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Eukaryotic microalgae and Cyanobacteria have immense biodiversity, and are an almost unexploited resource. They have been identified as a hopeful and commercially valuable resource of high-value products such as proteins, fatty acids, pigments, vitamins, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids etc., in the food and aquaculture industries. Microalgae are a promising candidate for the production of useful products due to their low cost biomass production, ease of cultivation, and glycosylation patterns similar to that of higher plants. Though quite a few species of microalgae have been identified as a potential candidate to fulfill our needs, remain unexplored. The aim of the present study is to enumerate the microalgal diversity in the vicinity of Bharathidasan university (Tiruchirapalli, TamilNadu, India). Physicochemical parameters of the water samples were also determined.the pH of the sites varied from 6.5 to 7.4, lkalinity was between 24 mg L-1 and 42 mg L-1, total alkalinity was between 312 mg L-1 and 681 mg L-1, calcium, magnesium, chloride and nitrate levels varied between 329 mg L-1and 1318 mg L-1, 220 mg L-1 and 826 mg L-1, 12.99 mg L-1 and 193.33 mg L-1, 4.0 mg L-1 and 9.8 mg L-1, respectively. Nitrite, total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus levels were found to be between 2.1 mg L-1 and 4.3 mg L-1, 2.4 mg L-1 and 6.7 mg L-1, and 1.2 mg L-1 and 4.3 mg L-1. Biodiversity of both eukaryotic microalgae and cyanobacteria recorded the members of the belonging to Oscillatoria sp. are predominant in diversity and distribution followed by other taxa such as Spirulina laxissima, Staurastrum manfeldtii, Merismopedia elegans, Cosmarium blyttii and Cosmarium subcucumis.

Actinorhizal plant Casuarina sp. root nodules were gathered from a variety of environments, including hypersaline, saline, estuarine, and terrestrial soil. The bacteriome DNA was extracted from surface sterile root nodules using an adapted high salt method. Using specific primers, the acquired DNA was amplified for the V3-V4 regions' bacteriome marker gene.The amplified PCR genes were sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform's 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing system. In total, we obtained sequence lengths ranging from 430 to 470 bp with sequence numbers ranging from 0 to 150000. The root nodule bacteriome community profiles of Casuarina sp. were disclosed using the QIIME (1.9.1) pipeline, which revealed the abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). We found 38 OTUs that were abundant in the bacterial community in the root nodules of Casuarina sp. from four different habitats. In all habitats, the abundance of bacteriome communities such as Frankiaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Mycobacteriaceae was obtained at the family level at OTUs. Similarly, at the genus level, at the OUTS abundance of the bacteriome community, Frankia, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Mycobacterium were discovered. In comparison to other habitats, Pantoea is only prominent in hypersaline and estuarine environments. Frankia, Pseudomonas, and Mycobacterium were found in all habitats; however, with the exception of Pantoea, Frankia is more prevalent in all habitats than the other bacterial communities. As a result, research on the bacteriome of actinorhizal Casuarina root nodules demonstrated the relative abundance of unique bacterial communities such as Pantoea, Mycobacterium, and Pseudomonas oryzihabitans in association with Frankia.

The antimicrobial peptides derived from microalgae have attracted a huge attention due to the insufficient availability of effective drugs from the natural resources. In this study, the enzymatic hydrolysate of protein derived from Limnospira maxima was prepared using pepsin under optimized conditions. The peptides with range of 10 kDa were isolated and purified using the Ultra membrane filtration, SDS-PAGE, and TLC. Furthermore, the peptide sequence was identified and characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in which an algal peptide, KLENCNYAVELGK showed a strong signal at 466.68 m/z among seven peptides derived from the pepsin hydrolysate. The FT-IR spectroscopic study confirmed the presence of a characteristic functional group of amino acids in the sequence. The algal derived peptide showed antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (27 ± 0.5 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (14 mm ± 0.5). This study paves a way to explore the antibacterial peptide from a novel species, L. maxima (MZ26519) evident to utilize for the novel drug to overcome the conventional approach.