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As of late, there has been debate about the importance of recognizing women in agriculture as farmers. The demand to be recognized is backed by women's significant contribution to the household economy. Scholars have attempted to establish a correlation between land ownership and women's empowerment in agriculture. This is an oversimplification of the situation of women farmers and their empowerment, especially in the context of tribal society where women have better access to and control over community and forest resources. We undertook this study to examine if having land and other resources is a prerequisite for the empowerment of tribal women farmers. The study is based on a primary survey conducted by a network of civil society organizations (CSOs) that enhance the livelihoods of tribal women in Madhya Pradesh, India. The analysis is informed by the researchers' decade-long experience of working with tribal women farmers, our visits to the villages during the study period, and the available literature. The survey's findings indicate that having resources is necessary but not sufficient on its own for the empowerment of tribal women. Additionally, the survey points out that having better access to and control over resources has a very weak to weak correlation with decision-making, leadership, and well-being outcomes. Many ethnographic studies and our direct work with tribal communities in Central India show that agency is also exercised through the work tribal women put in and the knowledge they have. Moreover, understanding the agency of tribal women requires a nuanced and close observation of women's assertions and negotiations in their everyday lives. We believe it is crucial to examine how tribal women perceive their immediate environment, as well as their relationships with people, nature, work, and kinship affiliations. Therefore, this paper calls for future ethnographic studies to understand tribal women's agency and an in-depth exploration of sociocultural contexts in which tribal women live. Keywords: Tribal women, Empowerment, Resources, Agency, India, Farming., Introduction Over a quarter of all farmers worldwide are women (FAO, 2011). Women's role in India is even more crucial, where 80% of rural women work in agriculture (Patel & [...]

Background: The ancient science of life known as Ayurveda uses a variety of formulations or herbal compounds to treat a wide range of illnesses. Male infertility accounts for half of all infertility worldwide, and numerous etiological variables play a role. A pharmacologically active tobacco component called nicotine has a negative impact on male fertility and the reproductive system. Musalyadi Churna (MSC) is one of the polyherbal compound formulations mentioned in Ayurveda Classics for aphrodisiac therapy and recommended for the treatment of male infertility. Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the spermatogenic potential of MSC along with its protective effect against testicular degeneration induced by nicotine in rat models. Materials and Methods: Sixty adult Sprague– Dawley male rats were used in the experiment, which were divided into ten groups of six rats each. Nicotine was administered orally as disease control. The standard and vehicle control were also included along with study drug groups in which MSC was administered orally to the rats. The study was conducted for 70 days for each group with assessment of body weight and food consumption. After treatment, rats were weighed and sacrificed for evaluation of parameters like organ weight, epididymal sperm count, and sperm morphology along with histological assessment. The data were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance test and Bonferroni multiple‑comparison range test to compare different treatment groups. Results and Conclusion: In the present study, MSC possesses substantial spermatogenic efficacy, and the result indicates that the study drug possesses a protective effect against nicotine‑induced impaired testicular functions in rats, but further research to elucidate its exact mechanism of action is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]