Search

The article under review outlines the problems that a language teacher who works with a foreign language to foreign students may be faced. The grammar of each language is a system, but this system is, of course, specific. Different grammatical categories of language, non-identical are the general meanings by which grammatical forms are opposed to each other. It is known that with the same number of forms in different languages, their meanings can be correlated differently. In addition, homogeneous grammatical categories can be distributed unequally between different parts of speech. In some languages, affixes as morphemes, which express semantic and syntactic elements of meanings are not relationally connected to the word form and the whole system of its forms in inflectional languages – such as Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, etc., as well as derivational ones. Therefore, while analyzing certain languages, researchers do not describe the word change (in the broadest sense of the term), but they work with word formation, because it is the word-formation system that involve a nominal (noun, adjective, verb, numeral, pronoun) and verb paradigm, in which a "deep" morphological and syntactic system of the gender is formed and it outlines the structure, lexical and semantic components of animate and inanimate nature. Grammatical systems are different in not only grammatical meanings, but also in how these meanings are expressed. Taking into account all these features, it turns out that the grammatical system of each language is deeply unique. Despite all these features and characteristics of certain grammatical categories in the languages ​​of different systems, we can outline that you can compare and contrast any of the existing languages, because the grammatical system of languages ​​reveals common features that allow to develop principles for studying of universal categories. Such universals include the category of gender, which is qualified as a morphological-syntactic category of language, which realizes its potential in syntactic structures. The problem of classifying the category of gender in the languages ​​of different grammatical systems is directly related to the research in terms of comparative and contrastive linguistics, and to the problems of studying interfering factors in language.

Статтю присвячено дослідженню проблем функціонування системи податкового контролю в Україні, вирішення яких сприятиме ефективному розвитку фінансової системи та економіки держави в цілому, а також забезпеченню її економічної безпеки. Доведено, що податковий контроль полягає у перевірці дотримання податкового законодавства, правильності розрахунку, повноти та своєчасності сплати податків і зборів, притягненні до відповідальності винних у порушеннях осіб, а також у запобіганні порушенням податкового законодавства. Розглянуті звітні дані щодо контрольно-перевірочної роботи органів Державної податкової служби України та узагальнені основні проблеми, які ускладнюють ефективне функціонування діючої системи податкового контролю, що дало підставу до вироблення пріоритетних напрямів її вдосконалення.

The article provides the assessment of the levels of aerotechnogenic pollution caused by the emissions from stationary pollution sources of industrial agglomerations in Zhytomyr, taking into account climatic conditions that affect the dispersion and accumulation of pollutants in soils and vegetation cover of surrounding agricultural landscapes. The examination of dust accumulated on the surface of leaves showed that it contains high concentrations of Mn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Cu. The bioindication method with the use of white-tip radishes was applied to estimate the extent of aerotechnogenic pollution. The results of the investigation testified to the high informativeness of the offered test objects. The indexes of soil saturation with heavy metals indicated the presence of intensive processes of their accumulation. As a consequence, this territory became unsuitable for agricultural production. The inhibition of growth of radish roots identified the toxicity level of the investigated technogenic substrates as medium and higher than average. Also, there is inverse close correlation relationship between the distance from the emission source and the soil phytotoxicity indicators in all the investigated directions.

