Search

Demonstration Environments (DEs) are essential tools for testing and demonstrating new technologies, products, and services, and reducing uncertainties and risks in the innovation process. However, the terminology used to describe these environments is inconsistent, leading to heterogeneity in defining and characterizing them. This makes it difficult to establish a universal understanding of DEs and to differentiate between the different types of DEs, including testbeds, pilot-plants, and living labs. Moreover, existing literature lacks a holistic view of DEs, with studies focusing on specific types of DEs and not offering an integrated perspective on their characteristics and applicability in different contexts. This study proposes an ontology for knowledge representation related to DEs to address this gap. Using an ontology learning approach analyzing 3621 peer-reviewed journal articles, we develop a standardized framework for defining and characterizing DEs, providing a holistic view of these environments. The resulting ontology allows innovation managers and practitioners to select appropriate DEs for achieving their innovation goals, based on the characteristics and capabilities of the specific type of DE. The contributions of this study are significant in advancing the understanding and application of DEs in innovation processes. The proposed ontology provides a standardized approach for defining and characterizing DEs, reducing inconsistencies in terminology and establishing a common understanding of these environments. This enables innovation managers and practitioners to select appropriate DEs for their specific innovation goals, facilitating more efficient and effective innovation processes. Overall, this study provides a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in the effective use of DEs in innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed energy resources and the number of relays are expected to rise in modern electrical grids; consequently, relay misoperations are also expected to grow. Relays can detect electrical fault types using an internal algorithm and can display the result using light indicators on the front of the relay. However, some relays' internal algorithms for predicting types of electrical faults could be improved. This study assesses a relay's external and internal algorithms with an Advanced Synchronized Time Digital Grid Twin (ASTDGT) testbed with paired relays. A misoperation relay analysis focused on measuring the accuracy of using the boundary admittance (the external algorithm) versus the set-default (the internal algorithm) relay method to determine the electrical fault types was performed. In this study, the internal and external relay algorithms were assessed with a synchronized time digital grid twin testbed using a real-time simulator. This testbed evaluated two sets of logic at the same time with the digital grid twin and paired relays in the loop. Different types of electrical faults were simulated, and the relays' recorded events and electrical fault light indicator states were collected from the human–machine interfaces. This ASTDGT testbed with paired relays successfully evaluated the relay algorithm misoperations. The boundary admittance method had an accuracy of 100% for line-to-line, line-to-ground, and line-to-line ground faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed energy resources and the number of relays are expected to rise in modern electrical grids; consequently, relay misoperations are also expected to grow. Relays can detect electrical fault types using an internal algorithm and can display the result using light indicators on the front of the relay. However, some relays’ internal algorithms for predicting types of electrical faults could be improved. This study assesses a relay’s external and internal algorithms with an Advanced Synchronized Time Digital Grid Twin (ASTDGT) testbed with paired relays. A misoperation relay analysis focused on measuring the accuracy of using the boundary admittance (the external algorithm) versus the set-default (the internal algorithm) relay method to determine the electrical fault types was performed. In this study, the internal and external relay algorithms were assessed with a synchronized time digital grid twin testbed using a real-time simulator. This testbed evaluated two sets of logic at the same time with the digital grid twin and paired relays in the loop. Different types of electrical faults were simulated, and the relays’ recorded events and electrical fault light indicator states were collected from the human–machine interfaces. This ASTDGT testbed with paired relays successfully evaluated the relay algorithm misoperations. The boundary admittance method had an accuracy of 100% for line-to-line, line-to-ground, and line-to-line ground faults.

