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Background The quadriceps tendon is a promising alternative graft choice for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Morphology of the graft directly affects the biomechanical properties. However, a few studies are evaluating the anatomical structures of quadriceps tendon as a graft in Asian population. Objective To define the anatomical structures of quadriceps tendon as a graft for ACL reconstruction. Methods Forty-nine quadriceps tendons were dissected and analyzed. Measurements were also done including length, width, and thickness. Results The maximum length of superficial quadriceps tendon was 63.2 ± 12.5 mm (range 37.6–83.4). The maximum length of tendon at the deepest part was 57.2 ± 11.5 (range 30.9–83.4). The maximum length of quadriceps tendon was located at 61.4% ± 13% (range 31.8–83.6) from medial edge of the patella insertion (approximately 5 mm lateral from the center of quadriceps tendon insertion). The width of quadriceps tendon at patella insertion was 42.4 ± 3.8 mm (range 33.8–50.5). The thickness of quadriceps tendon at its maximum length on patella insertion was 6.9 ± 2.0 mm (range 1.5–9.5). Positive correlation between the height of cadaver and the maximum length of quadriceps tendon was noted. Conclusions The maximum length of quadriceps tendon was located 5 mm lateral from the center of quadriceps tendon insertion. Thus, we recommend marking midline of the quadriceps tendon insertion as a medial border of the harvested graft to get maximum length of the graft. Graft length measurement using superficial anatomy should be cautioned because graft shortening might occur.

Introduction The central ridge of the patella is the thickest area of patella and varies among patients. This cadaveric study identified the location and thickness of the bone at the central patella ridge for bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) harvesting. Materials and methods Fifty cadaveric knees were assessed. First, the morphology, length, width, and location of the central patellar ridge were recorded. Then, we transversely cut the patella 25 mm from the lower pole and measured the thickness of the anterior cortex, cancellous bone, and cartilage from both the mid-patella and the central ridge location. Finally, the depth of the remaining cancellous bone at the mid-patella was compared to the bone at the central ridge. Results The location of the central-patellar ridge deviated medially from the mid-patella in 46 samples with an average distance of 4.36 ± 1 mm. Only 4 samples deviated laterally. The mean patella length was 41.19 ± 4.73 mm, and the width was 42.8 ± 5.25 mm. After a transverse cut, the remaining cancellous bone was significantly thicker at the central ridge compared to the bone at the mid-patella. Conclusions Most of the central patellar ridge deviated medially, approximately 4 mm from the mid-patella. Harvesting the graft from the central ridge would have more remaining bone compared to the mid-patella.

Background Knowledge of the anatomy of the celiac trunk (CT) and arterial supply of the hepatobiliary system is essential for surgical and interventional radiological treatment of upper abdominal diseases. Objectives To determine the branching patterns of the CT and variation in origin and type of the right hepatic artery (RHA), left hepatic artery (LHA), and cystic artery (CA). Methods The anatomy of the CT in 100 cadavers from Thai adult donors was observed in 3 aspects: its branching pattern, the origin of the RHA and LHA, and the origin of the CA and its relation to the common bile duct (CBD) and common hepatic duct (CHD). Results The majority of the CT branching pattern was categorized as the type II classical pattern, which has 3 branches: the left gastric artery (LGA), splenic artery (SA), and common hepatic artery (CHA). The RHA branched from proper hepatic artery in 67 cadavers. The origin of the accessory RHA was either from the abdominal aorta or superior mesenteric artery (SMA), whereas the replaced RHA originated from the CHA, SMA, or CT. The accessory LHA ramified from CHA (2 cases) and LGA (1 case). The replaced LHA was found in 30 cadavers and 29 arose from the CHA. The single and double types of CA were found in 94 and 4 cadavers, respectively. In all, 57% of single CA passed posteriorly and 39% passed anteriorly to the CBD and CHD. Conclusions To lower posttreatment complications, variations in the anatomy and the vascular supply of hepatobiliary structures should be considered.

