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1. Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries

Author

Imhoff, R, Zimmer, F, Klein, O, António, J, Babinska, M, Bangerter, A, Bilewicz, M, Blanuša, N, Bovan, K, Bužarovska, R, Cichocka, A, Delouvée, S, Douglas, K, Dyrendal, A, Etienne, T, Gjoneska, B, Graf, S, Gualda, E, Hirschberger, G, Kende, A, Kutiyski, Y, Krekó, P, Krouwel, A, Mari, S, Đorđević, J, Panasiti, M, Pantazi, M, Petkovski, L, Porciello, G, Rabelo, A, Radu, R, Sava, F, Schepisi, M, Sutton, R, Swami, V, Thórisdóttir, H, Turjačanin, V, Wagner-Egger, P, Žeželj, I, van Prooijen, J, Imhoff, Roland, Zimmer, Felix, Klein, Olivier, António, João H. C., Babinska, Maria, Bangerter, Adrian, Bilewicz, Michal, Blanuša, Nebojša, Bovan, Kosta, Bužarovska, Rumena, Cichocka, Aleksandra, Delouvée, Sylvain, Douglas, Karen M., Dyrendal, Asbjørn, Etienne, Tom, Gjoneska, Biljana, Graf, Sylvie, Gualda, Estrella, Hirschberger, Gilad, Kende, Anna, Kutiyski, Yordan, Krekó, Peter, Krouwel, Andre, Mari, Silvia, Đorđević, Jasna Milošević, Panasiti, Maria Serena, Pantazi, Myrto, Petkovski, Ljupcho, Porciello, Giuseppina, Rabelo, André, Radu, Raluca Nicoleta, Sava, Florin A., Schepisi, Michael, Sutton, Robbie M., Swami, Viren, Thórisdóttir, Hulda, Turjačanin, Vladimir, Wagner-Egger, Pascal, Žeželj, Iris, van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, Imhoff, R, Zimmer, F, Klein, O, António, J, Babinska, M, Bangerter, A, Bilewicz, M, Blanuša, N, Bovan, K, Bužarovska, R, Cichocka, A, Delouvée, S, Douglas, K, Dyrendal, A, Etienne, T, Gjoneska, B, Graf, S, Gualda, E, Hirschberger, G, Kende, A, Kutiyski, Y, Krekó, P, Krouwel, A, Mari, S, Đorđević, J, Panasiti, M, Pantazi, M, Petkovski, L, Porciello, G, Rabelo, A, Radu, R, Sava, F, Schepisi, M, Sutton, R, Swami, V, Thórisdóttir, H, Turjačanin, V, Wagner-Egger, P, Žeželj, I, van Prooijen, J, Imhoff, Roland, Zimmer, Felix, Klein, Olivier, António, João H. C., Babinska, Maria, Bangerter, Adrian, Bilewicz, Michal, Blanuša, Nebojša, Bovan, Kosta, Bužarovska, Rumena, Cichocka, Aleksandra, Delouvée, Sylvain, Douglas, Karen M., Dyrendal, Asbjørn, Etienne, Tom, Gjoneska, Biljana, Graf, Sylvie, Gualda, Estrella, Hirschberger, Gilad, Kende, Anna, Kutiyski, Yordan, Krekó, Peter, Krouwel, Andre, Mari, Silvia, Đorđević, Jasna Milošević, Panasiti, Maria Serena, Pantazi, Myrto, Petkovski, Ljupcho, Porciello, Giuseppina, Rabelo, André, Radu, Raluca Nicoleta, Sava, Florin A., Schepisi, Michael, Sutton, Robbie M., Swami, Viren, Thórisdóttir, Hulda, Turjačanin, Vladimir, Wagner-Egger, Pascal, Žeželj, Iris, and van Prooijen, Jan-Willem

Abstract

People differ in their general tendency to endorse conspiracy theories (that is, conspiracy mentality). Previous research yielded inconsistent findings on the relationship between conspiracy mentality and political orientation, showing a greater conspiracy mentality either among the political right (a linear relation) or amongst both the left and right extremes (a curvilinear relation). We revisited this relationship across two studies spanning 26 countries (combined N = 104,253) and found overall evidence for both linear and quadratic relations, albeit small and heterogeneous across countries. We also observed stronger support for conspiracy mentality among voters of opposition parties (that is, those deprived of political control). Nonetheless, the quadratic effect of political orientation remained significant when adjusting for political control deprivation. We conclude that conspiracy mentality is associated with extreme left- and especially extreme right-wing beliefs, and that this non-linear relation may be strengthened by, but is not reducible to, deprivation of political control.