In order to investigate and analyze the behavior of 4G and 5G OFDMA cellular networks in real time, it is essential to have a real‐time testbed to emulate these cellular networks. We developed the experimental testbed in this work and proposed a real‐time approach to emulating these networks. We take real‐time measurements in indoor and outdoor environments. From the results, we say the proposed testbed can be used to identify the activity of spectrum occupancy of 4G and 5G cellular systems within a specified time, and one can also test their algorithm, protocols, and solutions using our developed testbed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery market in Republic of Korea has experienced significant growth, leading to a surge in motorcycle-related accidents. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data collection systems for motorcycle safety management. This study focused on designing and implementing a foundational data collection system to monitor and evaluate motorcycle driving behavior. To achieve this, eleven risky behaviors were defined, identified using image-based, GIS-based, and inertial-sensor-based methods. A motorcycle-mounted sensing device was installed to assess driving, with drivers reviewing their patterns through an app and all data monitored via a web interface. The system was applied and tested using a testbed. This study is significant as it successfully conducted foundational data collection for motorcycle safety management and designed and implemented a system for monitoring and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet architecture has recently shifted towards a framework characterized by multiple interconnected cloud sites, all linked via an L3 IP network. With this shift, managing networking controls among multiple cloud sites is becoming a significant operational challenge. In particular, ensuring effective networking control necessitates a deeper understanding of flow-level dynamics for comprehensively monitoring interconnection statuses across multiple sites. In this paper, we first propose an IO Visor-enabled tracing solution for Linux-based boxes to efficiently enable the comprehensive collection of network packet flows across interconnected sites. Next, we apply IP prefix-based flow-level analysis at a centralized location to support the intent-based networking control application. This flow-level analysis involves generating policy-based specific action (i.e., redirect) via SDN controllers for specific source IP prefixes, which are causing unknown or potentially vulnerable flows. Furthermore, we employ an open-source ONOS SDN controller to tackle the challenge of managing the hybrid SDN-IP interconnections. By leveraging intent-based networking control, we effectively apply ONOS intents based on IP routing information and generated a set of forwarding action. We evaluate our proposed solution in an experimental SDN-cloud testbed, demonstrating its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Overall, through the seamless integration of these monitoring and control approaches, we manage to enhance the adaptability and security of the interconnected cloud sites of the testbed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are vital in automating complex tasks across various sectors, yet they face significant vulnerabilities due to the rising threats of cybersecurity attacks. The recent surge in cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure (CI) and industrial control systems (ICSs), with a 150% increase in 2022 affecting over 150 industrial operations, underscores the urgent need for advanced cybersecurity strategies and education. To meet this requirement, we develop a specialised cyber-physical testbed (CPT) tailored for transportation CI, featuring a simplified yet effective automated level-crossing system. This hybrid CPT serves as a cost-effective, high-fidelity, and safe platform to facilitate cybersecurity education and research. High-fidelity networking and low-cost development are achieved by emulating the essential ICS components using single-board computers (SBC) and open-source solutions. The physical implementation of an automated level-crossing visualised the tangible consequences on real-world systems while emphasising their potential impact. The meticulous selection of sensors enhances the CPT, allowing for the demonstration of analogue transduction attacks on this physical implementation. Incorporating wireless access points into the CPT facilitates multi-user engagement and an infrared remote control streamlines the reinitialization effort and time after an attack. The SBCs overwhelm as traffic surges to 12 Mbps, demonstrating the consequences of denial-of-service attacks. Overall, the design offers a cost-effective, open-source, and modular solution that is simple to maintain, provides ample challenges for users, and supports future expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, existing online social networks have emerged as vital platforms for fostering and nurturing social relationships. However, their reliance on text and multimedia-based interactions has posed limitations, particularly in terms of accessibility and hands-free operation, and in turn, impeded the full potential of online social networking. Voice-based social networks (VBSNs) offer a way to address these constraints by enabling multitasking through real-time audio communication, catering to a broader spectrum of users. To ensure the widespread adoption and practical utility of VBSNs, it is imperative that voice-based social networks and their applications offer secure and privacy-preserving services. In this paper, we outline the urgent requirements for voice-based social networks and evaluate existing open-source online social networking software and platforms to find the most suitable one for developing a testbed for VBSNs. Employing the chosen platform, we propose a design for VBSN testbed that facilitates the development and evaluation of VBSN applications while ensuring robust security and privacy measures through