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Traditional deep learning models rely on methods such as softmax cross-entropy and ArcFace loss for tasks like classification and face recognition. These methods mainly explore angular features in a hyperspherical space, often resulting in entangled inter-class features due to dense angular data across many classes. In this paper, a new field of feature exploration is proposed known as HyperSpaceX which enhances class discrimination by exploring both angular and radial dimensions in multi-hyperspherical spaces, facilitated by a novel DistArc loss. The proposed DistArc loss encompasses three feature arrangement components: two angular and one radial, enforcing intra-class binding and inter-class separation in multi-radial arrangement, improving feature discriminability. Evaluation of HyperSpaceX framework for the novel representation utilizes a proposed predictive measure that accounts for both angular and radial elements, providing a more comprehensive assessment of model accuracy beyond standard metrics. Experiments across seven object classification and six face recognition datasets demonstrate state-of-the-art (SoTA) results obtained from HyperSpaceX, achieving up to a 20% performance improvement on large-scale object datasets in lower dimensions and up to 6% gain in higher dimensions.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made its way into various scientific fields, providing astonishing improvements over existing algorithms for a wide variety of tasks. In recent years, there have been severe concerns over the trustworthiness of AI technologies. The scientific community has focused on the development of trustworthy AI algorithms. However, machine and deep learning algorithms, popular in the AI community today, depend heavily on the data used during their development. These learning algorithms identify patterns in the data, learning the behavioral objective. Any flaws in the data have the potential to translate directly into algorithms. In this study, we discuss the importance of Responsible Machine Learning Datasets and propose a framework to evaluate the datasets through a responsible rubric. While existing work focuses on the post-hoc evaluation of algorithms for their trustworthiness, we provide a framework that considers the data component separately to understand its role in the algorithm. We discuss responsible datasets through the lens of fairness, privacy, and regulatory compliance and provide recommendations for constructing future datasets. After surveying over 100 datasets, we use 60 datasets for analysis and demonstrate that none of these datasets is immune to issues of fairness, privacy preservation, and regulatory compliance. We provide modifications to the ``datasheets for datasets" with important additions for improved dataset documentation. With governments around the world regularizing data protection laws, the method for the creation of datasets in the scientific community requires revision. We believe this study is timely and relevant in today's era of AI., Comment: This preprint has not undergone any post-submission improvements or corrections. The Version of Record of this article is published in Nature Machine Intelligence and is available online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00874-y

The presence of bias in deep models leads to unfair outcomes for certain demographic subgroups. Research in bias focuses primarily on facial recognition and attribute prediction with scarce emphasis on face detection. Existing studies consider face detection as binary classification into 'face' and 'non-face' classes. In this work, we investigate possible bias in the domain of face detection through facial region localization which is currently unexplored. Since facial region localization is an essential task for all face recognition pipelines, it is imperative to analyze the presence of such bias in popular deep models. Most existing face detection datasets lack suitable annotation for such analysis. Therefore, we web-curate the Fair Face Localization with Attributes (F2LA) dataset and manually annotate more than 10 attributes per face, including facial localization information. Utilizing the extensive annotations from F2LA, an experimental setup is designed to study the performance of four pre-trained face detectors. We observe (i) a high disparity in detection accuracies across gender and skin-tone, and (ii) interplay of confounding factors beyond demography. The F2LA data and associated annotations can be accessed at http://iab-rubric.org/index.php/F2LA., Comment: Accepted in FG 2023

Deepfake refers to tailored and synthetically generated videos which are now prevalent and spreading on a large scale, threatening the trustworthiness of the information available online. While existing datasets contain different kinds of deepfakes which vary in their generation technique, they do not consider progression of deepfakes in a "phylogenetic" manner. It is possible that an existing deepfake face is swapped with another face. This process of face swapping can be performed multiple times and the resultant deepfake can be evolved to confuse the deepfake detection algorithms. Further, many databases do not provide the employed generative model as target labels. Model attribution helps in enhancing the explainability of the detection results by providing information on the generative model employed. In order to enable the research community to address these questions, this paper proposes DeePhy, a novel Deepfake Phylogeny dataset which consists of 5040 deepfake videos generated using three different generation techniques. There are 840 videos of one-time swapped deepfakes, 2520 videos of two-times swapped deepfakes and 1680 videos of three-times swapped deepfakes. With over 30 GBs in size, the database is prepared in over 1100 hours using 18 GPUs of 1,352 GB cumulative memory. We also present the benchmark on DeePhy dataset using six deepfake detection algorithms. The results highlight the need to evolve the research of model attribution of deepfakes and generalize the process over a variety of deepfake generation techniques. The database is available at: http://iab-rubric.org/deephy-database, Comment: Accepted at 2022, International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB 2022)

With increasing number of COVID-19 cases globally, all the countries are ramping up the testing numbers. While the RT-PCR kits are available in sufficient quantity in several countries, others are facing challenges with limited availability of testing kits and processing centers in remote areas. This has motivated researchers to find alternate methods of testing which are reliable, easily accessible and faster. Chest X-Ray is one of the modalities that is gaining acceptance as a screening modality. Towards this direction, the paper has two primary contributions. Firstly, we present the COVID-19 Multi-Task Network which is an automated end-to-end network for COVID-19 screening. The proposed network not only predicts whether the CXR has COVID-19 features present or not, it also performs semantic segmentation of the regions of interest to make the model explainable. Secondly, with the help of medical professionals, we manually annotate the lung regions of 9000 frontal chest radiographs taken from ChestXray-14, CheXpert and a consolidated COVID-19 dataset. Further, 200 chest radiographs pertaining to COVID-19 patients are also annotated for semantic segmentation. This database will be released to the research community.

We consider the replica placement problem: given a graph with clients and nodes, place replicas on a minimum set of nodes to serve all the clients; each client is associated with a request and maximum distance that it can travel to get served and there is a maximum limit (capacity) on the amount of request a replica can serve. The problem falls under the general framework of capacitated set covering. It admits an O(\log n)-approximation and it is NP-hard to approximate within a factor of $o(\log n)$. We study the problem in terms of the treewidth $t$ of the graph and present an O(t)-approximation algorithm., Comment: An abridged version of this paper is to appear in the proceedings of WADS'17