Published
2022

2. Investigating the Links Between Cultural Values and Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Key Roles of Collectivism and Masculinity

Author

Adam-Troian, J., Wagner-Egger, P., Motyl, M., Arciszewski, T., Imhoff, R., Zimmer, F., Klein, O., Babinska, M., Bangerter, A., Bilewicz, Michal, Blanuša, N., Bovan, K., Bužarovska, R., Cichocka, A., Çelebi, E., Delouvée, S., Douglas, K.M., Dyrendal, A., Gjoneska, B., Graf, Sylvie, Gualda, E., Hirschberger, G., Kende, Anna, Krekó, P., Krouwel, A., Lamberty, P., Mari, S., Milošević, J., Panasiti, M.S., Pantazi, M., Petkovski, L., Porciello, G., Prims, J.P., Rabelo, A., Schepisi, M., Sutton, R.M., Swami, V., Thórisdóttir, H., Turjačanin, Vladimir, Žeželj, Iris, van Prooijen, J.-W., Adam-Troian, J., Wagner-Egger, P., Motyl, M., Arciszewski, T., Imhoff, R., Zimmer, F., Klein, O., Babinska, M., Bangerter, A., Bilewicz, Michal, Blanuša, N., Bovan, K., Bužarovska, R., Cichocka, A., Çelebi, E., Delouvée, S., Douglas, K.M., Dyrendal, A., Gjoneska, B., Graf, Sylvie, Gualda, E., Hirschberger, G., Kende, Anna, Krekó, P., Krouwel, A., Lamberty, P., Mari, S., Milošević, J., Panasiti, M.S., Pantazi, M., Petkovski, L., Porciello, G., Prims, J.P., Rabelo, A., Schepisi, M., Sutton, R.M., Swami, V., Thórisdóttir, H., Turjačanin, Vladimir, Žeželj, Iris, and van Prooijen, J.-W.

Abstract

Research suggests that belief in conspiracy theories (CT) stems from basic psychological mechanisms and is linked to other belief systems (e.g., religious beliefs). While previous research has extensively examined individual and contextual variables associated with CT beliefs, it has not yet investigated the role of culture. In the current research, we tested, based on a situated cultural cognition perspective, the extent to which culture predicts CT beliefs. Using Hofstede's model of cultural values, three nation-level analyses of data from 25, 19, and 18 countries using different measures of CT beliefs (Study 1, N = 5323; Study 2a, N = 12,255; Study 2b, N = 30,994) revealed positive associations between masculinity, collectivism, and CT beliefs. A cross-sectional study among U.S. citizens (Study 3, N = 350), using individual-level measures of Hofstede's values, replicated these findings. A meta-analysis of correlations across studies corroborated the presence of positive links between CT beliefs, collectivism, r =.31, 95% CI = [.15;.47], and masculinity, r =.39, 95% CI = [.18;.59]. Our results suggest that in addition to individual differences and contextual variables, cultural factors also play an important role in shaping CT beliefs.

Published
2021

3. Investigating the Links Between Cultural Values and Belief in Conspiracy Theories: the Key Roles of Collectivism and Masculinity.

Author

Troian, J, Wagner-Egger, P, Motyl, M, Arciszewski, T, Imhoff, R, Zimmer, F, Klein, O, Babinska, M, Bangerter, A, Bilewicz, M, Blanuša, N, Bovan, K, Bužarovska, R, Cichocka, A, Çelebi, E, Delouvée, S, Douglas, K, Dyrendal, A, Gjoneska, B, Graf, S, Gualda, E, Hirschberger, G, Kende, A, Krekó, P, Krouwel, A, Lamberty, P, Mari, S, Milosevic, J, Panasiti, M, Pantazi, M, Petkovski, L, Porciello, G, Prims, J, Rabelo, A, Schepisi, M, Sutton, R, Swami, W, Thórisdóttir, H, Turjačanin, V, Zezelj, I, van Prooijen, J, Motyl, M., Douglas, K M, Graf S, Panasiti, M. S, Prims, JP, Sutton, R M, van Prooijen, J-W, Troian, J, Wagner-Egger, P, Motyl, M, Arciszewski, T, Imhoff, R, Zimmer, F, Klein, O, Babinska, M, Bangerter, A, Bilewicz, M, Blanuša, N, Bovan, K, Bužarovska, R, Cichocka, A, Çelebi, E, Delouvée, S, Douglas, K, Dyrendal, A, Gjoneska, B, Graf, S, Gualda, E, Hirschberger, G, Kende, A, Krekó, P, Krouwel, A, Lamberty, P, Mari, S, Milosevic, J, Panasiti, M, Pantazi, M, Petkovski, L, Porciello, G, Prims, J, Rabelo, A, Schepisi, M, Sutton, R, Swami, W, Thórisdóttir, H, Turjačanin, V, Zezelj, I, van Prooijen, J, Motyl, M., Douglas, K M, Graf S, Panasiti, M. S, Prims, JP, Sutton, R M, and van Prooijen, J-W