a blockchain-based decentralized identity and reputation mechanism. This proposed testbed serves as a valuable resource for researchers and developers to explore and address security and privacy concerns within the realm of voice-based social networking, enhancing the quality and reliability of their innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cyber range provides a controlled environment for simulating mission-critical systems for cybersecurity research following the high risks involved in conducting experiments in real-life systems. Existing cyber ranges do not provide close emulation of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in the Smart Grid Networks (SGNs), with emphasis on industry-based proprietary and IED protocols. This paper presents CyberGrid Testbed – a virtual Cyber-Range developed by the CyberSCADA Research Laboratory at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, which emulates Substation Automation processes with IEC61850 and Modbus/TCP protocols and support for MMS, and IED. This was built on OpenPLC6185, simulating Twelve attack patterns, and four attack types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in technology and infrastructure have greatly improved the capabilities of the natural hazards community to collect robust samples of building performance following hazard events and make them available to the research community for broad reuse purposes. Yet, there lacks standardized, open access data sets that combine reconnaissance data from multiple individual hazard events into unified, living testbeds that can grow through community participation. The objectives of this study are to (1) synthesize and present a unified, multievent windstorm performance data set (WiSPD) and (2) summarize common damage patterns observed in the WiSPD. The WiSPD currently consists of four hurricanes (occurring between 2017 and 2020) and four tornadoes (occurring between 2011 and 2020), all of which struck the United States. Each event's building performance assessments were collected with similar methodologies and contain details such as location, physical address, basic building attributes, estimated 3 s gust wind speed, basic wind speeds, and component-level damage percentage with a precision of ±5%. In combination, the testbed reveals that roof cover damage dominates in windstorms, regardless of the year of construction or building code enforced. Additionally, tornadoes tend to produce higher damage rates than hurricanes, specifically in fenestration and roof structure damage. Fragility functions for hurricanes exhibit a nonmonotonic relationship between wind speed and damage, potentially evidencing the strong influence of other confounding variables. Ultimately, the unified data set promises to be a rich testbed for further knowledge discovery and model validation by the research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A networked microgrid is composed of multiple nearby microgrids linked together to gain additional flexibility for resilient operations. Networked microgrids collaborate to prevent power shortages in microgrid clusters by sharing critical renewable and energy storage resources. However, controlling the local resources of each microgrid, including the energy storage systems' charging and discharging, maintaining the DC bus voltage, and even overseeing the power shared by multiple microgrids, is challenging. Therefore, a microgrid control technique and distributed energy management are used cooperatively in this study to handle the shared power between a system of networked microgrids incorporating photovoltaics and battery energy storage systems. Numerical simulation results from a networked microgrid system verify the accuracy and soundness of the suggested distributed energy management under several operating conditions, including renewable uncertainties and sequential load variations in different zones. The applicability of the suggested technique is confirmed by hardware implementation, and several operational scenarios further evaluate the proposed system on a practical two-microgrid system located in the Florida International University (FIU) testbed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RPL—Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (usually pronounced "ripple")—is the de facto standard for IoT networks. However, it neglects to exploit IoT devices' full capacity to optimize their transmission power, mainly because it is quite challenging to do so in parallel with the routing strategy, given the dynamic nature of wireless links and the typically constrained resources of IoT devices. Adapting the transmission power requires dynamically assessing many parameters, such as the probability of packet collisions, energy consumption, the number of hops, and interference. This paper introduces Adaptive Control of Transmission Power for RPL (ACTOR) for the dynamic optimization of transmission power. ACTOR aims to improve throughput in dense networks by passively exploring different transmission power levels. The classic solutions of bandit theory, including the Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) and Discounted UCB, accelerate the convergence of the exploration and guarantee its optimality. ACTOR is also enhanced via mechanisms to blacklist undesirable transmission power levels and stabilize the topology of parent–child negotiations. The results of the experiments conducted on our 40-node, 12-node testbed demonstrate that ACTOR achieves a higher packet delivery ratio by almost 20%, reduces the transmission power of nodes by up to 10 dBm, and maintains a stable topology with significantly fewer parent switches compared to the standard RPL and the selected benchmarks. These findings are consistent with simulations conducted across 7 different scenarios, where improvements in end-to-end delay, packet delivery, and energy consumption were observed by up to 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the case study of the application of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) on