Background Anatomic variation and supernumerary contents in the superior peroneal tunnel, and the prominence of the retrotrochlear eminence and peroneal tubercle are related to peroneal tendon disorders. Objectives To investigate the prevalence, origin, and insertion of accessory peroneal muscles, the prominence of the retrotrochlear eminence and peroneal tubercle, and their association with peroneal tendon tears. Methods We examined 109 formalin-embalmed legs of cadavers from Thai donors. Accessory peroneal muscles and peroneal tendon tears were noted. Associations with peroneal tendon tears were evaluated using a χ2 test. Results We found 48 accessory peroneal muscles comprising 13 peroneus quartus (PQ), 33 peroneus digiti quinti (PDQ), and 2 unusual muscles. All PDQ originated from the PB tendon and inserted on various parts of the 5th toe. The PQ originated mostly from the PB muscle belly and less from the tendinous part with various insertions on the retrotrochlear eminence, peroneal tubercle, cuboid, and dorsolateral surface of the 5th metatarsal base. Two unusual accessory muscles were identified, 1 coexisting with the PQ. A PB tendon tear was found in 13% of specimens. We found no association between the peroneal tendon tears and the accessory peroneal muscles, or prominence of the retrotrochlear eminence or peroneal tubercle. Conclusions The prevalence of PQ, PDQ, and unusual accessory peroneal muscles was concordant with previous findings. We noted a new type of unusual accessory peroneal muscle coexisting with the PQ. No association was found between peroneal tendon tears and the PQ, PDQ, or prominence of the retrotrochlear eminence or peroneal tubercle.

Background Currently Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique for tibial shaft fracture management has gained wide attention. However, an increased intracompartmental pressure after the plate insertion may result in postoperative acute compartment syndrome. We reported the difference of immediate effect of percutaneous plate insertion using 2 approaches of MIPO technique on anterior compartment pressure of the legs. Materials and methods Eight soft cadaveric legs (one female and three males) without previous history of skeletal trauma or surgery were infused with normal saline to create the sustained intracompartmental pressure of 20 mm Hg in all four compartments. The Synthes® 4.5 mm 11-hole Narrow Locking Compression Plate was inserted via anteromedial and anterolateral approach. Anterior compartment pressure was measured by portable digital monitoring device through side-port needle (Stryker® Intracompartmental Monitoring Device) before and after plate insertion for each approach. Results By using anteromedial approach, a mean of anterior compartment pressure was increased by 0.375 mm Hg after plate insertion (5 of 8 legs had no change in pressure and the remaining 3 resulted in 1 mm Hg pressure elevation). For anterolateral plate insertion, all of the 8 legs had an elevation of anterior compartment pressure with a mean of 3.5 mm Hg (ranged from 2 to 6 mm Hg). Conclusions When both approaches were compared to each other, the anterolateral plate insertion resulted in higher intracompartmental pressure elevation of the anterior compartment than the anteromedial approach. Surgeon should be more aware of acute compartment syndrome when considering the anterolateral approach in treating close tibial fracture. However, in patients with suspected acute compartment syndrome, close observation and continuous monitoring of the intracompartmental pressure is still imperative for all healthcare provider.