Abstract

Research suggests that belief in conspiracy theories (CT) stems from basic psychological mechanisms and is linked to other belief systems (e.g., religious beliefs). While previous research has extensively examined individual and contextual variables associated with CT beliefs, it has not yet investigated the role of culture. In the current research, we tested, based on a situated cultural cognition perspective, the extent to which culture predicts CT beliefs. Using Hofstede's model of cultural values, three nation-level analyses of data from 25, 19, and 18 countries using different measures of CT beliefs (Study 1, N = 5323; Study 2a, N = 12,255; Study 2b, N = 30,994) revealed positive associations between masculinity, collectivism, and CT beliefs. A cross-sectional study among U.S. citizens (Study 3, N = 350), using individual-level measures of Hofstede's values, replicated these findings. A meta-analysis of correlations across studies corroborated the presence of positive links between CT beliefs, collectivism, r =.31, 95% CI = [.15;.47], and masculinity, r =.39, 95% CI = [.18;.59]. Our results suggest that in addition to individual differences and contextual variables, cultural factors also play an important role in shaping CT beliefs.

Published
2021

6. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injuries in Iceland from 1975 to 2009.

Author

Knútsdóttir, S, Thórisdóttir, H, Sigvaldason, K, Jónsson, H, Björnsson, A, and Ingvarsson, P

Subjects
*CHI-squared test, *ACCIDENTAL falls, *RESEARCH methodology, *POISSON distribution, *RESEARCH funding, *SPINAL cord injuries, *SPORTS injuries, *TRAFFIC accidents, *DISEASE prevalence, *RETROSPECTIVE studies, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics
Abstract

Study design:Retrospective population-based epidemiological study.Objectives:To assess the nationwide, population-based incidence, causes, age, gender, extent and prevalence of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) in Iceland from 1975 to 2009.Setting:Landspitali University Hospital in Iceland, the single referral center for SCIs in Iceland.Methods:A retrospective review of hospital records on all admissions due to SCIs. Analysis of incidence, causes, age, gender, extent of injury and prevalence.Results:A total of 207 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) were admitted: males 72%, females 28%. The percentage of females with TSCI increased to 37% in 2000-2004. Mean age at injury was 38 years. Average incidence per million population per year was 30 in 1975-1979, 12.5 in 1995-1999 and 33.5 in 2005-2009. Thirty-day mortality was 6.3%. Causes of injury were road traffic accidents (RTA) in 42.5% of the cases; the majority did not use seatbelts. Falls amounted to 30.9%, with an increase of low falls among the elderly causing incomplete cervical lesions. Sport/leisure activities were the cause in 18.8%, of which 54% occurred after 2000. The main single cause of TSCI in sport/leisure were horse-riding accidents, followed by winter sport accidents, especially among women. Other causes constituted 7.7%. The injury was complete in 39%; cervical lesions were 57% and thoracic/lumbar lesions were 43%. In December 2009, the crude prevalence rate was 526 per million population.Conclusions:The findings showed a significant increase of TSCI in 2005-2009, especially in sport/leisure accidents and incomplete cervical lesions due to falls among elderly. Prevention strategies need to focus on these risk groups and on seatbelt use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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7. Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries

