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Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Phylogenetic depiction of MAG distributions across Caribbean Ircinia species and redundancy in primary metabolic modes. The heatmap immediately to the right of the tree indicates the ln-transformed relative abundances of each MAG by host specimen. Species abbreviations accompanying specimen labels at the bottom of the heatmap are as follows: ICam (I. campana), IcfR (I. cf. reteplana), IRad (I. radix), ILae (I. laeviconulosa), IBoc (I. bocatorensis B), ILow (I. lowi), IVan (I. vansoesti), IRue (I. ruetzleri), IFel (I. felix), IStr (I. strobilina). To the right, the presence and absence of genes are annotated that belong to the six autotrophic carbon cycling pathways of prokaryotes (the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, the dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, the 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, the reductive citric acid cycle, and the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle), nitrogen metabolism (PATH:ko00910), sulfur metabolism (PATH:ko00920), and methane metabolism (PATH:ko00680). Plotting was performed using the GTDB-Tk bacterial phylogeny and ggtree [51].

Additional file 5: Fig. S5. Midpoint-rooted phylogenetic trees for three genes found in CSGs, inferred in MrBayes. Nodes with less than 50% posterior probabilities are collapsed.

Additional file 3: Fig. S3. Plots depicting genes and domains that that are enriched or depleted in tropical Ircinia spp. at the level of bacterial phylum. Plotting scheme follows that of Fig. 2.

Additional file 2: Fig. S2. Plots depicting prevalence of MAGs associated with Caribbean Ircinia by source and region, inferred using the relative abundance matrix produced by CoverM. A. Bar chart depicting the percent of MAGs that are found across multiple host species. B. Bar chart depicting the regional specificity of MAGs. C. PCA of taxonomic community compositions of each host species’ microbiome.

Additional file 4: Fig. S4. CSGs plotted annotated on bacterial phylogeny comprising sponge-derived (Ircinia and non-Ircinia) and Tara Oceans MAGs, following tree construction and plotting scheme as outlined for Fig. 3.

Ircinia cf. reteplana (Topsent, 1923) Figures 14, 15; Tables 1, 2. Representative specimens: USNM 1641981 (JK18x6; 24.6609, -81.4563; appx. 1.2 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 5 July 2018), USNM 1641982 (JK18x7; 24.6609, -81.4563; appx. 1.2 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 5 July 2018), USNM 1641984 (JK18x9; 24.6609, -81.4563; appx. 1.2 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 5 July 2018), USNM 1641985 (JK18x10; 24.6609, -81.4563; appx. 1.2 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 5 July 2018), USNM 1641989 (JK18x14; 24.6609, -81.4563; appx. 1.2 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 5 July 2018). Collection locality: Summerland Key, Florida. External morphology. Ircinia with a flattened, branching morphology. Branches are usually not interconnecting (Figure 14). Surface with 1���1.2 mm-high conules. Most oscula are around 0.5 cm in diameter and are found across the face of the branches, where they sit flush, as well as at the edges of the branches. Interior morphology. Massive fascicular fibers are tightly bound, 90���250 ��m wide, and heavily cored. Interconnecting fibers 20���80 um wide, moderately cored with spicules and sand (Figure 15). Irciniid filaments 2���6 ��m wide, terminating in spherical knobs measuring 9���15 ��m in diameter. Cortex routinely incorporates sand and foreign spicule fragments. Ecology. Specimens were collected from a Thalassia -dominated seagrass bed and co-occurred next to I. campana, sometimes within a meter of each other. Symbiotic metazoans in the sponge are mostly crustaceans and polychaetes. Remarks. The body shape of I. reteplana Topsent, 1923 is distinct from those of the aforementioned Ircinia in that it is composed of flattened, interconnecting branches. Because the Floridian Ircinia growth form, called ���Ramose��� in Kelly et al. (2021), often displays a flattened branching morphology, we designate this growth form as Ircinia cf. reteplana Topsent, 1923, and maintain it as conferre due to the moderate degree of coring observed in secondary fibers, a characteristic that is absent from I. reteplana Topsent, 1923. Additionally, the branches of I. cf. reteplana seldom interconnect, as is reported for I. reteplana Topsent, 1923, and can also possess a rounded branching morphology. This growth form represents either a new species of Ircinia or it represents an extension of the documented range of I. reteplana to the Florida Keys. For reference, the range of I. reteplana encompasses the entirety of the Antilles and spans the Caribbean to the coast of Venezuela, and extends to the tip of the Yucutan Peninsula (van Soest et al. 2021). The collections of I. strobilina, I. felix, and I. campana were made within the documented ranges of these species (Table 1)., Published as part of Kelly, Joseph B. & Thacker, Robert W., 2021, New shallow water species of Caribbean Ircinia Nardo, 1833 (Porifera: Irciniidae), pp. 301-323 in Zootaxa 5072 (4) on pages 316-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5748820, {"references":["Kelly, J. B., Carlson, D. E., Low, J. S., Rice, T. & Thacker, R. W. (2021) The relationship between microbiomes and selective regimes in the sponge genus Ircinia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 489. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fmicb. 2021.607289","van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schonberg, C., Klautau, M., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Diaz, M. - C., Cardenas, P., Carballo, J. L., Rios, P., Downey, R. & Morrow, C. C. (2021) World Porifera Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 1 March 2021)"]}