The aimof this study was to determine the clinical significance of the levels and dynamics of the urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, degree of pulmonary hypertension on choosing the duration and form of respiratory support in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome in combination with perinatal asphyxia. Materials and methods.The levels of the urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), ng/ml were determined by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) method and the degree of pulmonary hypertension (PH) - by echocardiography in 60 premature new-borns at 26-32 weeks of gestation on the 1stand the 3rd–5thdays of life. A comparative analysis of indicators was carried out in 2 groups: I – 32 children with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); II – 28 children with RDS combined with perinatal asphyxia. All infants received a respiratory support, depending on the clinical condition, blood gas analyses, and the chest X-ray. Results.The level and dynamics of the urinary 8-OHdG correlated to degree of PH, form, and duration of respiratory support. Children of the group II on the 1stday of life had echocardiogram indicators of mild PH and indicators of the urinary 8-OHdG 2.27±0.39 ng/ml; by 3rd–5thdays of life – level of the urinary 8-OHdG increased to 4.10±0.42 ng/ml and the level of PH – to moderate, required 76.2 % longer respiratory support compared to children of the group I. Conclusions.Prematurely born infants with RDS in combination with perinatal asphyxia have a higher oxidative stress (OS) levels and more significant pulmonary hypertension, which requires a longer respiratory support by 76.2 % and more often use of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) by 9.3 %

Обґрунтовано, що важливою умовою стійкого функціонування податкової системи та національної економіки в цілому є ефективне податкове адміністрування, яке сприяє зростанню податкових надходжень за рахунок дотримання податкової дисципліни платниками податків і недопущення порушень податкового законодавства. На основі дослідження особливостей та функцій податкового адміністрування доведено, що його ефективність визначається, передусім, налагодженням партнерських відносин між податковими органами та платниками податків, а також автоматизацією процедур податкового адміністрування. Розглянуто досягнення цільових значень ключових показників ефективності адміністрування податків, зборів, платежів в рамках реалізації Стратегічних цілей діяльності Державної податкової служби України до 2022 року і виявлено підвищення ефективності контрольних процедур її органів.

Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among premature babies. Therefore, accurate diagnosis, prompt monitoring of the course of the disease and an effective therapeutic strategy are a guarantee of improving the quality of medical care for newborns, as well as an important reserve for reducing perinatal losses. The aim of the workto summarize modern views on the diagnosis and treatment of early-onset neonatal sepsis in newborns with perinatal pathology. Results and their discussion.An analytical review of modern literature data on problematic issues of EOS diagnostics is carried out. The approaches are stated and the main directions of EOS management at the present stage are formulated. It was revealed that the lack of a consensus definition of neonatal sepsis, the nonspecificity of clinical data is a limiting factor in the timely accurate identification of the septic process. Insufficient diagnostic value of existing laboratory tests leads to defects in the registry and monitoring of this disease, the inability to conduct an objective assessment of the existing epidemiological and microbiological situation in the health care system and the subsequent effective implementation of preventive measures. Conclusions.In the conditions of modern scientific realities, none of the existing laboratory tests can sufficiently reliably confirm or deny the presence of EOS in a newborn child, which determines the search for new promising laboratory tests with high diagnostic and prognostic potential. The optimal treatment strategy for newborns with EOS is broad-spectrum antibiotics.However, today the global problem of excessive irrational prescribing of antibacterial drugs is associated with the formation of multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria, as well as the development of long-term adverse effects, which requires improved diagnostic and treatment algorithms for children who are in the risk group of the development of neonatal sepsis by implementing a comprehensive approach using modern accurate tests in the dynamics of the disease

Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among premature infants. Conducting high-quality epidemiological monitoring is an important condition for effective tactics treatment neonatal infections and improving the quality of medical care for this category of newborn. The aim.Determination of the value of microbiological triggers in the blood in various clinical options for EONS in preterm infants. Materials and methods.Clinical and microbiological data on 50 prematurely born newborns with EONS were selected. The analysis of the frequency of detected bacteremia, the distribution of pathogenic microorganisms and the clinical characteristics of neonatal sepsis. Results.In the study, sources of infection were detected in 94 % of cases. Positive blood cultures were obtained in 17 (34 %) newborns with EONS. 61.5 % of all cases of bacteremia were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS). Gram-negative pathogens were detected in 23.5 % of positive blood cultures, representatives of this group were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. The overall mortality rate from EONS was 30 %. Conclusions.The incidence of sepsis confirmed by a positive blood culture was 34 %. The most common cause of EONS is CoNS, low incidence of group B Streptococcus sepsis has been established. The most frequent septicopymic sources of infection were the lungs, which is expressed in the high incidence (94 %) of X-ray pneumonia in the structure of the EONS.