Author

Roland Imhoff, Felix Zimmer, Olivier Klein, João H. C. António, Maria Babinska, Adrian Bangerter, Michal Bilewicz, Nebojša Blanuša, Kosta Bovan, Rumena Bužarovska, Aleksandra Cichocka, Sylvain Delouvée, Karen M. Douglas, Asbjørn Dyrendal, Tom Etienne, Biljana Gjoneska, Sylvie Graf, Estrella Gualda, Gilad Hirschberger, Anna Kende, Yordan Kutiyski, Peter Krekó, Andre Krouwel, Silvia Mari, Jasna Milošević Đorđević, Maria Serena Panasiti, Myrto Pantazi, Ljupcho Petkovski, Giuseppina Porciello, André Rabelo, Raluca Nicoleta Radu, Florin A. Sava, Michael Schepisi, Robbie M. Sutton, Viren Swami, Hulda Thórisdóttir, Vladimir Turjačanin, Pascal Wagner-Egger, Iris Žeželj, Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Imhoff, R, Zimmer, F, Klein, O, António, J, Babinska, M, Bangerter, A, Bilewicz, M, Blanuša, N, Bovan, K, Bužarovska, R, Cichocka, A, Delouvée, S, Douglas, K, Dyrendal, A, Etienne, T, Gjoneska, B, Graf, S, Gualda, E, Hirschberger, G, Kende, A, Kutiyski, Y, Krekó, P, Krouwel, A, Mari, S, Đorđević, J, Panasiti, M, Pantazi, M, Petkovski, L, Porciello, G, Rabelo, A, Radu, R, Sava, F, Schepisi, M, Sutton, R, Swami, V, Thórisdóttir, H, Turjačanin, V, Wagner-Egger, P, Žeželj, I, van Prooijen, J, Communication Science, Network Institute, Communication Choices, Content and Consequences (CCCC), Social Psychology, IBBA, A-LAB, and Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa

Subjects
SDG 16 - Peace, Social Psychology, 300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology, SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Conspiracy theories, BF, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Justice and Strong Institutions, political orientaton, Behavioral Neuroscience, Political orientation, Nema ključnih riječi, conspiracy mentality, 150 Psychology
Abstract

People differ in their general tendency to endorse conspiracy theories (that is, conspiracy mentality). Previous research yielded inconsistent findings on the relationship between conspiracy mentality and political orientation, showing a greater conspiracy mentality either among the political right (a linear relation) or amongst both the left and right extremes (a curvilinear relation). We revisited this relationship across two studies spanning 26 countries (combined N = 104,253) and found overall evidence for both linear and quadratic relations, albeit small and heterogeneous across countries. We also observed stronger support for conspiracy mentality among voters of opposition parties (that is, those deprived of political control). Nonetheless, the quadratic effect of political orientation remained significant when adjusting for political control deprivation. We conclude that conspiracy mentality is associated with extreme left- and especially extreme right-wing beliefs, and that this non-linear relation may be strengthened by, but is not reducible to, deprivation of political control.

Published
2022

8. Investigating the Links Between Cultural Values and Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Key Roles of Collectivism and Masculinity

Author

André Luiz Alves Rabelo, Giuseppina Porciello, Hulda Thórisdóttir, Olivier Klein, Estrella Gualda, Biljana Gjoneska, Aleksandra Cichocka, Thomas Arciszewski, Ljupcho Petkovski, Gilad Hirschberger, Myrto Pantazi, Roland Imhoff, Rumena Bužarovska, Sylvie Graf, Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Felix Zimmer, Pascal Wagner-Egger, Kosta Bovan, Pia Lamberty, Vladimir Turjačanin, Maria Babińska, André Krouwel, Adrian Bangerter, Asbjørn Dyrendal, Jasna Milosevic, JP Prims, Viren Swami, Michael Schepisi, Sylvain Delouvée, Iris Zezelj, Jais Adam-Troian, Robbie M. Sutton, Michał Bilewicz, Anna Kende, Nebojša Blanuša, Silvia Mari, Matt Motyl, Maria Serena Panasiti, Péter Krekó, Karen M. Douglas, Elif Çelebi, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Connaissance, du Langage et de l'Émotion (PsyCLÉ), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Communication Science, Network Institute, Communication Choices, Content and Consequences (CCCC), Social Psychology, IBBA, A-LAB, Troian, J, Wagner-Egger, P, Motyl, M, Arciszewski, T, Imhoff, R, Zimmer, F, Klein, O, Babinska, M, Bangerter, A, Bilewicz, M, Blanuša, N, Bovan, K, Bužarovska, R, Cichocka, A, Çelebi, E, Delouvée, S, Douglas, K, Dyrendal, A, Gjoneska, B, Graf, S, Gualda, E, Hirschberger, G, Kende, A, Krekó, P, Krouwel, A, Lamberty, P, Mari, S, Milosevic, J, Panasiti, M, Pantazi, M, Petkovski, L, Porciello, G, Prims, J, Rabelo, A, Schepisi, M, Sutton, R, Swami, W, Thórisdóttir, H, Turjačanin, V, Zezelj, I, and van Prooijen, J