Ircinia bocatorensis sp. nov. Figures 4, 5; Tables 1, 2. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D3F0FC15-2302-453D-BBAB-B3528E4D8D0A Holotype: USNM 1582284 (P16x58; 9.35133, -82.2593; appx. 5 m depth; coll. J.B.K. and R.W. T.; 26 July 2016). Paratypes: USNM 1582282 (P16x56; 9.35133, -82.2593; appx. 5 m depth; coll. J.B.K. and R.W. T.; 26 July 2016), USNM 1582287 (P16x61; 9.35133, -82.2593; appx. 5 m depth; coll. J.B.K. and R.W. T.; 26 July 2016), USNM 1582289 (P16x63; 9.35133, -82.2593; appx. 5 m depth; coll. J.B.K. and R.W. T.; 26 July 2016), USNM 1582291 (P16x65; 9.35133, -82.2593; appx. 5 m depth; coll. J.B.K. and R.W. T.; 26 July 2016), USNM 1582295 (P16x69; 9.35133, -82.2593; appx. 5 m depth; coll. J.B.K. and R.W. T.; 26 July 2016). Type locality: Bocas del Toro, Panama. Exterior morphology. Ircinia with a massive, sometimes cone-like growth morphology and a tan exterior color (Figure 4). Conules 3���5 mm in height, dully sharp to knobby, typically darker or lighter in color than the rest of the sponge body. Oscula usually black, either flush or apical on cone-like outgrowths, sparsely distributed, sometimes clumped. Oscule diameter 0.5���1.5 cm. Internal morphology. Primary fascicular fibers 200���520 ��m wide, heavily cored. Interconnecting fibers 15���65 ��m wide, moderately cored and sometimes becoming uncored further from the point of connection with the primary fibers (Figure 5). Irciniid filaments 1���4 ��m wide, terminating in spherical to oval knobs 5���10 ��m in diameter. Ecology. All specimens were collected from a Thalassia bed interspersed with small coral colonies. Etymology. The species is named for the Panamanian province Bocas del Toro. Remarks. One specimen was observed growing in physical contact with I. strobilina. Referred to as the ���Massive B��� growth form in Kelly et al. (2021)., Published as part of Kelly, Joseph B. & Thacker, Robert W., 2021, New shallow water species of Caribbean Ircinia Nardo, 1833 (Porifera: Irciniidae), pp. 301-323 in Zootaxa 5072 (4) on page 307, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5748820, {"references":["Kelly, J. B., Carlson, D. E., Low, J. S., Rice, T. & Thacker, R. W. (2021) The relationship between microbiomes and selective regimes in the sponge genus Ircinia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 489. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fmicb. 2021.607289"]}

