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As seen in the previous chapters, Asia is one of the regions most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, as it represents more than 60% of the world’s population, making it the growth center of the world. The climate in East and Southeast Asia is incredibly diverse and includes many climate zones, from tropical to subarctic. The impacts of and adaptations to climate change is this region are also diverse. A variety of adaptation practices have already employed to minimize the risk of climate change among the countries in this area, and a number of similarities and ongoing challenges are apparent. Therefore, to adapt more effectively to climate change, it is essential for these countries to share their knowledge and experiences with each other.

In the twenty-first century, the problems caused by climate change are becoming increasingly apparent, especially in developing countries such as those in Southeast Asia. As scientists, we have been hoping to strengthen our academic relationship on this thesis to cooperate and fight against such global problems. Nevertheless, the effects of climate change are not the same in any region of the world. Therefore, attention must be paid to each individual, and it is vital to connect them interlocally. If we could relativize the problems of each country and region, and analyze and examine them more objectively from different angles by networking such research bases, we would likely be able to produce significant results in regard to the sustainable development of this region.

Community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR) is considered to be the core of any risk reduction approach. CBDRR is defined as an approach that seeks to: (1) reduce the vulnerabilities and increase the capacities of vulnerable groups and communities to cope with, prevent, or minimize loss and damage to life, property, and the environment, (2) minimize human suffering, and (3) hasten recovery (Shaw 2016).

A novel series of 2',4'-dimethyl-[4,5'-bithiazol]-2-yl amino derivatives were found by high throughput screening of the TRPV4 receptor, at which these compounds showed competitive antagonist potential against 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4αPDD) as the selective TRPV4 agonist and showed excellent selectivity for TRPV1, N-type and L-type calcium ion channels, but poor ADME profile. In our SAR strategy, we found that the lead molecule 1 also having the unique 3-oxa-9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] nonan-7-one on the right part showed potent TRPV4 antagonist activity, good solubility at pH 6.8, good microsomal stability for human and better ADME profile including oral bioavailability. Moreover, compound 1 had an analgesic effect in Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) induced mechanical hyperalgesia model in guinea pig. In this letter, we report a lead optimization process to identify the lead compound 1 (Fig. 1).

A series of 2',4'-dimethyl-[4,5'-bithiazol]-2-yl amino derivatives have been identified as selective TRPV4 antagonists that display inhibition potencies against 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4αPDD), well known as a TRPV4 selective agonist and/or a hypotonicity. In particular, 9-(6-((2',4'-dimethyl-[4,5'-bithiazol]-2-yl)amino)nicotinoyl)-3-oxa-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-one showed an analgesic effect in Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) induced mechanical hyperalgesia model in guinea pig (reported in Part 1). However, there are some concerns such as species differences and the need for higher plasma exposure to achieve target efficacy for evaluation by an in vivo pain model. In this Letter, we report the resolution of some of the problems by further optimizing the chemical scaffold.

A 64-year-old man visited our hospital presenting with macroscopic hematuria. Right hydronephrosis and hypertrophy of the prostate were shown by DIP and MRI respectively. A small papillary tumor at the prostatic urethra was found by cystourethroscopy. Then, we performed transurethral resection of the tumor and trans-perineal needle biopsy of the prostate, and diagnosed him as primary urothelial carcinoma of the prostate. Following neo-adjuvant chemotherapy(MVAC), the patient was treated with radical cystoprostatectomy. The histopathological examination showed urothelial carcinoma with concomitant sarcomatous transformation. Six months after the surgery, he had a recurrence of the tumor in the pelvic cavity. He was treated with the second-line chemotherapy using paclitaxel and gemcitabin combined with the radiation therapy, resulting in the disappearance of the tumor. No evidence of the recurrence has been observed for 3 years.

