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Recycling LED lamp technology requires a change from the traditional bulk material-based recovery process. Unlike preceding lighting technology, LED lamps cannot be recycled to meet the regulatory minimum recycling rate of 80% due to multi-materials, including small quantity precious metals, which reduce the sorting efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how the challenges have been approached in the scientific literature in this context. The review article investigates the circular solutions to the challenges that the end of life LED lamp management is facing. This review applies PRISMA systematic literature review to locate the relevant studies and investigate whether the proposed processes can increase the recycling rate, using the circular economy strategy as a theoretical framework. Several recycling processes have been proposed in the academic literature. However, the techniques have not been evaluated against the circular economy strategies to identify current gaps and possible ways. This review attempts to fill this gap by assessing the current approaches against the 10 R strategies (refuse, rethink, reconsider, reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, repurpose, recycle and recover). The study suggests that recycling is the dominant strategy, but the higher R strategies such as reuse, repair, and remanufacture have also been discussed as potential life extension strategies. The study concludes by proposing an integrated treatment approach that focuses on higher R’s (reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture and repurpose) instead of focusing on lower R’s (e.g., recycling). This research was funded by EIT RawMaterials as part of the project " REDLED: Recycling EnD-of-life LED" with the project number 18039.

Solid-state lighting has been replacing conventional lighting in the market, raising concerns for implementing an efficient end-of-life management system. Since LED waste streams have not been quite dominant, characterization studies (product-level characteristics, component-wise information, bill of materials, diversity, and differences) are inconsistent and having substantial gaps. This study investigates the end-of-life LED lamp literature, focusing on the bill-of-materials, and reveals that the characterization procedure suffers from a severe lack of sample representativeness. Consequently, characterization results are widely varied and not generalizable. Moreover, most of the studies did not inform and document the detailed sample characteristics, precluding the possibility of identifying reasons for variation. Combining available information from the recent studies, we present a mass distribution at the component level, exemplifying the prospect for meeting EU regulatory limit and the need for more insight at the lamp and component level. To fill the disconnection between lamp level characteristics and component and material content, we propose a characterization protocol that carefully documents lamp, component, and material level information by establishing a lamp-component–material composition nexus. The protocol may help researchers, policymakers, and industrial stakeholders conduct a systematic characterization, analyze complexities and prepare for a sustainable solution.

We propose that a systems engineering methodology may be applied in an effective interactive design environment for lifecycle cost estimation and value optimization in the context of a manufacturing enterprise. In order to optimize a product design for value, engineering and manufacturing businesses need to be able to estimate accurately product lifecycle costs during the early design phases of its development, because this is when the majority of these costs are determined. Systems engineering defines realizing value as meeting stakeholder requirements and emphasizes formalizing these in order to link coherently the individual estimated costs of a design to the needs it fulfils. Furthermore, formalized requirement and design parameters are suitable for modelling and simulation, and we envision a systems model implemented within existing knowledge-based engineering tools embedded in a design environment. The results of this model may support design decisions, as well as reinforce systems engineering analyses in evaluating processes for value chain simulations.

Product Service System (PSS) design has been witnessed to achieve tremendous progress in recent years. Researchers and practitioners have proposed many frameworks to deal with variety of challenges along PSS lifecycle. However, despite the common sense of four fundamental constituent components of PSS-products, services, supported network and supported infrastructures, majority of them only focus on collaborative design of products and services, and few of them attach importance to supported network. The framework we proposed in this paper introduces the Three-Dimensional Concurrent Engineering (3DCE), which is widely recognized in product design field, into PSS design, in order to achieve the integrated product service offerings, processes and supported network design, hoping to bridge the gap of supported network design in a PSS. Meanwhile, this framework adopts Virtual Enterprise (VE) as a manifestation of supported network in order to provide the system with variety of skills, resources and supported infrastructures in an effective and dynamic way. What’s more, due to the increasing significances of customers, this framework takes both customers’ requirements and providers’ requirements into consideration, and is dedicated to address a win-win solution for both with the help of PSS design and assessment techniques.

PSS is witnessed to become more and more dynamic and complex due to the fact that more and more stakeholders involve and more factors need to be taken into consideration. So it is necessary to raise a PSS lifecycle model in PSS planning phase to help companies to quickly respond to changes and change propagations along the whole lifecycle. This paper, concerning about another prevailing concept-VE, is dedicated to propose reference PSS lifecycle models in VE context. To fulfill this, three tasks are clarified to achieve this target; respectively are identifying appropriate PSS lifecycle phases, identifying appropriate VE lifecycle phases and integrating PSS lifecycle phases into VE context.

