Nazism and the attitude of different generations to it, the problem of “fathers and children” , a poet and a government, an art and a state as eternal and temporary ...). The main theme uniting the writers’ work is the theme of the Austrian “oblivion” of their own Nazi past, which leads to both global and personal catastrophes. Artists are trying to answer the key questions of our time – what is the reason for the stability of totalitarianism, the attractiveness of the ideas of violence, cruelty, covering the future of human civilization. The authors warn people who believe in their right to control the fate of other people at their own discretion. When a “man with an ax” is appointed a prophet, he destroys everything in his path that does not fit into his idea of what is due. A civilization that has advanced the principle of violence as one of the proofs of the significance of human destiny is doomed.

Copyright of Annals of Gazi Husrev-Beg's Library / Anali Gazi Husrev-Begove Biblioteke is the property of Gazi Husrev-Begove Biblioteke (GHB) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wieki Stare i Nowe is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After the Second World War the Polish-Slovak borderland became a zone of serious tensions. Particularly controversial is the activity of the Polish partisan group "Błyskawica", led by Józef Kuraś "Ogień". The soldiers are responsible for takings of private property and acts of violence carried out in villages in South Poland that were inhabited mostly by Slovaks. This paper - based mainly on the query at the Archives of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance - aims to present the scale and circumstances of those activities. The work takes wider historical context into account and uses selected anthropological and sociological theories. In this perspective, it seems justified to explain the analyzed events through the mechanism of revenge, widespread in the post-war period of anomie and crisis. Sources indicate that the Polish partisans' actions from the years 1946-1947 were not attempts to pacify the Slovak separatists (although some authors claim so) but rather repressions for the earlier actions of members of that nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a theoretical conceptualization of the metaphor of "reliving the past" for ethnographic fieldwork use. The following three issues are elaborated: (1) how the metaphor of "reliving the past" is present in the academic literature; (2) what anthropological theories inspire the proposed use of the notion of "reliving the past"; and (3) how the use of this kind of "theory" and "method" might affect the practice of ethnographic fieldwork. The article is based on the author's experience gathered during the realization of research on the memory of the Second World War and the post-war period in the Podhale region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poles have found a place of refuge in Turkey (the Ottoman Empire) for centuries. For example, there is a village near Istanbul, Polonezköy (former Adampol), which was especially created with the Poles on the search for a second home in mind. When one considers the Polish community in Turkey during and after the Second World War, the contributions made by the Polish engineers to the development and expansion of the Turkish aviation and industry are often forgotten. The assistance that Turkey provided Poles with during the war as a 'friendly' neutral country has also been overlooked. Although, there were relatively few Poles living in Turkey during this period, they played a vital role in the development of the country. Nowadays they barely receive a mention. For the most part, their accomplishments have been overlooked. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the shared past and to the period when these two countries came to each other's assistance once more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is an overview of almost a century old history of Mark Twain Studies in Japan. It starts with the discussion on Masajiro Hamada's pioneering English articles on Twain in the 1930s, suggesting that they were in fact the earliest thorough scholarly examinations even outside of Japan that chose to discuss as the central theme Twain's writings of social satire that attacks injustices toward the oppressed. This essay also reveals that, to justify the studies of "enemy's literature" during WWII, the wartime discussions on Twain tended to utilize this representative American author as a means to understand "enemy's characteristics." Then, it also suggests that although the negative tone in the wartime discussions on Twain was diminished, this tendency to view Twain as an embodiment of America was inherited by Japanese scholars even after the war. Towards the end, the essay introduces some data that evidence the significant jump in productivity of Twain scholarship in Japan particularly after the 1990s, the time when the Japan Mark Twain Society was founded. In the end, the essay concludes with the introduction to the new trends of the 21st century, such as the globalization of its scholarship and publication of academic journals specialized in Twain Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History of colonies under the rule of Japanese Empire in the first half of the 20th century has not been explored well enough so far. For example, history of Karafuto governorate “(1905-1945), which existed in the southern part of Sakhalin, is barely covered while some aspects of its history are not known at all. This article focuses on history of formation and socio-economic structure of Karafuto governorate — such as territorial development after the Russo-Japanese war, its role and status in the colonial system of Japan, the use of the main economic resources of the island and creation of socio-cultural space along with the memorialization of the colonial past of the northern borders of Japanese Empire. Besides that, in this article author highlights the process of liquidation of the governorate (it started after accession of the southern part of Sakhalin to the USSR territory after the Second World War) followed by passing the governance on to the soviet administration, co-residence of Soviet and Japanese people on the same territory during 1945–1948, along with deportation of Japanese people and fate of Korean population of the island. The article gives the examples of preservation of memory of Japanese presence on Sakhalin Island in both modern Japan and Russia.

