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Objectives: To determine the effectiveness and safety of intravesical hyaluronic acid (HA) in symptomatic women with trigonitis and to correlate the severity of symptoms with the endoscopic and histological findings. Methods: Thirty-seven patients (aged 20-46 years) were enrolled. All patients had cystoscopy and biopsy of the bladder trigone followed by intravesical instillations of sodium HA once weekly for 10 weeks and then once monthly for the next 10 months. Clinical response was evaluated by Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Symptom Scale, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and urgency and functional bladder capacity. A repeat cystoscopy and biopsy were performed at the end of the treatment. Symptoms and cystoscopy and pathological findings were compared before and after treatment. Results: The average initial score for pain was reduced from 5.5 to 2.8 (P < 0.001) at 10 weeks and further to 2.4 (P < 0.001) at 12 months and the score for urgency from 6.9 to 3.8 (P < 0.001) and further to 3.3 (P < 0.001). The average PUF score initially decreased from 20.5 to 12.1 (P < 0.001) and then further to 10.1 (P = 0.21). The mean functional bladder capacity increased from 125 to 204 mL (P < 0.001). No association was found between baseline PUF score and cystoscopy findings (P = 0.87). The PUF score was not changed significantly between patients with improved cystoscopy and those with stable findings (P = 0.74). No significant changes were reported between initial and final biopsies. Conclusions: Intravesical HA appeared to be effective and well tolerated, although a clear relationship between symptoms and trigonitis was not confirmed. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd

The present conceptual based paper examine the important of social media networking academic libraries in the present days libraries can leverage on social networking and Social Media skills to provide dynamic library services. Information communication and technology (ICT) play a vital role in every walk of the life not exception the libraries also. The unprecedented technological advancement of the 21st century, no doubt has impacted on library services globally. The Social Media hype has gradually crept into the library profession with social sites such as Blog, Facebook, MySpace, Flickr, YouTube, Library Thing, These channel can help libraries for to reach the user’s growing requirements in short life span.   This paper is therefore, an attempt to examine the present scenario in library services delivery with these new and emerging technologies. Challenges faced by libraries in the use of these Social Media are investigated and possible solutions proffered.

In an attempt to answer the open problem of Birkhoff, namely, “How should one define modular pairs in a general poset?”, five distinct notions of modular pair in a general poset are discussed and studied. Interrelationships between these five concepts are looked into and several counter-examples are supplied. The covering properties and the exchange property in general posets are thoroughly studied and several characterizations of these properties are obtained. As an offshoot of our study, twentythree characterizations of the covering property in atomistic lattices are accomplished.Investigations of del-relation, del-tilda relation, perspectivity, sub-perspectivity etc. in posets are carried out.In the context of another open problem posed by Birkhoff concerning how to define natural extensions of the concepts of neutral elements and standard elements we cover substantial ground and supply adequate solution to this query. Special posets such as SSC-poseLs, SSC*-posets, orthomodular and orthocomplemented posets are studied and several characterizations are obtained.

In an attempt to answer the open problem of Birkhoff, namely, "How should one define modular pairs in a general poset?”, five distinct notions of modular pair in a general poset are discussed and studied. Interrelationships between these five concepts are looked into and several counter-examples are supplied. The covering properties and the exchange property in general posets are thoroughly studied and several characterizations of these properties are obtained. As an offshoot of our study, twentythree characterizations of the covering property in atomistic lattices are accomplished.Investigations of del-relation, del-tilda relation, perspectivity, sub-perspectivity etc. in posets are carried out.In the context of another open problem posed by Birkhoff concerning how to define natural extensions of the concepts of neutral elements and standard elements we cover substantial ground and supply adequate solution to this query. Special posets such as SSC-poseLs, SSC*-posets, orthomodular and orthocomplemented posets are studied and several characterizations are obtained.

How should one define a modular pair in a general poset? queried Birkhoff, sixty years ago. Not only we answer this open problem satisfactorily but obtain interesting properties concerning covering property, exchange property in a poset with zero. In this context a few counter examples are also supplied. This general study has led us, as an offshoot, to thirteen characterizations of covering property in a lattice with zero. Del-relation and perspectivity are characterized in posets. The study of atom spaces is extended to posets. Statischness in atomistic posets is characterized. Further, ortho-modular posets are also characterized and an interesting open problem in this context is raised.

How should one define a modular pair in a general poset? queried Birkhoff, sixty years ago. Not only we answer this open problem satisfactorily but obtain interesting properties concerning covering property, exchange property in a poset with zero. In this context a few counter examples are also supplied. This general study has led us, as an offshoot, to thirteen characterizations of covering property in a lattice with zero. Del-relation and perspectivity are characterized in posets. The study of atom spaces is extended to posets. Statischness in atomistic posets is characterized. Further, ortho-modular posets are also characterized and an interesting open problem in this context is raised.