Search

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) is a hopeful technique that is used to produce complex geometry parts in a layer-by-layer method. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a popular 3D printing technology for producing components of thermoplastic polymers. In FDM process, the part quality is influenced strongly by the printing parameters. Until now, these parameters stil need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, the influence of FDM 3D printing parameters on the tensile strength of product will be investigated. By experiment, three parameters, that is, layer height, solid layer top, and first-layer height, were studied. The investigation shows that the layer height is the only parameter impacted the tensile strength of the product.

The mechanical properties of thixoextrusion components can be improved by controllable processing parameters such as the solid fraction of alloy, holding time, punch velocity, heat treatment and die temperature. In this study, the effects of thixoforming parameters on the microstructures and mechanical properties of thixoextrusion ADC12 alloy Aptomat Contact are studied. ADC12 has excellent castability with high fluidity and low shrinkage rate, so it is widely used in industry, especially in automotive and motorcycle engine part casting. It is a near eutectic alloy with high strength and low ductility (1%). The optimization parameters mechanical properties were investigated by changing the punch velocity, specimen temperature and holding time. The results also indicated optimal value at punch velocity (15 mm/s), specimen temperature (560 °C) and holding time (5 min) which was changed microstructure from eutectic dendrite to globular grain, increasing the ductility (3.3%) of this alloy during the semi-solid forming process while the remaining mechanical properties lead to an increase in the quality of finished parts.

International audience; The behavior of model granular materials (glass beads) wetted by a small quantity of liquid forming capillary bridges is studied by one-dimensional compression test combined with X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) observation. Special attention is paid to obtain very loose initial states (initial void ratio of about 2.30) stabilized by capillary cohesion. XRCT-based analyses involve spherical particle detection adapted to relatively low-resolution images, which enable heterogeneities to be visualized and microstructural information to be collected. This study on an ideal material provides an insight into the macroscopic compression behavior of wet granular materials based on the microstructural change, such as pore distance distribution, coordination number of contacts, coordination number of neighbors and number of contacts per grain.

The thixoforming process is becoming more and more important in the field of metal-forming. In this process, the most difficult part is heating the sample while keeping the temperature uniform. The pressing speed is one of the main parameters that impacts strongly on product quality. In this paper, the die for studying the effect of pressing speed was designed and manufactured. The Deform 3D software was applied for observing the relationship between the pressing speed and the force history, stress, and temperature distribution. The results show that a pressing speed of v = 8 mm/s results in the smallest stress. The stress depends on many elements. For example, the pressing speed of v = 6 mm/s makes the heating process happen fast. The billet is cooled faster so the stress increases and even changes the structure unexpectedly. When the pressing speed is too high, the metal on the surface of the billet flows with high speed so it collides with the folding segments causing great resistance thus creating high stress.

An approach combining the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and experimental techniques (oedometric compression test and X-ray Computed Tomography (XRCT)) is proposed to observe the mechanical behavior of wet granular material, modeled as frictional spherical glass beads, in very loose state under growing of applied external force. An experimental observation combining one-dimensional compression test and XRCT is first presented. The plastic responses of real material (spherical glass beads) are depicted with different values of very low initial densities. The grain-scale behavior of this material is then characterized by using the XRCT and in-situ compaction test. We propose a method to detect the spherical structures from the 3D tomography images. Microstructure properties of the loose system are then analyzed and computed from the detected spherical structures. This simplified material gives further a better understanding of the macroscale behavior of wet granular soils based on their microstructure characterization. The DEM simulation then allowed us to predict accurately in 3D the plastic response of very loose assemblies of modeled wet beads to an isotropic/ oedometric compression in the presence of a small amount of an interstitial liquid, which gives rise to capillary menisci and attractive forces. The plastic responses along the compression curves are then shown in particular without and with the appearance of rolling/ pivoting resistances in contacts and also the effect of size polydispersity. The evaluation of microstructure and force transmission along the compression curve is also characterized. Finally, we compare the predictions of the experimental results with the DEM simulations results. Our comparisons show that the predictions of experiments are underestimated for the DEM simulations. Nevertheless, the combined approach in this work also provides an comprehensive characterization of the plastic and grain-scale compression behavior of wet granular soil at very loose state; Une approache combinant la méthode des élements discrets (DEM) et expériences techniques (essai oedométrique et microtomographie aux rayons X (XRCT)) est proposée pour observer le comportement mécanique des matériaux granulaires mouillés (des billes de verre mouillées) en état très lâche sous le chargement extérieur. Une observation expérimentale combinant l'essai oedométrique et XRCT est premièrement présentée. La réponse plastique du materiau réel (des billes de verre) est illustrée avec des certaines valeurs de densité initiale très faible. Le comportement à l'échelle du grain de ce matériau est puis caractérisé en utilisant à l'aide de microtomographie aux rayons X et d'essais mécaniques in-situ. Une méthode pour détecter des structures sphériques qui ont obtenu depuis des images de la tomographie est proposée. Ensuite, les propriétés micro-structurales sont analysées et calculées avec les données des sphères détectés. Ce matériau simplifié donne une meilleure compréhension du comportement à macro-échelle des sols granulaires mouillés basée sur leur caractérisation micro-structurale. La simulation numérique a permis de prévoir précisément en 3D la réponse plastique d'assemblages très lâches de billes de verre modélisé soumis à une compression isotrope/ oedométrique. Ce maériau a été préparé avec la présence d'une petite quantité d'un liquide interstitiel qui contrôle à capillaire ménisque and des forces attractives. Les réponses plastiques le long des courbes de compression sont présentées dans les cas avec et sans des résistance au roulement/ pivotement en contacts. L'effet du grain polydispersité en taille a aussi mentionné. L'évaluation de la microstructure et transmission de force le long de la courve de compression est également caractérisé. Finalement, nous comparons les prévisions des résultats expérimentals avec ceux de la simulation numérique. Nos comparaisons montrent que les prévisions de l'expérience sont sous-estimées pour celles de la DEM. Néanmoins, cette approache dans ce travail également fournit une caractérisation complète de la réponse plastique et du comportement à l'échelle du grain de sol granulaire mouillé à l'état très lâche

