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Demand for miniature gears is increasing daily due to huge development in MEMS and microdevices. As a result of this drive towards miniaturisation, microsystem technologies are becoming increasingly important. In this concern, researchers are interested in developing a micro forming process to manufacture highly accurate micro gears, improved operational and functional characteristics, capacity to perform in hazardous environmental conditions, and longer service life. Single-phase NiS nanospheres were developed using a high-temperature wet chemical method and were dispersed in engine oil (SAE 20 W-40) for further forming process. During plastic deformation (micro-scale), the combined grain size effects and NiS nanoparticle added lubricant on formability and interfacial friction of the micro gear are investigated. The grain size effect significantly impacts the micro gear’s formability during micro forming. The grain size and orientation significantly influence the microscale deformation process. Due to the size effect, the microhardness value at the centre and the tooth varies considerably. Due to the existence of NiS nano additive lubricant, the surface quality of micro gear improved significantly. The findings of this work help to comprehend the properties of nano additive lubricant and how it behaves tribologically throughout the micro-forming process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural dye sensitizers were extracted from Terminalia catappa (R), Azadirachta indica (G), and Clitoria ternatea (B) using water as a solvent to sensitize the bare photo-anodes of N-DSSCs. The average crystalline size of a bare TiO2-based photo-anode was compared with a composite photo-anode which includes 1 wt% of MoO3. The anchoring capability of extracted sensitizers (R, G, and B) toward metal oxides was confirmed with a favorable functional group. Through UV–Vis–DRS Spectra, the light-harvesting capability to collect light was compared for each composite and a TiO2-based photo-anode that had been sensitized with respective sensitizer R, G, and B. The photo-catalytic performance of dye-anchored pure TiO2 and composite-based photo-anodes have been analyzed through recombination rate. Photovoltaic parameters of assembled N-DSSCs were calculated from the J–V graph. The overall efficiency of N-DSSCs incorporated with 1wt% MoO3 -based photo-anode sensitized with Terminalia catappa (as RB), Azadirachta indica (as GB), and Clitoria ternatea (as BB) shows diminished results than that of respective pure TiO2-incorporated photo-anode-based N-DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the fabrication of p-Si/n-CdO and p-Si/n-CdIn2O4 junction diodes using chemically prepared pure CdO and In 5–20 wt.%-doped CdO nanoparticles. The cadmium oxide (CdO) and indium-doped cadmium oxide (ICO) nanoparticles were characterized using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), UV-Vis analysis, photoluminescence (PL) and electrical conductivity measurements. The strongest orientation along the (111) plane for CdO indicates a fcc crystal system. The average particle size of ICO nanoparticles vary from 26 nm to 41 nm. The FTIR bands for ICO samples at 508–511 cm−1 was strongly remodeled while increasing the doping concentration of In at 15 wt.%. HRTEM revealed a clear spherical morphology ~16.28 nm of average particle size for the ICO with 20 wt.% In. Moreover, a maximum electrical conductivity of 15.084 × 10−10 S cm−1 with higher transmittance range of about 76.11% was achieved. The photosensitivity of the p-Si/n-CdIn2O4 diode varied from 103 to 104 %. Also, high quantum efficiency ~225.92% and specific detectivity 5.1952×1011 Jones were found for p-Si/n-CdIn2O4 photodiode. These outcomes suggest that the developed p-Si/n-CdIn2O4 diode is suitable one in the fabrication of UV photodetector and solar cell devices for electronic communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth behavior of pure and Sr included HfO2 composite thin films for different concentrations of Sr (5, 10, and 15 Wt%) through the Jet Nebulizer Spray Pyrolysis technique is discussed in detail. The preparation of Al/HfO2/n-Si and Al/Sr:HfO2/n-Si Schottky barrier diodes and their rectification behavior were compared. The appearance of intermediate (Sr2HfO4) and new (SrO2) phases upon introduction of Sr in HfO2 was recorded through XRD analysis, and particle size enlargement was observed. The absorption coefficients and bandgap energies of pure and Sr included HfO2 films were determined using UV-VIS analysis, and the results imply that the presence of Sr2HfO4 in Sr:HfO2 increases the overall bandgap from 3.8 to 4.0 eV. The morphology of pure HfO2 was heavily influenced by the presence of Sr; FESEM micrographs revealed that the self-assembled sphere like structure of HfO2 turned into mixed morphology like the rod shape of SrO2 and the contorted spheres of Sr2HfO4. EDAX elementary studies have confirmed the presence and percentage changes of Sr, Hf, and O in pure and Sr included composites thin films. The XPS spectrum has confirmed Sr in SrO2 and Sr2HfO4 phases, and its oxidation states in different phases were verified using short XPS scans. The I–V curves of pure (Al/HfO2/n-Si) and Sr:HfO2 composite (Al/Sr–HfO2/n-Si) diodes were studied and compared. The 15% Sr included HfO2 showed higher rectification behavior when compared with pure Al/HfO2/n-Si and composited (5 and 10%) Al/Sr–HfO2/n-Si at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles has been accomplished utilizing a green technique that relies on biologically reliable mechanisms. Aqueous solutions of copper nitrate and Ixora Coccinea leaf extract are used in an environmentally safe process for creating CuO nanoparticles. The characterization of the synthesized CuO nanoparticles involves the utilization of techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetricanalysis (TGA). CuO nanoparticles are confirmed by XRD and FTIR peak results. When the particles are measured, they range between 93.75 nm and 98.16 nm, respectively. The produced CuO nanoparticles are used to prepare the nanofluid. While conventional water exhibits a 3 °C temperature difference, nanofluid achieves a considerable temperature differenceof 7 °C. As a result, it is clear that the nanofluid performs better at dispersing heat into the environment. The experiment’s overall findings support the possibility of ecologically friendly, green-synthesized CuO nanoparticle-induced nanofluid as an effective heattransfer fluid that can be applied to heattransfer systems.

The effect of variant high boiling point solvent combinations in the synthesis and photo-sensing characteristics of tin disulfide (SnS2) thin nanosheets were investigated. Solvent dependent single-phase formation was observed by powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and results were verified with Raman spectroscopy measurements. Particles synthesized with only oleylamine show a mixed-phase, and two other solvent combinations such as oleylamine + oleic acid + n-octadecene, and oleylamine + oleic acid, show single-phase 2H–SnS2, without phase contamination. Scanning and transmission electron microscopes were used to verify the orbicular and hexagonal shape of synthesized SnS2 nanosheets. Well-characterized samples were employed to fabricate heterojunction photosensitive diodes using a p-type silicon substrate. Light-responsive measurement results of fabricated diodes indicate that the oleylamine + oleic acid synthesized sample show very high light-sensitivity, and the fill factor value of a fabricated diode is closer to the ideal diode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]