A cyclic pentadiazo-pyridine ligand, cD5py, was prepared and its photoproduct, cC5py, in a frozen solution was confirmed to be a high-spin polycarbene with S = 10/2. The magnetic property of the 1:2 mixture of Co(p-tolsal)2; p-tolsal = N-p-tolylsalicylideniminato, and cD5py in a dilute frozen solution after irradiation was investigated by SQUID magneto/susceptometry. In the ac magnetic susceptibility measurements, the in-phase and out-of-phase components (χ′ and χ″, respectively) with frequency dependence were observed, indicating that the 1:2 complex, Co(p-tolsal)2-(cC5py)2, had slow magnetic relaxation characteristic of the single-molecule magnet (SMM). From the χ″ versus T plots with various frequencies, the values of activation barrier, Ueff, for the reverse of the magnetism was estimated to be 72 K. In the dc magnetic susceptibility measurements, the magnetic hysteresis loops were observed below 3 K. The value of the coercive force, Hc, depends on the temperature and increases on cooling. The hysteresis loop with Hc = 7.1 kOe was observed at 1.9 K.

We demonstrate the disorder-induced phase transition from amorphous to nanocrystalline Si by rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of SiH 2 Cl 2 and SiCl 4 systems at low temperatures of 90–140 °C. There exists a threshold substrate temperature T th for the phase transition from amorphous to nanocrystalline silicon, which decreases from 110 °C to 70 °C with increasing H 2 flow rate in the SiH 2 Cl 2 system. On the other hand, T th is almost independent of the H 2 flow rate in SiCl 4 system along with a higher disorder in the a-Si network than in the SiH 2 Cl 2 system. The degree of the chlorine termination in SiCl x ( x =1,2) at the growing top surface highly related to that of the disorder of Si-network. The disorder-induced phase transition to nanocrystalline silicon is demonstrated from the film deposition studies from SiH 2 Cl 2 and SiCl 4 .

The surface chemistry of the Si:H:Cl film formation by rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of SiH2Cl2 and SiCl4 systems is demonstrated at low tempeatures of 90–140°C. There exists a threshold substrate temperature Tth for the phase transition from amorphous to nanocrystalline silicon, nc-Si, which decreases from 110°C to 70°C with increasing H2 flow rate in the SiH2Cl2 system. On the other hand, Tth is almost independent of the H2 flow rate in the SiCl4 system along with a higher disorder in the a-Si network than in the SiH2Cl2 system. The degree of the chlorine termination in SiClx (x=1, 2) is at the growing top surface highly related to the degree of disorder in the Si-network. The disorder-induced phase transition to nanocrystalline is demonstrated from film deposition studies from the SiH2Cl2 and SiCl4 systems.

We investigated the possible contribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to postischemic heart dysfunction and injuries in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). SHRSP, 13–14 wk of age, had significantly higher systolic blood pressure and greater heart weight than age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) caused significant and long-lasting increases in the activity and mRNA expression of myocardial iNOS in SHRSP compared with WKY. However, there was no significant difference in the LAD occlusion-induced expression of interleukin-1β mRNA between SHRSP and WKY. Hemodynamic deterioration and myocardial fibrosis were also observed in SHRSP at 4 wk after LAD occlusion. Continuous administration of 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4 H-1,2-thiazin (AMT) completely blocked the LAD occlusion-induced increase in the myocardial iNOS activity of SHRSP. Moreover, postischemic heart dysfunction and injuries were also significantly ameliorated by 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4 H-1,2-thiazin (AMT). These results suggest that the increased activity of myocardial iNOS plays a pivotal role in the development of postischemic cardiac dysfunction and injuries in SHRSP with the hypertensive and hypertrophic heart.