Background: The localisation of sciatic nerve (SN) is essential for the achievement of several procedures performed in the gluteal region. This study proposed to investigate the location of SN regarding its relationship to the piriformis (PM) by the line joining the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), ischial tuberosity (IT) and greater trochanter (GT). Materials and methods: SN-PM relationship was examined in 204 specimens from 102 embalmed cadavers (55 males, 47 females). Distances between PSIS, IT and GT were measured. Midpoints of SN at the lower edge of PM (S1) and IT-GT line (S2) were marked. Perpendicular line from S1 to PSIS-GT (S1-R) and to PSIS-IT (S1-Q), were created and measured. Distances of PSIS-R, PSIS-Q (S1) and IT-S2 were measured and calculated into percentage of PSIS-GT, PSIS-IT and IT-GT lengths, respectively. Results: Regarding the classification of Beaton and Anson, three types of SN-PM relationship (a, b and c) were obtained. The percentage of type a, b and c was 74.02, 22.55 and 3.43, respectively. Symmetrical SN-PM relationship was found in 75.49%. The mean length of PSIS-IT, PSIS-GT and IT-GT in all types was 129.63 ± 11.89 mm, 151.34 ± 14.78 mm and 73.02 ± 10.20 mm, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between types a and b (p = 0.013) in PSIS-IT length, whereas mean length of IT-GT and PSIS-GT showed no statistically significant difference between SN-PM types. PSIS-IT line passed SN at the lower edge of PM (S1) in 112 specimens (54.90%). In these cases, S1 and Q were the same point. A statistically significant difference was also found between types a and b (p = 0.023) in PSIS-Q (S1) length. The mean lengths of PSIS-Q (S1), PSIS-R and IT-S2 in term of percentage of PSIS-IT, PSIS-GT and IT-GT line in all types were 60.06 ± 5.90%, 54.19 ± 6.10%, and 37.87 ± 8.27%, respectively. The mean lengths of S1-R and S1-Q were 30.07 ± 8.30 mm and 6.54 ± 7.99 mm. Therefore, SN at S1 could be located at the point of 54.19 ± 6.10% of PSIS-GT length (R) with a distance of 30.07 ± 8.30 mm perpendicular to PSIS-GT line (S1-R). Since the PSIS-IT line did not pass SN at S1 in every case, it might not be suitable for localizing SN at S1. SN at S2 could be located at the point of 37.87 ± 8.27% of IT-GT line. No significant difference was found between types. Conclusions: Sciatic nerve can be localised by PSIS-GT and IT-GT lines without statistically significant difference between types (a, b, and c) of SN-PM relationship.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate characteristics, attachments and morphometric parameters of the superior peroneal retinaculum (SPR). Materials and methods: Morphology and morphometric details including width, length, thickness and angle of alignment of SPR in 109 embalmed cadaveric legs were investigated. The occurrence of peroneal tendon tear was also noted. Results: Most of SPR originated from the fibrocartilaginous ridge of the lateral malleolus. The SPR might be a single band or split into proximal and distal bands inserted on the posterior intermuscular septum and lateral wall of calcaneus, respectively. Based on the characteristics and insertion patterns, the SPR could be divided into three types: type I (double band with subtype Ia and Ib), type II (single band) and type III (single band) with the prevalence of 56.88% (12.84%, 44.04%), 1.83%, and 41.28%, respectively. The average coordinate (X, Y axis) of the midpoint of width at origin measured from the tip of fibula in all types was 7.26 ± 3.15 and 10.45 ± 4.52 mm. The average coordinate of the midpoint at insertion on the posterior intermuscular septum was 24.06 ± 4.94 and 13.35 ± 5.18, and those inserted on the lateral wall of calcaneus was 21.45 ± 7.88 and 13.59 ± 6.73 mm. Prevalence of peroneus brevis tendon tear was 12.84% (14 cases) and was associated with SPR type Ib with statistical significance. Conclusions: Precise information of the characteristics, morphometric data and coordinates of attachment sites of SPR are essential for surgical procedures and reconstruction.

Background: The length and number of accessory bands of gracilis and semitendinosus tendons have high variability among Asian population. Complications during graft harvesting might occur if the surgeon cannot correctly identify these complex structures. Methods: We performed cadaveric knee specimen dissections (level of evidence: level III; descriptive laboratory study (anatomical study)). Each of the accessory bands arising from semitendinosus and gracilis tendons was identified. Size and distance from the origin of accessory bands to the tibial insertion were measured. Results: Eighty knees were included in the study. For the semitendinosus tendon, we found the following accessory bands in our specimens: no accessory bands in 6%, one band in 56%, and two bands in 38%. The longest distance of an accessory band from tibial insertion was 9.8 cm, with an average distance for the first band of 4.5 cm. The number of accessory bands for the gracilis tendon was, as follows: 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 in 20, 39, 31, 9, and 1%, respectively. The longest distance of accessory band was 9.33 cm from tibial insertion, with an average distance for the first band of 4.7 cm. We found the width of accessory bands in females to be wider than males (P = 0.0001) and the width of accessory bands in right knees to be wider than those in left knees (P = 0.04). Conclusions: In Asian populations, we found high variability of number of accessory bands from semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. The average distance from the tibial insertion to the first accessory band was 4.5 cm. None of the bands arised more than 10 cm from the tibial insertion.