The relevance of this investigation is explained by several reasons: first, the individual character of speech is one of the evidences of Charles Dickens’s geniality and it is of importance for any person writing to analyze some techniques of the genius doing it; second, the analysis of these “speeches” can help understand peculiarities of various styles and genres separately and in interaction; third, everything related to Ch. Dickens is still popular among the readers, so these examples can be of use for teaching and learning English. There are three primary aims of the present paper: to extend coverage of linguistic studies to areas of literary peculiarities; to highlight gaps in the existing literature and promising directions for future research of Charles Dickens’s language; to establish a theory-driven approach to investigating literature language by introducing a new model as a framework for this paper. Authors applied such general research methods as data collection, study of the works in allied fields on the problem of the research, analysis and synthesis of the ideas studied. The theoretical basis of the investigation integrated the main principles of linguistics, stylistics and literature studies. Ch. Dickens is incomparable in linguistic individualization, in creating a personage idiolect, a private language. According to calculations all these characters are minor, about 3 quarters of the are female and about 60% are negatively marked. The main linguistic levels involved in this process are in descending order phonological (graphemic in written form), lexical, syntactic and stylistic.

We have studied the surface structure of tamper-proof paper with positive and negative watermarks at different scales ‒ from a micrometer to a nanometer level, by using the methods of contact profilometry and atomic force microscopy. Experimental research has confirmed that the structural parameters of the tamper-proof paper's surface differ at regions with and without watermarks. The results of measurements by a contact profilometer have made it possible to trace a correlation between values of the profile's mean arithmetic deviation and the presence of watermarks. It was determined that the value for the profile's largest height does not depend on a measurement region, which could be related to the chaotic arrangement of fibers and particles of the filler in the paper bulk that protrude above the profile's line. By analyzing the value of the profile's mean arithmetic deviation obtained by using a method of atomic-force microscopy, it was found that for regions with negative watermarks it is larger than that for regions with positive watermarks. The dependence of the profile's largest height on measurement region is not clearly observed. This may be due to that the size of the examined region (3,000×3,000 nm) covers only part of the pulp fibers. Thus, the results of our analysis allow us to argue that both methods are suitable for estimating the characteristics of paper's surface, and determine the character of interaction between a given type of paper and printing inks during printing process. In particular, it has been established that the method of profilometry makes it possible to determine parameters of the paper's surface profile, formed in a certain way, while the atomic force microscopy method allows analysis of the morphology of its components, located at the surface (fibers, filler's particles, etc.). The availability of information on the structural properties of paper makes it possible to predict the quality of printing reproduction, specifically clearness of reproduction of thin guilloche lines on watermarks, which is relevant because it prevents flaws in printing products for special purposes.

Radiation therapy tries to maximize the effect of radiation on the tumor and minimize its influence on adjacent tissues. However, it highly depends on the accuracy of the tumor segmentation on the planning radiography images. Tumor contouring today is carried out exclusively with the significant contribution of medical specialists which is a tedious, time-demanding, and expensive task. Further, it is prone to the inter-/intra-observer variation that can affect the reliability of the outcome. Existing methods for automatic tumor segmentation can reduce the influence of these factors, but are not completely reliable and leave a lot of room for improvement. In this work, we exploit Spatio-temporal information from the longitudinal CT scans to improve the deep neural network for tumor segmentation. For this purpose, we devise a novel volumetric Spatio-temporal memory network, Butterfly-Net, which stores the previous scan information and reads for the segmentation at the target time point. Moreover, the effect of clinical factors is investigated in the framework of our volumetric Spatio-temporal memory network. Experimental results on our longitudinal CT scans show that our model could effectively utilize temporal information and clinical factors for tumor segmentation. The code is made publicly available 1