This study attempted to analyze discomforts in relation to sensory modality and subject's gender. Twenty students were asked to give free description of the experiences they imagined with twenty-seven sentences depicting the situations of a distinct stimulation of four sensory modalities except for gustation. They were also required to rate on the five-point scale their judgments of easiness for reproducing the corresponding situation, easiness for arousing discomfort, and intensity of the discomfort, respectively.Discomforts were divided into "sensation-based affect" and "cognition-based affect": The former is the affect induced directly by sensory event, as exampled by"I fear darkness itself" to a stimulus sentence "Make a night journey alone", whilst the latter is the affect aroused through cognitive processing, as exampled by"I get a fright by thinking I may be assaulted". Also, discomforts judged as indicating the potentiality for coping behaviour were checked to count their frequency. These judgments were made by experimenters.The results obtained were as follows: 1) There found no significant difference among modalities and genders, in easiness for recollecting the situation and easiness for arousing the discomfort. 2 ) In all of the four modalities, sensation-based affect was aroused more frequently than cognition-based one. More closely, sensation-based affect was significantly dominant in tactual and olfactory modalities, whilst frequency of cognition-based one was relatively high in both visual and auditory modalities. Females gave larger number of reports on cognition-based affect than males did. 3) Intensity of sensation-based affect showed main effects of two variables and their interaction, whilst that of cognition-based affect showed the modality effect alone. Intensity of sensation-based affect was higher in audition and olfactions, while that of cognition-based affect was the highest in vision. 4) Potentiality for coping behaviour was higher for sensation-based affect than for cognition-based one. Intensity was higher for the discomfort showing the potentiality than for the discomfort showing no sign of it.

Six female subjects formed fifteen pairs ( 6 C 2 = 15), and each dyad had a conversation in a laboratory. Assuming that speech, gaze, and nods were the main actions that expressed individual «rhythm» in face-to-face interaction, each subject's actions was analyzed on videotape. First, as a summary of individual «rhythm», profiles of action tempo and pattern were described. Tempo and pattern differences (TD and PD, respectively) between the two of each pair were then computed. TD showed a linear relationship with some of the specific feelings the two had of each other and their experimental interaction, while PD had a curvilinear relationship with the general feelings toward the partner in non-experimental, daily interactions

The purpose of this study is to examine some fundamental dimensions of expression of nonverbal behavior (NB) through analysis of dyadic interactions. Twenty pairs of subjects were divided into four experimental groups; (male pair, female pair) × (unfamiliar, familiar). They were instructed to talk with each other about “a part time job” for fifteen minutes, and this was recorded by two video cameras. Two minute interactions were sampled from both pre-instruction situation and fifteen minute conversation. The frequencies, total durations, and mean durations of 8 NB items (gaze, smile, leaning forward, leaning backward, turning away, speech, silence, nodding by speaker) and 8 unit NB (UNB) items (nodding by listenter, smile back, reaction to speech, silent synchrony, imitative synchrony, following synchrony, concurrent synchrony, mirroring posture) were measured. As for“nodding by speaker” and UNB items apart from “posture mirroring”, only frequencies were measured. Factor analysis of all behavioral variables yielded four factors; Contact, Relaxation, Approach, Avoidance. Sequential analysis which describes succeeding behavior patterns indicated that there are individual specific pattcrns; from Silence (that is, not Contact) to Contact, from Contact to Relaxation, from Avoidance to Approach. As a result, I assumed three dimensions in the expression of NB; “Contact-Silence”, “Relaxation-Tension”, and “Approach-Avoidance”. Correlation between scores on each dimension and each psychological index (e. g. estimation of affects, estimation of the other person) characterized each dimension. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the three dimensions accounted for 73.4% of “degree of involvement” which is related to important NB function. Therefore the validity of explaining expressive aspect of NB in terms of these three dimensions was supported. The result from analysis of only NB items (except UNB items) was almost the same as that from analysis of all items. As sequential analysis shows, the same behavior is often repeated between individuals, which suggested that most NB often constitutes UNB. That seemed to be why UNB didn't make any distinctive contribution.

When a nonverbal behavior releases another one, these two can be called a “unit nonverbal behavior (UNB) ”. This study examined UNBs by analyzing sequential patterns of behaviors which regularly occurred in a face-to-face interactive situation. Interactions of twenty pairs of college students of the same sex were video-recorded for fifteen minutes, and three minute periods were taken as samples from each interaction. Occurrences of ten nonverbal items were recorded by an event-recorder and their frequencies (f), total durations (t), mean durations (m) were obtained. The items were speech, gaze, smile, turning away, nodding, forward leaning, backward leaning, body movement, arm movement, and hand movement. Since there were some significant correlations between f, t, and m of each item, thirteen variables were selected from the thirty variables (f, t, and m of the ten items). Factor analysis of the thirteen variables yielded four factors; Activity, Relaxation, Contact, Speech. Some pairs of these factors occurred successively with an interval of one, two, or three seconds, within subject or between subjects. Sequential analysis done with the criterion of an interval of no more than three seconds showed significant patterns of Speech→Contact Relaxation Speech within subject, and Activity→Activity between subjects. It is thus assumed that UNBs are often constructed of these patterns. These behavioral patterns were positively correlated with psychological indices of positive affection. The findings obtained in this study suggest usefulness of the analysis of UNBs to investigate interactive processes in face-to-face situation. This line of approach will promote further studies which attempt to disclose the meaning and function of UNBs.