the testbed "Smart Factory Line" has been described. The main goals of this study have been to verify feasibility and applicability of FMEA on such complex technical system and to show real possibilities of integration of Industry 4.0 principles and technologies with selected methods of quality management. The significant part of the paper is formed by extensive literature review of the related topics such as mass customization and individualization, Industry 4.0, Quality 4.0, fault management and their selected principles, methods and technologies, putting the stress on the team cooperation of experts of different specializations. The attention also has been put on the describing testbeds as platforms for the academy world and practice connection. This case of the practical integration of the smart factory testbed design and its products with the new FMEA approach based on the harmonized AIAG and VDA manual has brought new views on the practical realization of smart factories, on importance of building Quality 4.0 and on requirements for interdisciplinary education of the technicians and quality specialists for Industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to assess the performance of cold asphalt mixture by incorporating recycled waste glass (e.g., 20% and 30% by weight of total mixture), and red mud, as substitutes for conventional aggregates. Laboratory tests were conducted to analyze the influence of waste glass on the workability energy index and compactability energy index. The resistance to cracking of asphalt mixture was evaluated using the indirect tensile asphalt cracking test, while assessments of rutting and moisture vulnerability were performed via the Hamburg wheel tracking test. Dynamic modulus test was also conducted to examine the response of the waste glass-modified asphalt mixture under dynamic loading and different temperatures. In addition, a 400-meter pedestrian road was constructed to evaluate the practical utilization of waste glass in real-world conditions. Results indicated that the addition of higher waste glass content reduced the theoretical maximum specific gravity due to density differences between waste glass and recycled asphalt. Increase in waste glass content led to a higher demand for compaction energy. The mixture containing 30% waste glass required over 22% more compaction energy compared to control mixture. While the 20% waste glass mix showed similar characteristics to conventional asphalt in terms of indirect tensile strength and rutting resistance. In contrast, the 30% mix exhibited notably weaker properties, which were 12% lower in CTindex and three times lower in stripping resistance. Dynamic modulus results showed that with 30% waste glass, the elastic behavior of asphalt mixture was strongly reduced. In general, the study recommended that the optimal utilization of waste glass in cold asphalt mixtures containing recycled asphalt and red mud appears to be at the 20% level, based on comprehensive laboratory and testbed results.

Lokalisasi robot adalah proses penentuan lokasi mobile robot terhadap lingkungannya. Ini penting untuk pengoperasian robot otonom, karena lokasi robot saat ini akan mempengaruhi keputusan tindakan robot selanjutnya. Pengoperasian di dalam ruangan dan area terbatas membuat lokalisasi robot menjadi lebih menantang, mengingat perangkat Global Positioning System (GPS) tidak dapat digunakan, dan masih menarik banyak peneliti hingga saat ini. Makalah ini mengusulkan desain, konstruksi, dan validasi testbed robot berbiaya rendah, yang memungkinkan pengukuran lokasi dan orientasi mobile robot secara real time menggunakan sistem penglihatan atas. Beberapa masalah yang dihadapi dalam desain dan pengembangan seperti pengaturan posisi kamera dan pemilihan pengenal robot telah berhasil diatasi. Beberapa fungsi pustaka OpenCV diimplementasikan untuk melakukan pengolahan video. Pustaka Tkinter digunakan dalam pengembangan Graphical User Interface (GUI) pada penelitian ini. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi lokasi dan orientasi robot baik statis maupun dinamis dengan rata-rata nilai kesalahan kurang dari 3,8 cm pada pengujian statis dan terbukti mampu merekam pergerakan robot baik pada lintasan lurus maupun melingkar. Sehingga setup testbed dapat direkomendasikan sebagai solusi cepat dan murah untuk verifikasi dan pengambilan data pada berbagai penelitian yang membutuhkan perekaman lokasi dan orientasi robot baik statis maupun dinamis. Beberapa perbaikan diperlukan untuk menjadikan sistem lebih handal dan akurat.

A testbed that simulates space conditions in a terrestrial laboratory is essential for evaluating, verifying, and teaching attitude control in nanosatellites. The control methodology applied dictates the configuration of each testbed, and highlights the need for an appropriate system for such tests. This study presents the development and validation of a spherical testbed designed to simulate the space environment, which includes a decentralized architecture ADCS module. This architecture allows for reduced time between the Model-in-the-Loop and Hardware-in-the-Loop phases, as well as facilitating high-level programming for evaluating attitude control algorithms based on reaction wheels. To validate the testbed, both point-to-point and tracking maneuvers were implemented and evaluated using the following algorithms: traditional PID control, feedback control, and a robust adaptive controller developed by Boskovic. Additionally, the system’s mathematical model was constructed, and its validity was confirmed through maximum likelihood estimation of the equation-error using the controller results. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of this testbed, which is both extendable and accessible for evaluating reaction wheel-based attitude control algorithms. However, the study also identifies limitations and outlines directions for future work. Notably, in ground-based tests, the torques generated by gravity gradient are unknown and difficult to counteract, complicating the control of the roll and pitch axes.

