1. Complex Subtype Diversity of HIV-1 Among Drug Users in Major Kenyan Cities
- Author
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Tulio de Oliveira, Micah Oyaro, Nagavelli Padayachi, John L. Wylie, Kamini Gounder, Thando Mbali Zulu, and Thumbi Ndung'u
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,Kenya ,Adolescent ,Genotype ,Cross-sectional study ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Immunology ,Population ,HIV Infections ,Biology ,gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus ,Drug Users ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Virology ,Genetic variation ,medicine ,Disease Transmission, Infectious ,Humans ,Cities ,education ,education.field_of_study ,Molecular Epidemiology ,Molecular epidemiology ,Transmission (medicine) ,Coinfection ,env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus ,Genetic Variation ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Sequence Notes ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,HIV-1 ,Female - Abstract
Drug users are increasingly recognized as a key population driving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spread in sub-Saharan Africa. To determine HIV-1 subtypes circulating in this population group and explore possible geographic differences, we analyzed HIV-1 sequences among drug users from Nairobi, Mombasa, and Kisumu in Kenya. We sequenced gag and env from 55 drug users. Subtype analysis from 220 gag clonal sequences from 54 of 55 participants (median = 4/participant) showed that 44.4% were A, 16.7% were C, 3.7% were D, and 35.2% were intersubtype recombinants. Of 156 env clonal sequences from 48 of 55 subjects (median = 3/participant), 45.8% were subtype A, 14.6% were C, 6.3% were D, and 33.3% were recombinants. Comparative analysis of both genes showed that 30 (63.8%) participants had concordant subtypes, while 17 (36.2%) were discordant. We identified one genetically linked transmission pair and two cases of dual infection. These data are indicative of extensive HIV-1 intersubtype recombination in Kenya and suggest decline in subtype D prevalence.
- Published
- 2017