In social-psychological studies, it is often necessary to observe what role each member of a small sroup has and how the structure of the group is. SYMLOG (a SYstem for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups: Bales & Cohen, 1979) is a method for that kind of observation. But it is not appropriate to use SYMLOG translated directly into Japanese because of cultural differences. The purpose of this study is to make simple rating items of SYMLOG for the Japanese people. In SYMLOG, three dimensions for locating each group member are assumed, which are “Upward-Downward (dominant-submissive) ”, “Positive-Negative (friendly-unfriendly) ”, and “Forward-Backward (task-oriented-emotionally expressive) ”. First of all, it was pointed out that the definition of “F-B” in the Japanese version should be “in-context-out-of-context”, and then eighteen items were made which are constructed of sets of three items for each polar of each dimension. Observation 1 examined the validity of these eighteen items through factor analysis of ratings of SIMSOC (SIMulated SOCiety) interaction. The result showed the necessity to improve the items N, F, and B. The validity of the remade twenty four items was investigated in Observation 2 through factor analysis of ratings of discussions by five people. It yielded six factors that almost correspond to each polar in each dimension. Further factor analysis of twelve items extracted from the remade items made six factors, that showed the three-dimension-structure. Correlations between ratings by these twelve items and scorings (that is the other method in SYMLOG) were positive. Therefore these twelve items in Japanese Japanese improved version of SYMLOG-are valid and useful for observation of small group interactions.

The patient was a 23-year-old-woman who was referred to our hospital with chief complaints of right flank pain and macroscopic hematuria. Right radical nephrectomy was performed with the diagnosis of right renal cancer. Histopathological examination revealed Wilms' tumor of favorable histology, stage I according to the National Wilms Tumor Study classification. She received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of actinomycin D and vincristine at another hospital. One year and three months later, she developed lung metastasis. She underwent partial pulmonary resection, and then received chemotherapy. She is presently disease-free more than forty months after the initial operation. Wilms' tumor is rare in adults and has a poor prognosis compared with that in children. We analyzed 112 cases in the Japanese literature from 1981 to 2004. The mean age was 36.9 years, with males and females equally affected. No difference was found between the left and right sides in frequency of tumor. We also examined the relationship between histological features and prognosis based on 43 Japanese reports. Twenty-two of the 43 (51%) cases had unfavorable histology. The 2-year survival rate with unfavorable histology was 18%, while that with favorable histology was 87%. The 2-year survival rates for stages under II and over III were 67% and 27%, respectively. Based on these findings, we conclude that the prognosis of adult Wilms' tumor is very poor since many patients have unfavorable histology and no effective treatment guidelines have been established.

A novel p-type hydrogenated chlorinated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H:(Cl)) film was fabricated from chlorinated materials, i.e., SiH2Cl2 and SiCl4,by rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. These p-type nc-Si:H:(Cl) films showed high conductivities of 10–50 S/cm under 3000–5000 ppm B2H6-mixing concentrations with lower optical absorption in the visible region, while maintaining a high film crystallinity. No marked darkening of the ZnO:Al layer was observed after deposition of the p-type nc-Si:H:(Cl) layer fabricated from SiH2Cl2 and SiCl4 compared to the p-type Si:H film fabricated from SiH4. The origin of the low optical absorption in p-type nc-Si:H:(Cl) is demonstrated along with the performance of a p–i–n structure amorphous silicon solar cell.