For any country one of the most important social and economic problems is an unemployment. In today's conditions this problem is one of the main economic problems in Ukraine and poses a real threat to the state and social well-being. The main problem of unemployment is caused by the fact that the unemployed face the loss of qualification, social status and the lowering of the standard of living. Due to the decline in income of the population, through the loss of work, the demand for goods and services on the domestic market is decreasing, tax revenues to the state budget are decreasing, social pressure and criminality are growing. The level of unemployment is an indicator of social processes of the state, a characteristic of stability and confidence in the future of the country. The creation of an adequate predict of the level of unemployment taking into account the accidental nature of the problem provides the choice of management strategy in the employment sphere, taking into account the peculiarities of the economic situation, priorities of social development, makes it possible to assess its current state, trends and changes, as well as to take appropriate management decisions in the employment sphere. To combat this economic phenomenon, state support for business, such as subsidies for retaining employees at their workplaces, can be implemented. In general, at the level of the state it is necessary to develop new measures of a strategic nature in order not to fight against unemployment, but to prevent it. The work examines the main statistical methods of predict, which are based on the data of one time series. The peculiarities of using trend models for predicts are examined. It is noted that in the current conditions of computer software usage, the choice of trend formations for predicting is essentially simplified: different trend forms can be produced for the same time series and the one which best describes the output series by mathematical criteria can be selected. This work is devoted to the study of the problem of predict the level of unemployment in Ukraine. It is suggested to make predicts on the basis of autoregressive models of time series. In the work the models of autoregression, autoregression with a coveted average and autoregression with a trend are examined in detail. As a result, the information and analytical system for modeling and forecasting of financial processes was created. The method of prediction on the basis of auto-regressive time series model that we reviewed consists in creating a model for predicting the future events (predicting the level of unemployment) ґrunning on the known events of the past, and predicting the future data before they will be measured. The found average absolute volumetric forecast error (MAPE) and Tale coefficient allowed us to conclude that the proposed model is appropriate for making short-term forecasts of unemployment.

The harmful organisms that prevent obtaining constant harvests of black currant are, first of all, the complex of sucking pests. The application of insecticides for the protection of black currant plantings against these phytophages depends primarily on the timely qualitative and effective treatment using the developed specialized rolling stock. In order to gain the desired effect, present study reports design features, which ensure the optimality of spraying zones due to the symmetrical double-sided arrangement of original arc-shaped brackets with nozzles relative to the axis of motion of the unit. Improving effectiveness in spraying the bushes of black currants is provided by the spatial geometric location of nozzles in the layout diagram of the specialized rolling stock with the modernized sprayer OP-2000. For this purpose, we calculated the arc lengths of original brackets L = 1250 and the inclination angles of nozzles α = 33.3°. As the present study revealed, the modernized sprayer OP-2000 (Ukraine) makes it possible to provide a reduction in the population density of plants with sucking pests by 5.8 times, which increases the harvest yield of berries by 0.8 t/ha. In this case, net profit increases by UAH 24573 per hectare at profitability of 386 %., Застосування інсектицидів для захисту насаджень смородини чорної проти фітофагів залежить від ефективних обробок модернізованим обприскувачем ОП-2000 (Україна), що дає можливість забезпечити зниження заселеності рослин сисними шкідниками у 5,8 рази. Показані конструктивні особливості розробленого спеціалізованого рухомого складу, з використанням модернізованого обприскувача, для досягнення бажаного ефекту., Применение инсектицидов для защиты насаждений смородины черной против фитофагов зависит от эффективных обработок модернизированным опрыскивателем ОП-2000 (Украина), что дает возможность обеспечить снижение заселенности растений сосущими вредителями в 5,8 раз. Показаны конструктивные особенности разработанного специализированного подвижного состава, с использованием модернизированного опрыскивателя, для достижения желаемого эффекта.