Efficiency indicators have been frequently used to assess end-of-life chain performance, mostly. In terms of the percentage of mass sent to re-use, recycling, and/or energy recovery facilities. While legislation gives a standard definition for recycling and recovery rates, stakeholders sometimes redefine them to better fit their own scopes and objectives. Therefore, to accurately interpret the results of an efficiency indicator, during a decision-making process, it’s necessary to fully understand the scope definition used to calculate it. This work discusses the influence of scope definition when establishing performance rates. It does this by introducing further alternative scope definitions and comparing them to those defined by legislation and stakeholders. As a case study, the proposed complementary scopes are applied to the recycling chain of flat panel displays in France.

International audience; Today production systems, plants and supply chains are optimized for a one-site (one implantation) configuration and for massproduction. For some products, the shipping costs from the manufacturing site to the end user site can have a significant impacton the total cost of the product. In such a case, the ability to manufacture close to the end user is a valuable alternative. Theframework we propose was tested on a real industrial case in the solar energy field. The company producing the solar fieldswanted to face the twofold objectives of a reconfigurable manufacturing system able to handle a huge variety of changes: thatdifferent geographical sites, a high variability in demand, etc. and a robust mobile system that can move from one manufacturinglocation to another one without performance loss.

International audience; Abstract The concept of mobile manufacturing systems is presented in the literature as an enabler for improving company competitiveness by cost reduction, delay respect and quality control. In comparison with classical sedentary systems, added characteristics should be taken into consideration, such as the system life phases, the dependency to the production location, human qualification as well as means supply constraints. Such considerations might be addressed as soon as possible in the design process. This paper aims at presenting a contribution for the design of mobile manufacturing systems based on three analysis: (1) an analysis of the mobile manufacturing system features (2) an identification of the attributes enabling the system mobility assessment, and (3) the proposal of a framework for mobile production system design considering new context­specific decision criteria.

A study performed in summer 2008 has shown that manufacturing firms are more and more inclined to associate services around the product they deliver. Offers are proposed but not generalized as manufacturers encounter obstacles. The main one comes from the separation that exists between products and services which lead to define specific management tools and methods. Today, the economical context leads manufacturing firms to consider priorities managed by service providers and external elements coming from the customers. Moreover, manufacturers are obliged to consider products and services deliveries as a mixed activity. To respond to these problematics, we propose to use enterprise modeling methods to define the bases of a reference model of a mixed enterprise able to propose products and product services paying attention to specific management functions to ensure customer satisfaction.

Mobile manufacturing is an enabler to increase the possibility to change and to adapt to altering needs, where the geographical position is not fixed. The main idea with the mobile manufacturing concept is to easily and quickly reuse manufacturing capacities between different orders or projects. This paper examines the concept of mobile manufacturing system by addressing issues related to manufacturing system mobility management. Review of reconfigurable manufacturing system is conducted. Issues as reconfigurable manufacturing system design and the make or buy problem in the special context of multi-site environment are discussed.; International audience; Mobile manufacturing is an enabler to increase the possibility to change and to adapt to altering needs, where the geographical position is not fixed. The main idea with the mobile manufacturing concept is to easily and quickly reuse manufacturing capacities between different orders or projects. This paper examines the concept of mobile manufacturing system by addressing issues related to manufacturing system mobility management. Review of reconfigurable manufacturing system is conducted. Issues as reconfigurable manufacturing system design and the make or buy problem in the special context of multi-site environment are discussed.

International audience; Le concept de mobilité de système de production présente une solution pour réduire le coût de production d'un produit fabriqué en série, destiné à plusieurs clients (sites d'implantation du système de production) dont l'utilisation relève d'un site particulier qui se distingue des autres par des caractéristiques spécifiques. Le système de production, par sa mobilité, doit être capable de s'adapter et de répondre aux contraintes des sites d'implantation et aussi de satisfaire aux exigences du produit. Cette communication adresse les problématiques introduites par la notion d'un environnement multisite dans les interactions produit reconfigurable/ systèmes de production mobile. Plusieurs points de vue seront adoptés afin de définir les critères de performance de l'unité mobile de production.