Ircinia vansoesti sp. nov. Figures 10, 11; Tables 1, 2. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D3C1295B-95FC-4DDB-A3EF-35B0C2EAF3A8 Holotype: USNM 1641998 (JK18x20; 16.8285, -88.1044; appx. 0.6 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 16 August 2018). Paratypes: USNM 1641996 (JK18x18; 16.8285, -88.1044; appx. 0.6 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 16 August 2018), USNM 1642006 (JK18x28; 16.8083, -88.1496; appx. 0.5 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 18 August 2018), USNM 1642012 (JK18x34; 16.8083, -88.1496; appx. 0.5 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 18 August 2018), USNM 1642013 (JK18x35; 16.8083, -88.1496; appx. 0.5 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 18 August 2018). Type locality: Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, Belize. External morphology. Ircinia with a ramose growth form, although can be occasionally massive lobate in smaller individuals (Figure 10). This species is polymorphic with regard to pinacoderm coloration, and multiple color morphs (gray, dark red, dark green) can be found within a population. Possesses smaller conules (1���1.5 mm). Oscula typically 0.5���1.2 cm in diameter. Interior morphology. Massive fascicular fibers 90���300 ��m wide, sometimes cored, and always more heavily than interconnecting fibers. Interconnecting fibers 25���60 um wide, usually uncored (Figure 11). Irciniid filaments 2���6 ��m wide terminating in spherical to tear-drop knobs measuring 4���11 ��m in diameter. Foreign spicules and sediment are occasionally included in the cortex and are seldom found in the in mesohyl. Fascicles can be rare and difficult to discern from interconnecting secondary fibers (Figure 11). Ecology. This species is found growing on Rhizophora prop roots. Etymology. This species is named for the sponge researcher Rob van Soest. Remarks. Interior morphology can vary somewhat depending on population, as the Twin Cays specimens contained less foreign inclusions relative to the Blue Ground specimens. Referred to as the ���Sp. 1��� growth form in Kelly et al. (2021)., Published as part of Kelly, Joseph B. & Thacker, Robert W., 2021, New shallow water species of Caribbean Ircinia Nardo, 1833 (Porifera: Irciniidae), pp. 301-323 in Zootaxa 5072 (4) on pages 312-313, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5748820, {"references":["Kelly, J. B., Carlson, D. E., Low, J. S., Rice, T. & Thacker, R. W. (2021) The relationship between microbiomes and selective regimes in the sponge genus Ircinia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 489. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fmicb. 2021.607289"]}

Ircinia ruetzleri sp. nov. Figures 12, 13; Tables 1, 2. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C789E5F2-0BAB-4D78-9EFB-FD01E5E57D87 Holotype: USNM 1642001 (JK18x23; 16.8010, -88.1461; appx. 0.8 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 17 August 2018). Paratypes: USNM 1641999 (JK18x21; 16.8010, -88.1461; appx. 0.8 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 17 August 2018), USNM 1642000 (JK18x22; 16.8010, -88.1461; appx. 0.8 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 17 August 2018), USNM 1642003 (JK18x25; 16.8010, -88.1461; appx. 0.8 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 17 August 2018), USNM 1642004 (JK18x26; 16.8010, -88.1461; appx. 0.8 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 17 August 2018). Type locality: Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, Belize. External morphology. Ircinia with an encrusting growth form, commonly with digitate projections, and dark gray pinacoderm (Figure 12). Conules 1���1.3 mm in height. Oscula flush or slightly raised, always black, 0.2���1 cm in diameter. Interior morphology. Massive fascicular fibers 120���240 ��m wide, heavily cored and tightly bound. Interconnecting fibers 30���50 um wide, lightly cored (Figure 13). Irciniid filaments 2���5 ��m wide, terminating in spherical knobs, 5���10 ��m in diameter. Cortex contains abundant inclusions of sand grains. Ecology. This species is found on patch reefs co-inhabited by I. strobilina in shallow depths (0.5���1 m) adjacent to mangrove hammocks inhabited by I. vansoesti sp. nov. The surface is often covered with loose sand. The species commonly grows in close association with hydroids and multicellular algae. Etymology. This species is named in honor of the sponge researcher Klaus R��tzler. Remarks. Referred to as the ���Sp. 2��� growth form in Kelly et al. (2021)., Published as part of Kelly, Joseph B. & Thacker, Robert W., 2021, New shallow water species of Caribbean Ircinia Nardo, 1833 (Porifera: Irciniidae), pp. 301-323 in Zootaxa 5072 (4) on pages 314-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5748820, {"references":["Kelly, J. B., Carlson, D. E., Low, J. S., Rice, T. & Thacker, R. W. (2021) The relationship between microbiomes and selective regimes in the sponge genus Ircinia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 489. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fmicb. 2021.607289"]}