This device is to visualize waveform analysis up to mm-waves. The operation is based on two distinctive principles. The first is the sampling of the waveform by a repeated electron beam pulse synchronous with it. The second is the usage of a negative feed back system, which cancells the r.f. deflection of the electron beam pulse by a d.c.control voltage, the latter being proportional to the sampled wave-amplitude and thus giving information to it. The waveform is reproduced by plotting the above control voltage versus the phase position of the sampling. An experimental tube was designed and built to be used up to K-band. It was tested in X-band, and showed good characteristics.

電荷移動錯体は、電子を他に与えやすい（イオン化エネルギーの小さい）ドナーと電子を受け取りやすい（電子親和力の大きい）アクセプターから成る分子集合体である。この一連の化合物の中で、電荷移動相互作用と共に水素結合相互作用が物性に顕著な影響を与える例として、近年、キンヒドロン錯体の中性一中性ラジカル相転移が見出された。この相転移は圧力の印加により図1に示したようにプロトンと電子が連動的にヒドロキノンからギノンへと移動し、セミキノン中性ラジカルが生成したものであると考えられる。しかしながら、この相転移の発現には30Kbar以上の圧力印加が必要であり、詳細な物性検討を行うにはより穏やかな条件下でこの相転移を実現させる必要がある。 この目的の達成には、電荷移動相互作用を促進させる、あるいは電荷移動相互作用に換わる相互作用を導入することが必要である。具体的には、遷移金属錯体の利用が考えられる。遷移金属錯体を利用することの利点としては次の2点が挙げられる。（1） 同じ配位子でも遷移金属を選択することによって分子のHOMOあるいはLUMOのエネルギーレベルを調節することができる。（2） 金属一金属間あるいは金属一配位子間相互作用を利用できる。以上のことを考慮すると、水素結合相互作用と遷移金属錯体の持つ特徴を組み合わせることにより、穏やかな条件下でプロトンと電子の連動移動が発現し、このものは特異な物性を示すことが期待される。 本研究では、その第一段階として、遷移金属錯体を含み、かつ、水素結合と電荷移動相互作用をもつ分子集合体を合成し、その物性を検討することを目的とした。以下に本論文の構成に従って要点をまとめる。 第1章 序論： 先に述べたように、水素結合と電荷移動相互作用を組み合わせることにより、プロトンー電子連動系に見られるような興味ある挙動を示すこと、また、このような挙動をより穏やかな条件下で発現させるためには、遷移金属錯体の導入が最適であると考察した。さらに、これまでに報告されている遷移金属錯体及び、強い金属一金属間相互作用をもつ1次元高伝導性錯体の構造、物性を顧みることで、目的とする分子集合体の合成への指針を得た。即ち、プロトン及び、電子のドナーとしてはπ共役系の拡張、置換基の導入が比較的容易なグリオキシム類を配位子とする金属錯体を用い、アクセプターとしてはキノン類、TCNQ等の有機分子を用いることとした。 第2章 エチレンジアミノグリオキシム錯体の合成と性質： ジアミノグリオキシム（H2dag）1は、先に述べた指針に合致する有望な配位子てある。しかし、水素結合部位の多さから分子集合体中での水素結合ネットワークは複雑なものとなり、これは物性評価を行う上で大きな障害となる。そこで、水素結合様式を制御するため、二つのアミノ基間にエチレン鎖を導入したエチレンジアミノグリオキシム（H2edag）2を分子設計し、合成を行った。次いで、2を用いて中性錯休であるM（Hedag)2 3（M=Ni, Pd）を．合成し、単結晶のX線結晶構造解析を行い、それらの水素結合様式について検討を行った。