This chapter presents a double complementary international collaboration approach between the University of Bordeaux 1 (UB1) and Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT). Within this framework, the higher education collaboration (dual Master’s degree programme) is supported by research collaboration that has existed for more than 15 years. Furthermore this collaboration is based on the complementarities of competencies of the two sides: production system engineering (UB1) and software system engineering (HIT). After a brief introduction on the background and overview, the complementarities between UB1 and HIT are assessed. Then a formal model of the curriculum of the dual UB1-HIT Master’s programme is shown in detail. A unified case study on manufacturing resource planning (MRPII) learning is presented. Preliminary results of the Master’s programme are discussed on the basis of an investigation carried out on the first two cohorts of students.

Résumé – L’économie traditionnelle basée sur la vente d’un produit à un client est actuellement remise en question par l’intérêt grandissant de ce dernier pour la valeur d’usage du produit au-delà de sa valeur d’échange. En conséquence, les industriels doivent dorénavant considérer la satisfaction d’un besoin par la proposition d’un couple produit et service (PSS). Le traitement simultané de ces deux enjeux permettra d'améliorer la position dans la chaîne de valeur, d’accroître la valeur ajoutée de l’offre et d'améliorer le potentiel d'innovation de l’entreprise productrice de la solution PSS. Le challenge se situe donc dans l’optimisation du ratio valeur d’usage/prix de l’offre PSS pour le client et également pour l’industriel. Nous proposons dans cette contribution les prémices d’un modèle d’analyse de la valeur de l’innovation des systèmes de produits et services. Nous avons pour cela identifié les fonctions attendues d’un PSS pour le client et celles attendues par le fournisseur de la solution. Ces fonctions rapportées au coût global du système permettent de déterminer la valeur de l’offre pour les protagonistes et d’aider à la décision du développement effectif de l’offre. Abstract - The traditional economy based on selling products to clients is currently challenged by the growing user interest for the product use value than the product exchange value. Consequences for manufacturers are significant because they must now extend their skills to the fulfillment of a need through the delivery of an integrated set of products and services (PSS). The added service will improve the position in the value chain of the product, increase the added value of the offer and improve the innovation potential. These benefits of the PSS can be obtained considering the global design collaboration and the engineering work necessary to design and deliver PSS. The challenge therefore lies in optimizing the ratio value of use to cost of the PSS for the user as well as for the industry. We propose in this article the foundation of a model for analyzing the value of a PSS innovation. The model is built upon the list of function expected by the user and those expected by the provider of the system. Each list related to the system whole costs will give an idea of the value of the offer for each stakeholder and aggregating the value an aid to decide whether the development is to be launched or not.

International audience; Service orientation has become through the year a practice that many organizations use to gain a competitive advantage whatever their sector of activity. Most of them are digital services that replace prior services or allow innovation. In all cases, they generate deep changes in the organization information system that are often not managed. In this short paper, we propose a methodology to appreciate the incidence of digitalized service implementation taking the functional needs of customers to satisfy and the internal organizational changes into account.

In 2003, the French government advised manufacturing enterprises to associate service to the product they manufacture in order to keep competitive. A problem for these enterprises concerns the identification of the “feasible” service, i.e. the service that will allow a firm to be on the top in comparison to its concurrents, close to its customers and profitable. This paper aims to propose a way to determine this feasible service. The proposition is based on two assumptions: the first one concerns the fact that manufacturing firms are organized according to a specific model that correspond to the enterprise culture and that it will not be totally questioned. The second assumption concerns the fact that it is possible to differentiate products according to their technological complexity and their customer relationship.

The market globalization and the evolution of information and communication technology led to the emergence of networked production organizations. Based on closed relationship, these organizations need to manage the supply chain and extend production management tools to the scale of enterprise networks. As the planning function is not well-ensured, this study consists in the proposition of a decision support system to carry out the expert decision in the context of X-networks production and procurement planning. Two different points of view according to the degree of assistance are presented.

A generic model of multi-level technical data for hierarchical production planning is presented. This model encompasses products, task precedence constraints, resource capacities as well as the costs of manufacturing tasks and inventories on each time period. The model is recursively applicable to any level of details in the description of the production system and guarantees the global consistency of multi-level planning and of workload assignment scenarios. This paper relates the instantiation of the generic model to an industrial case in the wood transformation sector and highlights the potentiality of multi-level planning for the hierarchical optimisation of production performance.

