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Climate change is a touchable phenomenon and hydrogen has become an attractive solution for experts and for policymakers. However, in order to understand the environmental impact of an energy vector, it is necessary to consider its entire value chain and not simply the end uses. Hydrogen is really "clean" when produced by the exploitation of renewable sources (so-called "green hydrogen") or (at most) when produced by fossil fuels using technologies able to impede the release of greenhouse gases emissions in the atmosphere (so-called "blue hydrogen"). The major potential of hydrogen consists into the increase of renewable sources' integration into the energy system, addressing two major challenges of renewable energy: intermittency and non-programmability. Hydrogen produced by RES can be transported over long distances, injected into the natural gas grid, stored and reconverted into electricity as needed, so that the Hard-To-Abate sector gets electrified. Nevertheless, the need for timely review of regulation strongly emerges from legislative gaps concerning both the energy vector and the existing regulation, which imply barriers that can actively interfere with the development of the hydrogen supply chain. As the European Union has seen a great intrinsic potential in hydrogen development, also Italy is trying to bring to action the European pathways together with their customization. This article analyses some of the barriers and gaps of the current legislation, namely: the need for a Guarantee of Origin system; on the goal of sector coupling, which consists in the realization of an integrated energy system based on the exploitation of green energy; on one of the cleanest hydrogen production technology, the "power-to-gas", and its role inside the integrated energy system. The analysis starts from the European Union and then deepens the Italian context with the purpose of understanding peculiarities and possibilities., Trento Student Law Review, V. 3 N. 2 (2021)

Ucuùba fat is fat obtained from a plant found in South America, mainly in Amazonian Brazil. Due to its biocompatibility and bioactivity, the Ucuùba fat was used for production of ketoconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in view of an application for the treatment of onychomycosis and other persistent fungal infections. The development and optimization of the Ucuùba fat based NLC were performed using a Box-Behnken design of experiment. The independent variables were surfactant concentration (% w/v), liquid lipids concentration (% w/v), solid lipids concentration (% w/v), while the outputs of interest were particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and drug encapsulation efficiency (EE). The Ucuùba fat based NLC were produced and the process optimized determining a predictive mathematical model. Applying the model, two formulations with the pre-required particle size, i.e., 30 and 85 nm, were produced for further evaluation. The optimized formulations were characterized and showed a particle size in agreement to the predicted value, i.e. 33.6 nm and 74.6 nm, respectively. The optimized formulations were also characterized using multiple techniques in order to investigate the solid state of drug and excipients (DSC and XRD), particle morphology (TEM) and interactions between the formulation components (FTIR). Furthermore, particle size and surface charge of the formulations was studied during a one-month stability study and did not evidence any significative modification during storage.

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In this work an improved methodology for the study of hydrogen storage material (HSM) is presented, for the characterization of smaller samples of HSM at increased accuracy. It includes: the realization of innovative differential instrument; a novel approach to the detailed micro kinetic modelling; increase the comprehension of absorption and desorption mechanisms; support research efforts in this topic. As side results, a macro and lumped model for the design of generic hydrogen storage tank are developed and validated. The study of a novel IDA (Isochoric Differential apparatus) is presented, describing all the steps from the initial theoretical approach, to the detailed design and the definition of an experimental proceeding. It includes the necessary technical improvements to increase the measure uncertainty compared to the classical SIevert. Novel microkinetic modelling for HSM is explained as variation of classic nucleation and growth model (JMAK model). The nuclei’s growth is assumed to be limited by surface or even by radius of powder’s particles. Micro modelling is applied on Mg-based material, introducing high accurate kinetic measures obtained by IDA. This leads to extrapolate information about kinetic parameters and kinetic mechanisms of hydrogen sorption. The obtained micro modelling is used as core for the development of a model at a higher scale (macro) which keeps in consideration also heat and hydrogen diffusion in porous materials typical in hydrogen storage tank. Experimental data collected by a prototipal realization of hydrogen storage tank are used to validate macro modelling. Moreover, a lumped model is developed with the scope to built a numerical tool able to give preliminary indications on proper design/layout of hydrogen storage tank, based on hydrogen flow, temperature or pressure requirements. Lumped modelling is finally compared with results by the numerical simulation of validated macro model. Finally, micro kinetic model is applied on high accuracy sorption data (by IDA) on innovative catalysed Mg-material. Material is produced by a novel approach, where catalyst, Nb2O5, is deposited by PVD techniques at extremely low concentration on the surface of powder to exploit its higher catalyst proprieties.

2D Materials 7(2), 022001 (2020). doi:10.1088/2053-1583/ab1e0a, Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

Summary of Deliverable 6.2 This report on optimized design of a hydrogen-heat-storage HyCARE module refers to the operational element designed and developed to absorb the hydrogen, store and release it. In addition to the H2 connection and the balance of plant, the system is conceived to store and exchange heat internally. The scope of the deliverable is to describe the main features of the hydrogen-heat-storage module design under development in the framework of the collaborative project HyCARE. Specifically, it covers the aspects of the optimization process of the design, which have been discussed and studied step-wise, acquiring the available information from the other work packages, including the main requirements and boundary conditions contained in a preliminary risk analysis.