その結果、ニッケル錯体では金属錯体間に2種類水素結合が確認された。また、パラジウム錯体では金属錯体間に1種類の、金属錯体と結晶溶媒として含まれているDMSOとの間に1種類の水素結合が確認された。これらはいずれもジアミノグリオキシム錯体に比べ、シンプルな水素結合ネットワークを形成している。これら中性錯体のドナー性は、定量的に表すことができなかった。しかし、DDQ、TCNQ等の有機アクセプターと固相で反応させると電荷移動相互作用に起因するどみられる深色への色の変化が見られることから、これらの金属錯体がドナーとしての能力を持つことを示している。 さらに、スキーム1に従いTCNQとの電荷移動錯体4を合成し、良好な単結晶が得られたパラジウム錯体についてX線結晶構造解析を行った。その結果、金属錯体とTCNQは分離積層型のスクッキングを形成しており、その方ラ広間に水素結合の存在が確認された。また、これ以外に、隣接する金属錯体力ラム間に水素結合の存在が認められた（図1）が、ジアミノグリオキシム類似体に比べ水素結合ネットワークが単純化されていることが確認できた。 第3章 ［M（H2edag)(Hedag)］TCNQの物性： 得られた電荷移動錯体4について電気伝導度、スペクトル等の測定を行った。その結果、TCNQの結合長比、赤外振動スペクトル及びラマンスペクトルからTCNQの電荷移動度は0.6～0.7と求められた。この結晶の電気伝導度を四端子法で測定したところ、サンプル依存性はあるものの室温で数十Scm-1と比較的高い値を示した。温度変化に対する電気伝導度の挙動は、室温付近では金属的もしくは活性化エネルギーの低い半導体的であり、180～120K付近で相転移が見られた。それよりも低温側では活性化エネルギーの大きい半導体的な挙動を示した＜図2＞。また、電気伝導度の温度依存性にはヒステリシスが見られ、昇温時の電気伝導度は冷却時のそれよりも低いことがわかった。 ［［M（H2edag)(Hedag)］TCNQ（M=Pd, Pt）の振動スペクトルをKBrペレットで測定したところ、サンプル依存性があるが、低温において水素結合領域の吸収が著しく増加するのが観測された（図3）。この吸収強度の温度依存性には電気伝導度と同様なビステリシスが観測された。 これらの結果は、低温において水素結合とTCNQの伝導電子間に強い相互作用が生じることを示している。即ち、室温付近ではTCNQの伝導電子はTCNQ力ラム全体に非局在化しており、高い電気伝導性を示す（図４ａ）。ところが、低温ではTCNQの二量化により、伝導電子がTCNQ力ラム内を移動する速度が低下すると、TCNQ力ラム内で伝導電子が局在化し、TCNQ￣とTCNQ 0の混合原子価状態が生じる。これに伴いTCNQ￣の部分と水素結合しているプロトンはTCNQ側に引き寄せられ、TCNQ 0の部分と水素結合しているプロトンは金属錯体側に移動する（図4b）。この状態では、プロトンと電子間の静電引力がさらに強くなり、単なる二量化よりも更なる伝導電子の局在化をもたらし、電気伝導度は著しく減少する。これが電気伝導度測定に観測される相転移であり、このとき、伝導電子の移動速度が水素結合しているN-H伸縮振動の振動速度と同程度になると、電子と水素結合の相互作用によりN-H伸縮振動吸収の強度が著しく増加すると考えられる。 以上のように、エチレンジアミノグリオキシムを配位子とする金属錯体を含む電荷移動錯体において、水素結合と電子との相互作用が観測された。このような相互作用が認められた例はこれまでになく、特異な物性をもつ新規物質として期待される。 第4章 π拡張グリ．オキシム錯体の合成と構造：π拡張グリオキシムとしてジフェニルグリオキシムに水酸基及び、アミノ基を道人したビス（ヒドロキシフェニル）グリオキシム（H2bhpg）5、ビス（アミノフェニル）グリオキシム（H2bapg）6を合成した。また、酢酸ニッケルとの反応によって得られた錯体Ni（Hbhpg)2 7、Ni（Hbapg)2 8の再結晶を行い、得られた単結晶のX線結晶構造解析を行った。その結果、7では隣接する錯体のフェニル基同士が水素結合を件った重なりを持つことが分かった。その平面間距離は3.34Åで、ベンゼン環同士のファン・デル・ワールス接触距離である3.4Åより多少短い（図5）。8においても同様にフェニル基同士の重なりが見られる。この場合は水素結合は存在しないが、平面間距離は3.40Åとベンゼン環同士のファン・デル・ワールス接触距離と同程度である。 このような系では、アクセブターを加えることにより、兵役系での電荷移動及び水素結金の相互作用が、金属錯体のキレート部分でスクッキング様式が制御され得る分子集合体を構築できると期待される。