El nervio cutaneo posterior del antebrazo (NCPA) es un ramo del nervio radial que inerva la piel del antebrazo. Los datos acerca de su anatomia siguen siendo insuficientes en especial en cuanto a su origen y el numero de ramos. Disecamos 101 miembros superiores de cadaveres pertenecientes a 32 hombres y 20 mujeres para exponer el NCPA. En todas las muestras, el nervio surgio de la fascia profunda en el hiato proximal a la linea interepicondilar (LIE) con distancias medias de 7,24 y 7,44 cm en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. El porcentaje de esta distancia a la longitud del brazo fue 23,2 % y 26,1 % en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. Despues de penetrar la fascia profunda, el NCPA continuaba en el tejido subcutaneo y cruzaba la LIE anterior al epicondilo lateral (EL) en todos los casos. Las distancias medias desde el punto de cruce del EL a lo largo de la LIE fueron 1,52 cm en hombres y 1,34 cm en mujeres. Con respecto a las ramos del NCPA, al menos 50 % de las muestras tenian hasta 3 o 4 ramos, ya fuesen proximales o distales al hiato. En dos de los brazos, uno de estos ramos paso posterior al EL. Por otra parte, en 9 de las muestras se observo comunicacion entre los ramos del NCPA y el nervio cutaneo antebraquial lateral. No se encontraron diferencias secundarias o de sexo en algunos parametros de medicion. Estos datos son esenciales para evitar las lesiones durante los procedimientos quirurgicos alrededor del codo que involucren el NCPA.

El recorrido del nervio cutaneo antebraquial medial (NCAM) proporciona la inervacion sensorial medial del antebrazo. Su anatomia se ha descrito en parte, porque los datos relativos a su patron de ramificacion y distancias a puntos de referencia adyacentes son insuficientes. El proposito de este estudio fue proporcionar datos morfometricos sobre la anatomia del NCAM, comparando entre lados y sexos. Se disecaron 96 miembros superiores de 26 hombres y 22 mujeres. Se encontro que 5 ramos del NCAM traspasaron la fascia profunda y llegaron 4 hasta la linea interepicondilar (LIE). Presencia de 2 y 3 ramos se encontro en la mayoria de los casos (>80%). Las distancias de estos ramos a los puntos anatomicos variaron considerablemente. En caso de ausencia de ramos, la distancia medial al epicondilo medial (EM) y arteria braquial (AB) fueron de aproximadamente 1,5 cm, mientras que a la vena basilica (VB) fueron 0,7 cm en ambos sexos. Independientemente del patron de ramificacion, el NCAM podria pasar sobre o cerca (a menos de 0,5 cm ) del EM, VB y AB. Asimetria en el patron de ramificacion se encontro en 50% de las muestras. Diferencias en algunos de los parametros de medicion se observaron segun sexo, pero no por lado. Estos datos son relevantes para localizar el NCAM durante el bloqueo del nervio y la toma de injertos, sino tambien para evitar la lesion del nervio durante los procedimientos quirurgicos.

El ramo sartorial del nervio safeno (nervio cutaneo medial de la pierna) se origina en el lado medial de la rodilla y desciende a lo largo de la vena safena magna (VSM) para inervar la cara medial de la pierna. Su anatomia es motivo de preocupacion en los procedimientos quirurgicos y en el bloqueo anestesico. Sin embargo, los datos de medicion relacionados con puntos de referencia oseos palpables y la comparacion entre los lados y en ambos sexos son escasas. Se realizo la diseccion en 95 miembros inferiores de ambos sexos. Se encontro que el nervio perforo la fascia profunda en la mayoria de los casos (92,6%). Esta punta de perforacion fue siempre distal al tuberculo del musculo aductor magno a una distancia de 5-6 cm, que representaba el 15% del largo de la pierna (la distancia entre el tuberculo del aductor magno y el maleolo medial). El nervio se localizaba 7 cm medial a la tuberosidad tibial. Al nivel del tercio medio en ambas piernas, el nervio estaba a una distancia un poco mayor a 4 cm medial al margen anterior de la tibia. El nervio se dividia 7 cm proximal al maleolo medial. Por otra parte, la relacion anatomica entre el nervio y la VSM fue muy variable. El nervio era constantemente anterior, posterior o profundo a la VSM en 8,4%, 15,8% y 2,1%, respectivamente. Cruce entre las dos estructuras anatomicas se observo en el 57,9% de las muestras y la distancia hasta el maleolo medial fue de 18 cm. La simetria se encuentra en la mayoria de los parametros y diferencias de sexo significativas se observaron en algunas distancias. Estos resultados son importantes para evitar la lesion del nervio sartorial y localizar el nervio durante los procedimientos pertinentes.