The history of colonies under the rule of the Japanese Empire in the first half of the 20th century has not been explored well enough so far. For example, the history of Karafuto Governorate (1905-1945), which existed in southern Sakhalin, is covered very little, while some aspects of its history are not known at all. This article focuses on the history of Karafuto Governorate’s formation and its socio-economic structure, namely territorial development after the Russo-Japanese war, its role and status in the colonial system of Japan, the use of the island’s main economic resources and the creation of socio-cultural space, as well as along the memorialization of the colonial past of the Japanese Empire’s northern borders. In addition, this article describes the process of the governorate’s liquidation (it started after the accession of southern Sakhalin to the USSR after the Second World War) followed by passing the governance to the Soviet administration, co-residence of Soviet and Japanese people on the same territory in 1945-1948, the deportation of Japanese people and the fate of the Korean population of the island. The article gives examples of how the memory of the Japanese presence on Sakhalin Island is preserved in Japan and Russia today.

The Federal archival agency, the Russian Ministry of foreign affairs and the Russian Historical Society organized in 2018 a large-scale historical documentary project (an exhibition and online publication) on the background and consequences of the Munich Agreement (November 1937 – March 1938)11 This year marked by the 80th anniversary of the beginning of Second World War the project is to be continued in the form of an exhibition and an online publication of archival documents. We offer our readers some French documents. They are stored at the Russian State Military Archive in the fund «The Ministry of War of France. Military districts, fortified areas, army, corps, divisions, regiments, brigades, military educational institutions and other military organizations» (RGVA. F. 198k).) The fund contains materials on the activities of the French highest military bodies and their units, as well as documents on the headquarters and garrisons of the French military fortresses. These documents were moved from Germany to Moscow after the end of World War II and subsequently were incorporated into the foreign funds of RGVA. In 1993–1994 on the basis of bilateral intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the field of state archives, identification and return of archival documents and on the basis of the Federal Law of April 15, 1998 No. 64-ФЗ «On Cultural Values Moved to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the territory of the Russian Federation» the documents of the 198k fund were transferred to France. The most valuable of the them were microfilmed; their copies are kept in the RGVA on the rights of originals. The two documents being published in this issue of MGIMO Review of International Relations are part of the 198k fund (second inventory), containing documents from French military attachés in European countries, which focus on their political and economic situation, armed forces, countries occupied by Germany, foreign and domestic USSR policy, the state of the Red Army, as well as intelligence reports of the 2nd bureau of the General Staff of the French army. Both documents: Note by the French military attaché in the USSR O.-A. Palace to the Minister of National Defense and the Minister of War of France E. Daladier about the strategic situation in Eastern Europe and its influence on the position of the USSR government on the conclusion of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet agreement on mutual assistance of July 13, 1939 (RGVA. F. 198. Op. 2. D. 466. L. 43–50) and the Report of the French Military Attaché in Poland F. Musse to the Minister of National Defense and the Minister of War of France E. Daladier on the influence of Poland on the course and results of the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations of August 24, 1939 (RGVA. F. 198k. Op.2. D. 292. L. 148–166) are published in Russian translation for the first time.

Introduction. During the Second World War Volga ships suffered considerable losses from artillery fire and mines. Fighting for the Volga – the main waterway – continued even after the Battle of Stalingrad was over. The river was mined throughout 1943. The Volga way provided goods for the Front and back areas, includind oil, as before. Materials and methods. The study is based on the historism and objectivity principles and uses the general scientific as well as specific historical and statistical methods. The paper is based on published and unpublished archival materials as well as on scientific publications on the Volga Military Flotilla, the Volga crossings at Stalingrad, the Volga Steamship Lines and others. Analysis. The preparation for the navigation of 1943 was carried out under severe conditions when the waterway transportation facilities were being restored. The Volga Steamship Lines had suffered enormous material damage. Special agencies were created for salvaging and repair of sunken ships. The agencies included salvaging and repair squads. The Volga Military Flotilla was engaged in clearing the river of mines and wreckage. The Volga Military Flotilla ships kept escorting ship convoys as well. An integrated system for mining observation was organized on the Volga. Not only the Lower Volga was dangerous for navigation but also the Middle Volga. Results. The first period of the navigation of 1943 was characterized by slow movement of ships, mined waterway and air attack menace. During the second half of the navigation period the movement of ships was more intensive under relatively safe conditions. Shipping on the Volga became safer.

