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Escherichia coli strains harbouring elongator tRNAs that insert amino acids in response to a termination codon during elongation have been generated for various applications. Additionally, it was shown that expression of an initiator tRNA containing a CUA anticodon from a multicopy plasmid in E. coli resulted in initiation from an amber codon. Even though the initiation-based system remedies toxicity-related drawbacks, its usefulness has remained limited for want of a strain with a chromosomally encoded initiator tRNA 'suppressor'. E. coli K strains possess four initiator tRNA genes: the metZ, metW and metV genes, located at a single locus, encode tRN[A.sub.1.sup.fMet], and a distantly located metY gene encodes a variant, tRN[A.sub.2.sup.fMet]. In this study, a stable strain of E. coli K-12 that affords efficient initiation from an amber initiation codon was isolated. Genetic analysis revealed that the metYgene in this strain acquired mutations to encode tRN[A.sub.2.sup.fMet] with a CUA anticodon (a U35A36 mutation). The acquisition of the mutations depended on the presence of a plasmid-borne copy of the mutant metYand rec[A.sup.+] host background. The mutations were observed when the plasmid-borne gene encoded tRN[A.sub.2.sup.fMet] (U35A36) with additional changes in the acceptor stem (G72; G72G73) but not in the anticodon stem (U29C30A31/U35A36/[psi]39G40A41). The usefulness of this strain, and a possible role for multiple tRN[A.sub.1.sup.fMet] genes in E. coli in safeguarding their intactness, are discussed.

Results show that Escherichia coli trmA strains, which lack ribothymidine modification in the initiator tRNA, are unable to effect formylation-independent initiation of protein synthesis. Data suggest involvement of other factors in the process as formylation-indepependent protein biosynthesis is exhibited by some eubacteria.

Research has been conducted on queuosine. The role of queuosine in Escherichia coli B strain tRNAs has been investigated, and the results demonstrate that E. coli isolate lacks queuosine modification.