El nervio sural (NS) transcurre por la region posterior de la pierna, el tobillo y el pie. La anatomia del NS es de importancia clinica durante la realizacion de una biopsia, el desarrollo de injerto de nervio, incluyendo lesiones del nervio durante la reparacion del tendon calcaneo. A pesar del conocimiento sustancial en la literatura, aun se necesitan puntos de referencia mas faciles de localizar e informacion sobre la simetria. Noventa y ocho miembros inferiores de 31 hombres y 18 mujeres fueron disecados. El NS se origino a partir de la union entre los nervios cutaneo sural medial y cutaneo sural lateral en el 52,0 % de las piernas. La distancia desde el punto de union a la linea intermaleolar (IML) fue de 16,3±8,4 (SD) cm. La relacion de esta distancia a la longitud de la fibula (vertice de la cabeza al maleolo lateral o LM) fue de 0,47±0,23 cm. En el 84,7 % de las piernas, el NS se ubico inicialmente medial y luego cruzo el margen lateral del tendon calcaneo a una distancia de 8,4±2,1 cm proximal a la IML. La relacion de longitud de la fibula fue de 0,25±0,06 cm. A nivel de la IML, el NS se localizaba posterior a la parte mas prominente de la LM en el 95,9 % de las piernas, con una distancia de 2,6±0,5 cm. En el punto mas cercano, el NS se localizaba lateral a la vena safena parva en 74,5 % de las piernas y la distancia desde este punto hasta la IML fue de 10,6±4,7 cm. La relacion de longitud de la fibula fue 0,31±0,14 cm. La diferencia entre los lados o asimetria se observo en un numero considerable de ejemplares. Estos datos son esenciales no solo para localizar el NS durante la biopsia y la realizacion del injerto sino tambien para evitar la lesion del nervio durante procedimientos quirurgicos relevantes.

The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) is the terminal sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve supplying the lateral aspect of forearm. Because of its close proximity to the biceps brachii tendon (BBT), the lateral epicondyle (LE), and the cephalic vein (CV), surgery and venipuncture in the cubital fossa can injure the LACN. Measurement data regarding the relative anatomy of LACN are scarce. We, therefore, dissected 96 upper extremities from 26 males and 22 females to expose the LACN in the cubital fossa and forearm. The LACN consistently emerged from the lateral margin of BBT. It then pierced the deep fascia distal to the interepicondylar line (IEL) in 84.4% with mean distances of 1.8 ± 1.1 and 1.2 ± 0.9 cm (male and female, respectively). At the level of IEL, the LACN in all cases was medial to the LE (5.9 ± 1.1 cm male and 5.2 ± 0.9 cm female). Two types of branching were observed: single trunk (78.1%) and bifurcation (21.9%). Asymmetry in the branching pattern was observed in 6 males and 1 female. Concerning the relationship to the CV, the LACN ran medially within 1 cm at the level of IEL in 78.7%. Moreover, in 10 specimens, the LACN was directly beneath the CV. In the forearm, the LACN tends to course medial to the CV. Significant differences in the measurement data between genders but not sides were found in some parameters. These data are important for avoiding LACN injury and locating the LACN during relevant medical procedures.

Paclitaxel, an anti-neoplastic agent effective against several solid tumors, has several side effects including peripheral neuropathy. So far, there are no effective treatments for this complication. Monosialic acid ganglioside (GM1) has been shown to protect neurons against injuries and degeneration. However, its efficacy in the treatment of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy has not been verified.To evaluate the effect of porcine GM1 on neurophysiological abnormalities in rats receiving paclitaxel.Fifty-four Wistar rats were divided into control, vehicle for paclitaxel (Cremophor EL), paclitaxel, and paclitaxel + GM1 groups. Paclitaxel 16 mg/kg/week for five consecutive weeks was given intraperitoneally. Treatment with 30 mg/kg 5 days per week of GM1 was started 3 days prior to the first dose and continued until 3 days after the last dose of paclitaxel. Tail and hind paw thermal thresholds including tail motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) were measured prior to and after the start of treatments. Histopathology of the sciatic nerve was also examined.Paclitaxel alone induced thermal hypoalgesia and reduced tail MNCV Less severe abnormalities were also found with the vehicle. GM1 appeared to prevent the development of hypoalgesia and ameliorated the decreased MNCV without any evidence of Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Mild endoneurial edema and axonal degeneration in the sciatic nerve sections were seen in paclitaxel treated rats. Microtubule accumulation and activated Schwann cell were also presented in the paclitaxel treated groups.These data suggest that porcine GM1 may be useful in the prevention and treatment of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. However the adverse effect of Cremophor EL should be of concern.