Ircinia lowi sp. nov. Figures 2, 3; Tables 1, 2. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 78177724-A5A5-4396-B78D-F6A8181ACB82 Holotype: USNM 1582268 (P16x42; 9.37767, -82.3032; appx. 0.5 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 22 July 2016). Paratypes: USNM 1582267 (P16x41; 9.37767, -82.3032; appx. 0.5 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 22 July 2016), USNM 1582269 (P16x43; 9.37767, -82.3032; appx. 0.5 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 22 July 2016), USNM 1582270 (P16x44; 9.37767, -82.3032; appx. 0.5 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 22 July 2016), USNM 1582278 (P16x52; 9.37767, -82.3032; appx. 0.4 m depth; coll. J.B.K.; 23 July 2016). Type locality: Bocas del Toro, Panama. External morphology. Ircinia with a thickly encrusting growth habit and a forest green external surface color. Sometimes possesses lobate, short branches departing from base (Figure 2). Conules small (1.5���2 mm in height), sometimes of lighter color than the rest of the body. The body is dotted with black oscula that are uniform in size (0.4���0.5 cm diameter) and are either slightly elevated or flushed to the surface. Interior morphology. Primary fascicular fibers 80���200 ��m wide, cored. Interconnecting fibers 20���60 um wide, nearly uncored to completely uncored (Figure 3). Irciniid filaments 1���4 ��m wide, terminating in spherical knobs 6���10 ��m in diameter. Ecology. All specimens were collected from shallow depths (0.4���0.5 m) on patch reefs that occur in association with small seagrass beds. Etymology. This species is named for the immunologist Jun Siong Low for his methodological advances in identifying pan-coronavirus antibodies. Remarks. Tissue takes on a slightly crisper consistency when preserved in ethanol for several days. Referred to as the ���Encrusting��� growth form in Kelly et al. (2021)., Published as part of Kelly, Joseph B. & Thacker, Robert W., 2021, New shallow water species of Caribbean Ircinia Nardo, 1833 (Porifera: Irciniidae), pp. 301-323 in Zootaxa 5072 (4) on pages 304-305, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5748820, {"references":["Kelly, J. B., Carlson, D. E., Low, J. S., Rice, T. & Thacker, R. W. (2021) The relationship between microbiomes and selective regimes in the sponge genus Ircinia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 489. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fmicb. 2021.607289"]}

Genus Ircinia Nardo, 1833 Diagnosis. The proteinaceous skeleton of irciniids is composed of primary fibers that are meshed together in fascicles. A system of secondary fibers intersect, often perpendicularly, with the fascicles and can differ in the degree of coring and fiber widths relative to the primary fibers. The networks of interconnecting secondary and fascicular primary fibers are reinforced by nearly transparent, thin fibers (termed irciniid filaments) that can be tightly packed in pleatlike layers or arranged in tracts, making the bodies of many irciniids compressible though difficult to tear. Ircinia are distinguishable from Psammocinia Lendenfeld, 1889 by the former���s absence of a thick outer layer of sediment that forms a cortical armor. The dermis of Ircinia is conulated and often clear of epibiont growth. Ircinia display a wide range of intraspecific variation in morphological characters at the macro- and microscopic level. Modified from Hooper & van Soest (2002); see Discussion for remarks on secondary fiber coring., Published as part of Kelly, Joseph B. & Thacker, Robert W., 2021, New shallow water species of Caribbean Ircinia Nardo, 1833 (Porifera: Irciniidae), pp. 301-323 in Zootaxa 5072 (4) on page 304, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5748820, {"references":["Hooper, J. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) (2002) Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, xlviii + 1708 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5"]}