1814-1964 arasında İngiliz himayesinde olan; Tunus, Libya ve İtalya arasındaki konumu sebebiyle “Akdeniz’in kalbi” olarak bilinen Doğu Akdeniz’deki en önemli Müttefik limanı Malta, stratejik önemi dolayısıyla İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Müttefiklerle Mihverlerin mücadele sahası içinde yer almıştır. Bu bağlamda Haziran 1940’tan Aralık 1942’ye kadar Almanlar ve İtalyanlar havadan ve donanmalarıyla Malta’ya yaklaşık 2000 bomba atmışlardır ki adadaki en ağır bombardıman 1942’de yaşanmıştır. Afrika Cephesindeki Alman güçlerine götürülecek yardımların İngiliz engeline takılmasını önleme amaçlı planlanan Mihverlerin Malta Operasyonu, İngiltere’nin karşılık vermesiyle bastırılabilmiştir. Almanya ve İtalya’nın harekâtı sonrasında Müttefikler de Malta üzerinden Mihverleri bombalamaya başlamıştır. Böylece Akdeniz’in kontrolünü ele geçiren ve Afrika’daki Montgomery-Rommel mücadelesini kazanan taraf Müttefikler olmuş ve Alman ordusu Afrika’dan çekilmiştir. Bu çalışmada İkinci Dünya Savaşı boyunca Mihver ve Müttefiklerin Malta üzerindeki mücadeleleri, adanın stratejik konumunun yol açtığı zorluklar, savaşa dahil olmayan insanların hastalıklarla, açlıkla mücadeleleri anlatılacaktır. Mücadeleler esnasında Malta halkının yaşadığı sıkıntılardan bahsedilip savaşın insanlar üzerindeki etkisi anlatılarak İkinci Dünya Savaşı döneminin Türkiye’de bilinmeyen ve çalışılmamış bir meselesi işlenecektir.

In the first few years after the breakthrough of 1956 it was possible in Poland to publish studies and historical sources as well as literary works that openly presented the hostility and violence experienced by Jews from some Poles during the German occupation. The situation changed in the 1960s, when censors began to block all references to the topic. Using documents from the Central Office for Control of the Press, Publications and Performances, the author demonstrates many examples (from literary and scholarly works or feature films) of how this censorship of the past looked. The censors interfered with both new and earlier publications. The consistent removal of all references to the hostility and, in most cases, also indifference of Poles to Jews was accompanied in the second half of the 1960s by the mass media publicising Polish aid to the Jews. The apogee of these efforts came during the "anti-Zionist" campaign of 1967-1968. It was precisely in the 1960s that the official canon of talking about the Poles' attitude towards the Jews during the occupation was formed. The impact of the image of the Polish-Jewish relations created at the time proved very durable indeed, extending into the following decades of communist Poland and, in some respects, even longer, to the period when censorship no longer existed. The dominant picture of the Polish-Jewish relations during the occupation, formed largely in the 1960s, was shattered only by Jan Tomasz Gross' books, beginning with Neighbours, published in 2000, and then by studies published by researchers from the Polish Centre for Holocaust Research, especially those focusing on Poland's countryside and provinces. It could be said that the shock and the reactions of rejection that these publications caused would have been much less intense, had it not been for the earlier painstaking work of doctoring the picture of Polish-Jewish relations during the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Porównania / Comparisons. A Journal on Comparative Literature & Interdisciplinary Studies is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University Poznao, Press of "Poznanskie Studia Polonistyczne" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the new reality, after Poland regained its independence, the authorities of the Congregation of the Missionaries of the Holy Family under took some steps in order to establish a monastery in Wieluń. It happener after the approval expressed by bishop Stanisław Zdzitowiecki in 1920. In the following year, the monastery of the former Post-Augustinian Conventin Wieluń was taken over by the above-mentioned Congregation. Soon, the pastoral work developed and the rep air work of the mediewal convent started. Missionaries placed particular emphasis on Catechesis, preaching missions and services. A novitiate was established simultaneously to a missionary school - an eight-year secondary school for men, which was attended by students from the en tire territory of the district of Wieluń. However, the outbreak of the Second World War disrupted an intensive development of the activity of the Congregation of the Missionaries of the Holy Family and the convent suffered material damage then. In 1946, the convent was handel over to the Diocese of Częstochowa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The article examines the features of the historiographic situation of the study of World War II by historians of modern Ukraine. The article shows the relationship between the policy pursued by the Ukrainian authorities and the attempts of historians to create the foundations of “national history” in the context of the course towards the formation of a “Ukrainian political nation”. Materials and methods. The main research methods are chronological and comparative historical. The evolution of historians’ views on the content of the events of World War II on the territory of Ukraine is determined with the help of the chronological method. The comparative historical method makes it possible to understand the peculiarities of the approaches of historians of different countries in assessing the events under study. Results. The points of view of Ukrainian historians on the key events of the war are investigated, the content of contradictions in assessments of the role of the USSR and the nationalist movement is shown. Conclusions. In Ukrainian historical science, assessments of the Second World War prevail, reflecting the immaturity of Ukrainian statehood, which is manifested in the emergence of new myths reflecting political attitudes and the desire to get rid of the traditions’ influence that bind the peoples of Russia and Ukraine.