Subjects
Cultural cognition, Sociology and Political Science, Social Psychology, Psychologie sociale, Situated cognition, media_common.quotation_subject, conspiracist beliefs, cultural values, situated cognition, collectivism, masculinity, cross-cultural, Conspiracist beliefs, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, cultural value, Key (music), conspiracy theories, Psychologie politique, 050602 political science & public administration, Cross-cultural, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, Cultural values, 05 social sciences, Perspective (graphical), Collectivism, SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, 0506 political science, culture, Philosophy, Clinical Psychology, Masculinity, Political Science and International Relations, Psychologie inter-culturelle, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, conspiracist belief, Psychology, 61 Psicología, Social psychology
Abstract

Research suggests that belief in conspiracy theories (CT) stems from basic psychological mechanisms and is linked to other belief systems (e.g. religious beliefs). While previous research has extensively examined individual and contextual variables associated with CT beliefs, it has not yet investigated the role of culture. In the current research, we tested, based on a situated cultural cognition perspective, the extent to which culture predicts CT beliefs. Using Hofstede’s model of cultural values, three nation-level analyses of data from 25, 19 and 18 countries using different measures of CT beliefs (Study 1, N = 5,323; Study 2a, N = 12,255; Study 2b, N = 30,994) revealed positive associations between Masculinity, Collectivism and CT beliefs. A cross-sectional study among US citizens (Study 3, N = 350), using individual-level measures of Hofstede’s values, replicated these findings. A meta-analysis of correlations across studies corroborated the presence of positive links between CT beliefs, Collectivism, r = .31, 95%CI = [.15; 47] and Masculinity, r = .39, 95%CI = [.18; 59]. Our results suggest that in addition to individual-differences and contextual variables, cultural factors also play an important role in shaping CT beliefs., info:eu-repo/semantics/inPress

Published
2021

9. Conspiracy theories, political ideology and political behaviour

Author

Thórisdóttir, Hulda, Mari, Silvia, Krouwel, André, Butter, Michael, Knight, Peter, Communication Science, Network Institute, Communication Choices, Content and Consequences (CCCC), Butter, Michael, Knight, Peter, Butter, M, Knight, P, Thórisdóttir, H, Mari, S, and Krouwel, A

Subjects
conspiracy theories, politics, political orientation, trust, SDG 16 - Peace, media_common.quotation_subject, SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Alienation, Political engagement, Sense of control, Political process, Justice and Strong Institutions, Politics, Statistical analysis, Sociology, Ideology, Positive economics, M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, media_common
Abstract

This chapter explores the link between conspiracy theories, political beliefs and political engagement in order to answer the question of whether conspiracy theories can be viewed as a vehicle for the outsider to articulate their doubts about governments and ruling powers. It examines whether belief in conspiracy theories is linked with a discernible profile of political engagement and participation. Conspiracy theories can serve as a psychological tool for the political outsider to regain a sense of control and increase predictability because they offer an explanation for events that the official account attributes to coincidences, natural forces or a series or random events. There is limited research on the relationship between belief in political conspiracy theories and political participation. Statistical analysis showed no relationship between political ideology and either the Conspiracy mentality questionnaire or belief in specific conspiracy theories. Among people low on political interest, conspiracy theories may further solidify their distaste, lack of trust and alienation from the political process.

Published
2020

10. Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries.

Author

Imhoff R, Zimmer F, Klein O, António JHC, Babinska M, Bangerter A, Bilewicz M, Blanuša N, Bovan K, Bužarovska R, Cichocka A, Delouvée S, Douglas KM, Dyrendal A, Etienne T, Gjoneska B, Graf S, Gualda E, Hirschberger G, Kende A, Kutiyski Y, Krekó P, Krouwel A, Mari S, Đorđević JM, Panasiti MS, Pantazi M, Petkovski L, Porciello G, Rabelo A, Radu RN, Sava FA, Schepisi M, Sutton RM, Swami V, Thórisdóttir H, Turjačanin V, Wagner-Egger P, Žeželj I, and van Prooijen JW

Abstract

People differ in their general tendency to endorse conspiracy theories (that is, conspiracy mentality). Previous research yielded inconsistent findings on the relationship between conspiracy mentality and political orientation, showing a greater conspiracy mentality either among the political right (a linear relation) or amongst both the left and right extremes (a curvilinear relation). We revisited this relationship across two studies spanning 26 countries (combined N = 104,253) and found overall evidence for both linear and quadratic relations, albeit small and heterogeneous across countries. We also observed stronger support for conspiracy mentality among voters of opposition parties (that is, those deprived of political control). Nonetheless, the quadratic effect of political orientation remained significant when adjusting for political control deprivation. We conclude that conspiracy mentality is associated with extreme left- and especially extreme right-wing beliefs, and that this non-linear relation may be strengthened by, but is not reducible to, deprivation of political control., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Published
2022
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