5G network is expected to be highly flexible, enabling its adjustment according to user requirements. To achieve this, 5G leverages network slicing, allowing the division of the network infrastructure into different slices with completely different communication performances. However, this flexibility is not easily achieved, requiring the use of available 5G features, Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, and technologies to adapt the communication performance according to the user requirements. Furthermore, to foster wider adoption of 5G by verticals, it is crucial to simplify the network configuration process by providing common interfaces that accept attributes familiar to vertical users. In this line, having a vertical-oriented network slice manager capable of automating the deployment of slices in 5G networks is crucial. One of the key elements involved in creating such a system is a mapping between common communication attributes and available 5G configuration parameters and features. This mapping facilitates the adjustment of communication performance to meet vertical requirements. With this in mind, the document explores the realisation of such a mapping. First, it analyses the communication attributes defined by well-known organisations (e.g., 5G-ACIA, and 5GDNA); these attributes define the performance requirements of network slices or industrial use cases. Then, it maps these attributes to standardised R17 5G functionalities. The mapping is followed by a validation using the 5GAIner infrastructure (part of the IMAGINE-B5G experimental facilities), a real-world commercial-grade 5G Standalone (SA) network. The results showcase the feasibility of using this mapping to realize vertical slices.

UMBRELLA (A Living Laboratory: https://www.umbrellaiot.com/) is an open, large-scale IoT ecosystem deployed across South Gloucestershire, UK. It is intended to accelerate innovation across multiple technology domains. UMBRELLA is built to bridge the gap between existing specialised testbeds and address holistically real-world technological challenges in a System-of-Systems (SoS) fashion. UMBRELLA provides open access to real-world devices and infrastructure, enabling researchers and the industry to evaluate solutions for Smart Cities, Robotics, Wireless Communications, Edge Intelligence, and more. Key features include over 200 multi-sensor nodes installed on public infrastructure, a robotics arena with 20 mobile robots, a 5G network-in-a-box solution, and a unified backend platform for management, control and secure user access. The heterogeneity of hardware components, including diverse sensors, communication interfaces, and GPU-enabled edge devices, coupled with tools like digital twins, allows for comprehensive experimentation and benchmarking of innovative solutions unviable in lab environments. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of UMBRELLA’s multi-domain architecture and capabilities, making it an ideal playground for Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT) innovation. It discusses the challenges in designing, developing and operating UMBRELLA as an open, sustainable testbed and shares lessons learned to guide similar future initiatives. With its unique openness, heterogeneity, realism and tools, UMBRELLA aims to continue accelerating cutting-edge technology research, development and translation into real-world progress.

The rapid digitalization of power systems involves enhanced interconnectivity, intelligence, and cost-efficiency across all components. In the era of Industry 5.0, the criticality of energy supply makes power systems prime targets for attacks, highlighting the need for the creation and evaluation of solutions against cyber-physical threats. Testbeds have emerged as essential tools for these purposes by representing real-world power systems in controlled environments and simulating cyber-physical attack-defense experiments. This paper introduces a Cyber-Physical Security (CPS) testbed rooted in the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) and developed adversary setup within the National Smart Grid Laboratory at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. By adhering to the SGAM framework, this study delves into the classification and assessment of threats within the structure of the CPS testbed, examining vulnerabilities at distinct structural levels. Significantly, the strategic placement of the adversary setup within these levels enables a comprehensive evaluation of cyber-physical vulnerabilities in simulated systems, thereby facilitating the assessment of protective measures. Furthermore, this research presents case studies using three data sources as an aggregated dynamic power system model simulated in the real-time digital simulator OPAL-RT, real power grid, and playback of previously recorded data frames using virtual phasor measurement units functionality. The focus of this work is on the analysis of the five most common cyberattacks on power systems, such as passive and active reconnaissance, interruption in communication, TCP packet injection, and men-in-the-middle attacks utilizing the C37.118.2-2011 protocol. The results of the case studies illustrate the framework for the adversary setup and provide proof-of-concept attack scenarios for evaluation purposes. As part of future work, we intend to expand upon this research with a defender setup and implement more sophisticated, stealthy attacks.