International audience; L'économie traditionnelle basée sur la vente d'un produit à un client est actuellement remise en question par l'intérêt grandissant de ce dernier pour la valeur d'usage du produit au-delà de sa valeur d'échange. En conséquence, les industriels doivent dorénavant considérer la satisfaction d'un besoin par la proposition d'un couple produit et service (PSS). Le traitement simultané de ces deux enjeux permettra d'améliorer la position dans la chaîne de valeur, d'accroître la valeur ajoutée de l'offre et d'améliorer le potentiel d'innovation de l'entreprise productrice de la solution PSS. Le challenge se situe donc dans l'optimisation du ratio valeur d'usage/prix de l'offre PSS pour le client et également pour l'industriel. Nous proposons dans cette contribution les prémices d'un modèle d'analyse de la valeur de l'innovation des systèmes de produits et services. Nous avons pour cela identifié les fonctions attendues d'un PSS pour le client et celles attendues par le fournisseur de la solution. Ces fonctions rapportées au coût global du système permettent de déterminer la valeur de l'offre pour les protagonistes et d'aider à la décision du développement effectif de l'offre. Abstract - The traditional economy based on selling products to clients is currently challenged by the growing user interest for the product use value than the product exchange value. Consequences for manufacturers are significant because they must now extend their skills to the fulfillment of a need through the delivery of an integrated set of products and services (PSS). The added service will improve the position in the value chain of the product, increase the added value of the offer and improve the innovation potential. These benefits of the PSS can be obtained considering the global design collaboration and the engineering work necessary to design and deliver PSS. The challenge therefore lies in optimizing the ratio value of use to cost of the PSS for the user as well as for the industry. We propose in this article the foundation of a model for analyzing the value of a PSS innovation. The model is built upon the list of function expected by the user and those expected by the provider of the system. Each list related to the system whole costs will give an idea of the value of the offer for each stakeholder and aggregating the value an aid to decide whether the development is to be launched or not.

International audience; As firms search to maximise value through the effective management of their various business activities, it is increasingly important to identify and understand the key factors that can significantly impact on the performance of the supply chain. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model enables to identify four distinct processes (plan, source, make and deliver) that constitute a supply chain. If many researchers have studied the last three processes (source, make and deliver), the relationship between the determinants of the planning process and supply chain performance has not been sufficiently explored. This paper therefore aims to identify and analyse the determinants of a distributed planning process that impact on the performance of a supply chain, including both financial and non-financial elements. It proposes a conceptual framework and a simulation model that can be used to improve the performance of a supply chain in terms of efficiency, flexibility, effectiveness and responsiveness.

International audience; This paper aims at proposing an specification of the Federation oriented Enterprise Interoperability concept, using Multi Agent / HLA paradigm and the rising notion of Short-Lived Ontology. We give first, a review of Enterprise Interoperability. Then, we recall on Artificial Agent Concept and HLA Standard that appear to be adequate to support execution of the studied concept. Indeed, on the one hand Agent dialogue fits the concept of information exchange in a federated enterprise interoperability approach, on the other hand the HLA standard, initially designed for military M&S purpose, can be transposed for enterprise interoperability at the implementation level, reusing the years of experiences in distributed systems. From these postulates, we propose the first Agent/HLA Short-Lived Ontology framework for distributed enterprise interoperability solution in the federated enterprise approach.

International audience; The paper summarises findings from an action research project on modularisation of industrial services. Based on literature about modularisation of physical goods and literature on modularisation of services, several research gaps are highlighted and appropriate approaches discussed. Module drivers addressing modularisation benefits are transferred to services. Interdependencies among service elements are presented. Research gaps on design opportunities of modular service products are addressed and possible analogies from modularisation of physical goods are introduced.

International audience; Due to the impacts of structural market evolution (globalization, sustainable growth, mass customization, product-service development...) enterprise are more and more focusing on their core business, developing outsourcing and collaborative strategies to support value-added customized product-service for the customers. This involves developing agile and interoperable information system. To achieve this goal, Service Oriented Architecture has been introduced to support systems interconnection by mean of service composition. Nevertheless, this approach do not integrate service contextual configuration so that different services must be defined according to the context, leading to un-consistent systems. To overcome this limit, we propose a Model Driven Engineering approach to support contextual service refinement. Thanks to an hypergraph organization of the different partial models, services can be contextually instantiated and contextual information can be either inherited from the global model or propagated through the service chain.

International audience; Lean production has lead to substantial improvements in performance across many industries and is widely implemented today. Certain aspects of lean such as the focus on workplace organisation (5S) and total productive maintenance (TPM) have been applied to all types of industrial processes, while lean production control methods have mostly been applied in discrete and repetitive, assembly-type production. We believe that the real benefits of lean, for example throughput time and inventory reduction, are only realised when lean production control methods are implemented effectively. Therefore, we investigate the traditional lean production control methods of Heijunka and Kanban, and evaluate the concept of every product every (EPE) as an alternative lean production control method for the process-type industries.