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Aims: Anticoagulation with non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) to prevent stroke is a mainstay of atrial fibrillation (AF) management. However, multiple cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are associated with elevated ischaemic stroke risk even in sinus rhythm. In this meta-analysis, we assess efficacy and safety of prophylactic NOAC agents for stroke prevention in patients without AF., Methods and Results: A search was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated an NOAC and control drug (placebo or antiplatelet) in non-AF patients with mixed CVD. The primary efficacy and safety outcomes were ischaemic stroke and major bleeding, respectively. Results were stratified based on primary- and mini-NOAC doses. Thirteen RCTs were identified with a total of 89 383 patients with CVD in sinus rhythm (53 778 on NOAC, 35 605 on control drug; mean age 65.5 ± 2.7 years). Over a mean follow-up of 18.3 months, 1429 (1.6%) ischaemic strokes occurred. Use of NOAC was associated with 26% reduction in stroke [odds ratio (OR) 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.87; 1.1 vs. 1.8 events per 100 person-years], with numbers needed to treat of 153 patients to prevent one stroke. Major bleeding was increased with NOAC (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.44-2.09; 2.1 vs. 1.0 events per 100 person-years). The weighted net clinical benefit (wNCB, composite of ischaemic stroke and bleeding) did not suggest a favourable effect with any NOAC dose (wNCB for primary-dose: -0.35; mini-dose: -0.06)., Conclusion: Current evidence does not support use of NOACs for stroke prevention in non-AF CVD population as risk of major bleeding still exceeds ischaemic stroke benefit., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2021. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objectives: To compare the long-term performance of the Nunn and 2-patch techniques for the repair of complete atrioventricular septal defects., Methods: Between January 1995 and December 2015, a total of 188 patients (Nunn n = 41; 2-patch n = 147) were identified from hospital databases. Univariable Cox regression was performed to calculate the risk of reintervention in each group. Propensity score matching was used to balance the Nunn group and the 2-patch group., Results: Baseline characteristics including age at surgery, weight, trisomy 21, other cardiac anomalies, previous operations and preoperative atrioventricular valve regurgitation did not differ between the 2 groups. Overall, there was no difference in mortality between the 2 groups (P = 0.43). Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and myocardial ischaemia time were 29 min (P < 0.001) and 28 min (P < 0.001) longer, respectively, in the 2-patch group. Median follow-up was 10.8 years (2-21 years). Unadjusted Cox regression did not reveal a significant difference in the risk of reoperation for either group 9 years after initial surgery [hazard ratio (HR) (Nunn) 0.512, 95% confidence interval 0.176-1.49; Nunn 89%; 2-patch 82%]. This finding was reiterated from Cox regression performed on the propensity-matched sample (31 pairs). The probability of freedom from moderate or worse left atrioventricular valve regurgitation or left ventricular outflow obstruction was similar in the 2 groups., Conclusions: The Nunn and 2-patch techniques are comparable in terms of the long-term mortality and probability of freedom from reoperation, moderate or severe left atrioventricular valve regurgitation and left ventricular outflow obstruction. However, the duration of CPB and myocardial ischaemia is longer in the 2-patch group., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Hamman's sign refers to an unusual click that occurs in synchrony with heart sounds, and is pathognomonic for left-sided pneumothorax and spontaneous mediastinum. In this case, a 17-year-old man living in a rural area used his smartphone to record an audible clicking sound emanating from his thorax. This occurred following coughing episodes secondary to an upper respiratory tract infection. Initially, this prompted a request for an echocardiogram to exclude structural cardiac anomalies; however, Hamman's sign was also considered. This facilitated the timely diagnosis of pneumothorax to be made via a simple chest radiograph, one of the only imaging modalities available at the patient's rural health service. To promote awareness of this rare clinical phenomenon, this report also presents the patient's own sound recording of Hamman's sign and corresponding chest radiographs., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)