Intelligent monitoring systems can effectively predict or detect anomalies and issues in smart working systems and ecosystems and implement the proper countermeasures. However, for their effective and efficient use, attributes like responsiveness, performance, and quality should be properly tested and assessed before integrating the monitoring system into an ecosystem. The work aims to present a framework, called MOnitoring TEsting Framework (MOTEF), focused on the testing and evaluation of a generic monitoring system performance. In particular, the framework allows testing the monitoring system in isolation or when used in a smart environment to provide functional or non-functional property predictions. By simulating the runtime execution of a smart environment, MOTEF lets testing and assessment of a generic monitoring system establish its working boundaries. The results collected can be used to design a smart environment architecture to fulfil its global performance constraints better. This work presents the architecture of MOTEF and its preliminary implementation. It also validated and showcased the use of MOTEF in evaluating the performance of an existing monitoring system in isolation and when it is used in a smart environment. The results have been assessed by considering two research questions about the monitoring system’s responsiveness and effectiveness in proving required functional or non-functional property predictions.

Massive MIMO is a key technology for the current and next-generation cellular standards to achieve multi-fold improvements in the spectral efficiency of the network. Various demonstrations of this Massive MIMO technology in the existing literature transmit data to a maximum of 15 users simultaneously in the downlink while using 64 to 100 antenna ports at the base station. In this paper, we present in detail the design and implementation of our Large-scale Massive MIMO testbed, where we demonstrate a further maximization of the user pairing to realize the high network capacities achievable with massive MIMO technology. This is the first testbed implementation that demonstrates as high as 24 user pairing in downlink by utilizing 192 antenna elements (48 antenna ports) at the base station. This high user pairing capability helps the network operators to support as many users in a limited amount of spectrum and achieve multifold improvement in the network capacity. Further, this is a first step in the direction of understanding the real-world limitations of Massive MIMO systems in a variety of deployment scenarios and under constraints such as antenna array sizes, antenna array types such as circular versus rectangular, and indoor versus outdoor deployment, among others. All the analysis is backed by detailed experiments that are described in this paper.

5G technologies are considered a cornerstone of the advent of the next industrial revolution. Promising performance improvements, along with advanced features and assurances in terms of reliability, flexibility and isolation, are expected to enable the realization of diverse and novel use cases, fostering industrial automation with optimized production lines and manufacturing systems. This document shares the experience and knowledge using a 5G SA network for industrial applications. Concretely, the paper examines whether and how the available technology could fulfil the demanding industry requirements, namely in terms of isolation, flexibility and performance. This gap analysis revealed 5G QoS mechanisms as a key driver towards 5G for industry. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of the existing mechanisms and their impact on the network performance are presented, serving as a reality check of 5G SA Release 15 technologies. Although results showed promising possibilities to support industrial deployments, there is still a gap between what’s achievable and what is expected from 5G that will be gradually filled by the introduction of novel features in the upcoming releases. In general, the contributions and insights presented in this paper are considered to be valuable for industry, standards development organizations, manufacturers, and the wider 5G ecosystem. Moreover, this paper serves as a foundational component within a larger endeavour of automating network slicing mechanisms for industrial applications.