International audience; Numerical simulations, by the discrete element method (DEM), of a model granular assembly, made of spherical balls, are used to investigate the influence of a small amount of an interstitial wetting liquid, forming capillary bridges between adjacent particles, on two basic aspects of granular material rheology: (1) the plastic response in isotropic compression, and (2) the critical state under monotonic shear strain, and its generalization to steady, inertial flow. Tensile strength F0=πΓa, in contacts between beads of diameter aa joined by a small meniscus of a liquid with surface tension Γ, introduces a new force scale and a new dimensionless control parameter, P∗=a2P/F0, for grains of diameter a under confining stress P. Under low P*, as cohesion dominates, capillary cohesion may stabilize very loose structures. Upon increasing pressure P in isotropic compression, such structures gradually collapse. The resulting irreversible compaction is well described by the classical linear relation between logP* and void ratio in some range, until a dense structure forms that retains its stability without cohesion as confinement dominates for large P*. In steady shear flow, with uniform velocity gradient γ˙=∂v1/∂x2γ˙=∂v1/∂x2 under normal stress P=σ22, the apparent internal friction coefficient, which is defined as μ∗=σ12/σ22, depends on P* and inertial number (reduced shear rate) I=γ˙√m/aP, and so does solid fraction Φ. The material exhibits, as P* decreases, a strongly enhanced resistance to shear (larger μ*). In the quasistatic limit, for I→0, it is roughly predicted by a simple effective pressure assumption by which the capillary forces are deemed equivalent to an isotropic pressure increase applied to the dry material as long as P*≥1, while the yield criterion approximately assumes the Mohr-Coulomb form. At lower P*, such models tend to break down as liquid bonding, causing connected clusters to survive over significant strain intervals, strongly influences the microstructure. Systematic shear banding is observed at very small P*

Une approache combinant la méthode des élements discrets (DEM) et expériences techniques (essai oedométrique et microtomographie aux rayons X (XRCT)) est proposée pour observer le comportement mécanique des matériaux granulaires mouillés (des billes de verre mouillées) en état très lâche sous le chargement extérieur. Une observation expérimentale combinant l'essai oedométrique et XRCT est premièrement présentée. La réponse plastique du materiau réel (des billes de verre) est illustrée avec des certaines valeurs de densité initiale très faible. Le comportement à l'échelle du grain de ce matériau est puis caractérisé en utilisant à l'aide de microtomographie aux rayons X et d'essais mécaniques in-situ. Une méthode pour détecter des structures sphériques qui ont obtenu depuis des images de la tomographie est proposée. Ensuite, les propriétés micro-structurales sont analysées et calculées avec les données des sphères détectés. Ce matériau simplifié donne une meilleure compréhension du comportement à macro-échelle des sols granulaires mouillés basée sur leur caractérisation micro-structurale. La simulation numérique a permis de prévoir précisément en 3D la réponse plastique d'assemblages très lâches de billes de verre modélisé soumis à une compression isotrope/ oedométrique. Ce maériau a été préparé avec la présence d'une petite quantité d'un liquide interstitiel qui contrôle à capillaire ménisque and des forces attractives. Les réponses plastiques le long des courbes de compression sont présentées dans les cas avec et sans des résistance au roulement/ pivotement en contacts. L'effet du grain polydispersité en taille a aussi mentionné. L'évaluation de la microstructure et transmission de force le long de la courve de compression est également caractérisé. Finalement, nous comparons les prévisions des résultats expérimentals avec ceux de la simulation numérique. Nos comparaisons montrent que les prévisions de l'expérience sont sous-estimées pour celles de la DEM. Néanmoins, cette approache dans ce travail également fournit une caractérisation complète de la réponse plastique et du comportement à l'échelle du grain de sol granulaire mouillé à l'état très lâche An approach combining the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and experimental techniques (oedometric compression test and X-ray Computed Tomography (XRCT)) is proposed to observe the mechanical behavior of wet granular material, modeled as frictional spherical glass beads, in very loose state under growing of applied external force. An experimental observation combining one-dimensional compression test and XRCT is first presented. The plastic responses of real material (spherical glass beads) are depicted with different values of very low initial densities. The grain-scale behavior of this material is then characterized by using the XRCT and in-situ compaction test. We propose a method to detect the spherical structures from the 3D tomography images. Microstructure properties of the loose system are then analyzed and computed from the detected spherical structures. This simplified material gives further a better understanding of the macroscale behavior of wet granular soils based on their microstructure characterization. The DEM simulation then allowed us to predict accurately in 3D the plastic response of very loose assemblies of modeled wet beads to an isotropic/ oedometric compression in the presence of a small amount of an interstitial liquid, which gives rise to capillary menisci and attractive forces. The plastic responses along the compression curves are then shown in particular without and with the appearance of rolling/ pivoting resistances in contacts and also the effect of size polydispersity. The evaluation of microstructure and force transmission along the compression curve is also characterized. Finally, we compare the predictions of the experimental results with the DEM simulations results. Our comparisons show that the predictions of experiments are underestimated for the DEM simulations. Nevertheless, the combined approach in this work also provides an comprehensive characterization of the plastic and grain-scale compression behavior of wet granular soil at very loose state