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) generally emerges from the pelvis behind the inguinal ligament (IL) to the thigh. Because of its proximity to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and hip joint, the LFCN is prone to injuries during various procedures. Anatomy of this nerve is highly variable among studies. Moreover, measurement data regarding its branches including the differences between genders and sides are still lacking. This study was, therefore, done to clarify these issues. Eighty-five thighs from 43 cadavers of both genders were dissected at the inguinal region. Distances from each branch of the LFCN to palpable landmarks: the ASIS, pubic tubercle (PT) and femoral artery (FA) were measured along the IL. Up to four branches of the LFCN were found; however, the single trunk was the most common form (>65%). The common site of this pattern on the IL was within 2 cm medial to the ASIS but could be present at over 6 cm. The distances in case of bifurcation were mostly comparable to those of the single trunk. In contrast, the values varied considerably in the cases with three or more branches (three cases). Regarding side and gender, asymmetry in the branching pattern was found in one fourth of specimens. However, only some minor differences between genders or sides in the measurement data were seen. These findings suggest that asymmetry and multiple branches of the LFCN should be concerned. The measurement data are also useful for localizing the LFCN with higher accuracy.

The anatomy of orbital foramina appears to vary depending on the population studied Moreover; different data between sides and genders have been reported.The present study was done to provide the morphometric data of the orbitalforamina related to side and gender in Thai subjects.One hundred orbits from 50 adult dried skulls were used. Gender of each skull was identified and the distances from the constant landmarks to the foramina in the medial, superior; inferior and lateral walls were measured.In the medial wall, the mean distances from the anterior lacrimal crest to the optic canal (OC), anterior, and posterior ethmoidalforamina were 42.2, 23.5, and 36. 0 mm for both sides and genders, respectively. The average distances from the supraorbital notch/foramen in the roof to the superior orbital fissure (SOF), OC, and lacrimal foramen were 44.7, 40.0, and 33.6 mm, respectively. In the inferior wall, the distances from the infraorbital rim to the OC, inferior orbital fissure (IOF), and the posterior edge of roof of the infraorbital canal were 46.2, 21.7, and 12.3 mm, respectively. The distances from the frontozygomatic suture to the OC, SOF, IOF and LF were 46.9, 34.5, 24.0, and 27.2 mm, respectively. When compared to those of the previous reports, several considerable differences that may be of clinical importance were observed. Moreover, some distances were significantly different between sides or genders.The present results suggest that race, side, and gender should be concerned during the orbital surgery and the data are good references for Thai subjects.

The superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) is one of the two main branches of the common peroneal nerve, which become cutaneous nerve on the lateral side of distal leg and dorsum of foot. The use of SPN as nerve graft has been introduced; however, important data regarding the morphometric anatomy of this nerve and its branches, medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves (MDN and IDN, respectively) to support this application remain incomplete. Eighty-five legs of cadavers were dissected and the branching pattern was classified into Type 1 (penetration of the main trunk of SPN from the deep fascia) or Type 2 (separate penetration of the MDN and IDN). The length of SPN, MDN and IDN from the penetration points until before subsequent branching was measured. In addition, the penetration points were located by referring to the intermalleolar line and the lateral malleolus. Type 1 was found in the majority of specimens independent of gender (71.8%). Asymmetry in the branching pattern was observed in nine cases (20.9%). The average length of the SPN, MDN and IDN without branches was 7.7, 8.1 and 5.5 cm, respectively. The penetration points of the SPN, MDN and IDN were located 5.1, 7.6 and 5.5 cm above the intermalleolar line, respectively. These data are important for using the SPN as a graft.

Superficial radial nerve (SRN) that lies superficially on the radial side of the distalforearm and dorsum of the hand, can be injured by various procedures. Thus, precise knowledge in its variation is crucial.Since there were no such data in Thai population, provide the variation data of the SRN in Thai cadavers. This is likely to be more accurate when applied in Thailand.The authors studied the branching pattern and the course of SRN in 40 Thai cadavers.The extra type, replacement of SR3 by a branch of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, was found (4.7%) and the incidences of other patterns were different from those of previous reports. Moreover; asymmetry and gender difference were also demonstrated. The authors observed the higher frequencies of the SRN lying over the snuff box and first dorsal compartment of the wrist compared to other reports. The distances to important landmarks were measured and the presented data were comparable to those of other studies with no significant differences between sides or genders.These findings suggest that the different variations of the SRN among various races should be concerned during the relevant procedures.