This manuscript presents a novel state-of-the-art cyber-physical water testbed, namely the AI and Cyber for Water and Agriculture testbed (ACWA). ACWA is motivated by the aim to advance water resources' management using AI and cybersecurity experimentation. The main objective of ACWA is to address pressing challenges in the water and agricultural domains by utilising cutting-edge AI and data-driven technologies. These challenges include cyberbiosecurity, resources' management, access to water, sustainability, and data-driven decision-making, among others. To address such issues, ACWA is built consisting of topologies, sensors, computational clusters, pumps, tanks, smart water devices, as well as databases and AI models that control the system. Moreover, we present ACWA simulator, which is a software-based water digital twin. The simulator is based on fluid and constituent transport principles that produce a theoretical time series of a water distribution system. It creates a benchmark for comparing the theoretical approach with real-life outcomes via the physical ACWA testbed. ACWA data are available to AI and water sector researchers and are hosted in an online public repository. In this paper, the system is introduced and compared with existing water testbeds; additionally, use cases are described along with novel outcomes, such as datasets, software, and AI models. HIGHLIGHTS ACWA is a novel cyber-physical testbed for testing, validating, and experimenting with intelligent water systems and AI.; The testbed consists of multiple sensors, computational nodes, pumps, pipes, valves, tanks, and other computational components.; Open water domain datasets with multiple variables are publicly available via ACWA, including ones that enable the testing of Cyberbiosecurity and AI deployments in water systems.; ACWA is the first data generator of its kind (hardware and software) in the water domain.;

The Individual Evolutionary Learning (IEL) algorithm was proposed as a portable learning model for games with large strategy spaces. In principle, IEL benchmark simulations could substitute or supplement expensive experiments with human subjects. We evaluate the ability of the IEL model to replicate experimental findings observed in repeated Keynesian Beauty Contest (KBC) games, which have a large strategy space. The IEL specification with standard parameter values is able to capture major dynamical features and differences between treatments in both one-dimensional (Nagel, 1995 ; Duffy and Nagel, 1997) and two-dimensional (Anufriev et al., 2022b) versions of KBC games. We compare IEL with some other simple learning models and find that it performs relatively better across multiple treatments. We also use IEL to predict behavior in repeated KBC games that have not yet been conducted experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the space industry has witnessed a resurgence, characterized by a notable proliferation of satellites operating at progressively lower altitudes, promising extensive global coverage and terrestrial-level data transfer speeds, while remaining cost-effective solutions. In particular, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can benefit from the wide coverage of space infrastructure due to their extensive deployment, disrupted communication nature, and the potential absence of terrestrial support. This study explored the utility of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations as a communication infrastructure for interconnecting "smart" devices via ground stations in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. To this end, we designed and implemented a series of experiments conducted within the OMNeT++ simulator, utilizing an updated iteration of the original Open Source Satellite Simulator (OS3) framework. Our research encompassed an IoT Case Study, incorporating authentic sensor data sourced from the Smart Santander testbed. Throughout our experimentation, we investigated the impact of the constellation design parameters such as the number of satellites and orbital planes, as well as the inter-satellite link configuration on the obtained Round-Trip Time (RTT) and packet loss rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery market in Republic of Korea has experienced significant growth, leading to a surge in motorcycle-related accidents. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data collection systems for motorcycle safety management. This study focused on designing and implementing a foundational data collection system to monitor and evaluate motorcycle driving behavior. To achieve this, eleven risky behaviors were defined, identified using image-based, GIS-based, and inertial-sensor-based methods. A motorcycle-mounted sensing device was installed to assess driving, with drivers reviewing their patterns through an app and all data monitored via a web interface. The system was applied and tested using a testbed. This study is significant as it successfully conducted foundational data collection for motorcycle safety management and designed and implemented a system for monitoring and evaluation.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are vital in automating complex tasks across various sectors, yet they face significant vulnerabilities due to the rising threats of cybersecurity attacks. The recent surge in cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure (CI) and industrial control systems (ICSs), with a 150% increase in 2022 affecting over 150 industrial operations, underscores the urgent need for advanced cybersecurity strategies and education. To meet this requirement, we develop a specialised cyber-physical testbed (CPT) tailored for transportation CI, featuring a simplified yet effective automated level-crossing system. This hybrid CPT serves as a cost-effective, high-fidelity, and safe platform to facilitate cybersecurity education and research. High-fidelity networking and low-cost development are achieved by emulating the essential ICS components using single-board computers (SBC) and open-source solutions. The physical implementation of an automated level-crossing visualised the tangible consequences on real-world systems while emphasising their potential impact. The meticulous selection of sensors enhances the CPT, allowing for the demonstration of analogue transduction attacks on this physical implementation. Incorporating wireless access points into the CPT facilitates multi-user engagement and an infrared remote control streamlines the reinitialization effort and time after an attack. The SBCs overwhelm as traffic surges to 12 Mbps, demonstrating the consequences of denial-of-service attacks. Overall, the design offers a cost-effective, open-source, and modular solution that is simple to maintain, provides ample challenges for users, and supports future expansion.