We describe a model of entry timing assuming that a second mover can benefit from observing the experience of a first mover. We focus on how market attractiveness characteristics such as size and cost affect the time until first entry. The effects depend on whether the number of participants is exogenous or endogenous. In the former case, a more attractive market leads to earlier entry. In the latter case, it leads to later entry. Treating the number of firms as an integer, free entry leads to non-monotone, but testable, effects of market attractiveness on entry timing.

In the Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) system, the License Plate Location (LPL) is the key step before the final recognition. This paper proposed an improved LPL algorithm for Vietnam vehicle license plates (LP). The proposed algorithm consists of three main modules: Pre-processing (convert RGB image to grayscale image, adjust grayscale image intensity, image binarization use Otsu method), LP candidates location (morphology opening to remove noises & dilation operation, measure properties of image regions to find candidates), LP exactly location (finding the LP angle & rotating LP, cut exactly LP region). We implemented test for 350 Vietnam vehicle images, which obtained from the actual system, the average rate of accuracy of our method is 98.64%, our results are more exactly presented methods.

In this paper, the authors aim to present a 3D model using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to study the quasistatic response of very loose assemblies of frictional spherical grains to an isotropic compression in the presence of a small amount of an interstitial liquid, which gives rise to capillary menisci and attractive forces. A reduced pressure P * is defined, comparing the confining pressure to the tensile strength of contacts. The effects of initial assembling process and various micromechanical parameters on the plastic compression curves are first studied. The influences of rolling resistance at contacts and the size polydispersity along those compression curves are also mentioned.

The presence of liquid menisci between soil particles in wet granular soils plays a key role in the macroscopic behavior. This liquid bridge between particles may also allow the existence of metastable microstructures that lead to mechanical instabilities when the soil in subjected to external loadings. In this work, the authors present an investigation into macroscopic and microscopic behaviors of wet granular soils in very loose state under one-dimensional (1D) compression by using oedometer test combined with the X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) observations. The specimen is prepared in the presence of a small amount of a water meniscus by using the controlled pluviation method. The influences of various mechanical parameters are first studied on the compression curve. The microstructure along those compression curves are then analyzed by using X-ray CT to observe the arrangement of microstructure under growing of applied force.

The Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) is very important in the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). In this paper we proposed an improved ALPR algorithm for Vietnam license plates (LP), which consists of three main modules: license plate location (LPL), character segmentation, character recognition. In the location work, we have improved algorithm based on edge detection, image subtraction, mathematic morphology to locate LP region, which considered removing noise. In the segmentation work, we have improved algorithm to get the segments in the LP by the peak-to-valley method in order to segment in digit images getting the two bounds of the each digit according to the statistical parameter. In the recognition work, we have used a Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network and back-propagation (BP) algorithm to recognize characters & numbers of the Vietnam LP, we used two networks for characters & numbers training with noises, in which the computing time and accuracy is improved. Our approach is more effective than some of the existing methods earlier and satisfied for Vietnam LP. We have been implemented on 600 images taken from actual scenes, different background such as light conditions (night and day), angles, illumination, size and type, colors, reflected light, dynamic conditions. The efficiency of the proposed approach is improved and average rate of accuracy of the one-row LP is 96.93%, two-row LP is 95.82%, higher than most of previous works.

The use of internet services for time sensitive applications like voice and video, requires the forecasting quality of service. The TCP/IP differentiated services structure is given to achieve this target. However, network congestion control is limited and comes from the high priority. Some studies are still seeking a replacement techniques such as random early detection (RED) and its modification to manage congestion. In this paper we present neural network control research results to implement RED, called NRED. We found that with neural network we can perform better for discrimination acts to cancel the packets for gathering traffic flow, and also provide better quality services to all types different traffic while ensuring high utilization.