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Specular aliasing can make seemingly simple scenes notoriously hard to render efficiently: small geometric features with high curvature and near specular reflectance result in tiny lighting features which are difficult to resolve at low sample counts per pixel. LEAN and LEADR mapping can be used to convert geometric surface detail to anisotropic surface roughness in a preprocess. In scenes including fluid simulation this problem is particularly apparent with fast moving elements such as spray particles, which are typically represented as participating media in movie rendering. Both approaches, however, are only valid in the far-field regime where the geometric detail is much smaller than a pixel, while the challenge of resolving highlights remains in the meso-scale. Fast motion and the relatively long shutter intervals, commonly used in movie production, lead to strong variation of the surface normals seen under a pixel over time aggravating the problem. Recent specular anti aliasing approaches preintegrate geometric curvature under the pixel footprint for one specific ray to achieve noise free images at low sample counts. We extend these to anisotropic surface roughness and to account for the temporal surface normal variation due to motion blur. We use temporal derivatives to approximate the distribution of the surface normal seen under a pixel over the course of the shutter interval. Furthermore, we discuss how this can afterwards be combined with the surface BSDF in a practical way., Eurographics Symposium on Rendering - DL-only Track, Denoising and Filtering, 1, 12, Lorenzo Tessari, Johannes Hanika, Carsten Dachsbacher, and Marc Droske, CCS Concepts: Computing methodologies --> Ray tracing; Reflectance modeling

Guidelines are fundamental in addressing everyday clinical indications and in reporting the current evidence-based data of related scientific investigations. At the same time, a spatial and temporal issue can limit their value. Indeed, variability in the recommendations can be found both among the same nation different scientific societies and among different nations/continents. On the other side, Garcia already published in 2014 data showing how, after three years in average, one out of five recommendations gets outdated (Martinez Garcia LM, Sanabria AJ, Garcia Alvarez E, et al. The validity of recommendations from clinical guidelines: a survival analysis. CMAJ 2014;186(16):1211-1219). The present document reports a narrative literature revision on the major international recommendations in lower limb venous and lymphatic disease management, focusing on the different countries' guidelines, trends and controversies from all the continents, while identifying new evidence-based data potentially influencing future guidelines. World renowned experts' opinions are also provided. The document has been written following the recorded round tables scientific discussions held at the vWINter international meeting (22-26 January 2019; Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy) and the pre- and post-meeting literature search performed by the leading experts.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Júlio César de Carvalho Coorientadora : Profa. Dra. Cristine Rodrigues Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 31/03/2017 Inclui referências : f.89-98 Resumo: O fósforo (P) é um elemento vital para todos os organismos, porém a alta demanda por este mineral pode levar suas reservas a serem exauridas em algumas décadas. O desperdício deste nutriente e a falta de controle do fluxo de fósforo tem encorajado diversas pesquisas a serem conduzidas no âmbito de reaproveitar o fósforo de uma variedade de resíduos. Assim como outros organismos, microalgas e cianobactérias necessitam de fósforo disponível para o seu crescimento. Estes organismos emergem no cenário mundial como fontes de compostos importantes como proteínas, ácidos graxos e pigmentos. Dessa forma, o presente estudo buscou otimizar a extração ácida do fósforo de cinza de biomassa de palma, e desenvolver meio de cultivo para cianobactéria e microalga, a partir do extrato de cinza de palma. A extração ácida da cinza de biomassa de palma realizada por HNO3 sob condições de 70°C; 0,02 mol H+/g de cinza; 150mL/g de cinza apresentou resultados de 97,52% de dissolução do fósforo. A otimização realizada através de um planejamento fatorial 33 indicou que, sob grau de confiança de 0,05, os fatores temperatura e mol de H+/g de cinza contribuíram significativamente para uma maior dissolução do P, enquanto que a cinética de dissolução do P permitiu concluir que entre 8 e 10h são suficientes para extrair o fósforo esperado da cinza de biomassa de palma. O uso de HNO3 foi justificado por ser o acidificante responsável pela extração do P e por ser posteriormente a fonte de nitrogênio no cultivo de microalgas e cianobactéria. A condição de extração 70°C; 0,02 mol H+/g de cinza; 150mL/g de cinza gerou um meio denominado BAX, com relação N/P de 16,9/1 Ao final de 31 dias, Spirulina platensis e Neochloris oleoabundans, e ao final de 27 dias Dunaliella salina, cultivadas em meio BAX proveniente de extrato de cinza de palma, apresentaram 82, 90 e 100% respectivamente, da concentração observada nos meios controles. As produtividades de 0,063, 0,026 e 0,021 g/L.dia foram obtidas para Spirulina platensis, Neochloris oleoabundans e Dunaliella salina respectivamente, apenas com correção de pH e suplementação de NaCl para Dunaliella salina. A quantidade de fosfato removida dos cultivos em meio BAX foram semelhantes aos encontrados nos meios controles, onde Neochloris oleoabundans e Dunaliella salina apresentaram uma remoção quase que completa de fosfato dos meios. O escalonamento com S. platensis em um cultivo de 120 litros apresentou concentração de 1,60 g/L e produtividade de 0,045 g/L.dia após 31 dias de cultivo, mostrando que o cultivo de microalgas e cianobactéria é possível em meio formulado a partir de extrato aquoso de cinza de biomassa de palma. Palavras-chave: Microalga; extração de fósforo; relação de Redfield; meio de cultura; cinza de biomassa. Abstract: Phosphorus (P) is a vital element for all organisms, but the high demand for this mineral may lead its reserves to near exhaustion in a few decades. The waste of this nutrient and the lack of control of the phosphorus flow has encouraged many researchers to study the reuse of the phosphorus from a variety of residues. Like other organisms, microalgae and cyanobacteria also require phosphorus available for their growth. These organisms emerge on the World as sources of important compounds like proteins, fatty acids and pigments. Thus, the present study sought to optimize the acid extraction of the phosphorus from palm oil biomass ash, and to develop a culture media for cyanobacteria and microalgae, from the palm oil biomass ash extract. Acid extraction of palm oil biomass ash by HNO3 under conditions of 70°C; 0.02 mol H+/g of ash; 150mL/g of ash presented results of 97.52% of phosphorus dissolution. The optimization performed through a factorial design 33 indicated that, under a confidence level of 0.05, the factors temperature and mols of H+/g of ash contributed significantly to a higher dissolution of P, while kinetics of P dissolution allowed to conclude that between 8 and 10 hours are sufficient to extract the expected phosphorus from the palm oil biomass ash. The use of HNO3 was justified due to its acidification capacity, responsible for the P extraction and also for being later the source of nitrogen in the cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria. The extraction condition 70°C; 0.02 mol H+/g of ash; 150mL/g of ash generated a media called BAX with N/P ratio of 16.9/1. At the end of 31 days, Spirulina platensis and Neochloris oleoabundans, and at the end of 27 days Dunaliella salina, grown in BAX medium from palm oil ash extract, presented 82, 90 and 100%, respectively, of the concentration observed in the control media. The productivity of 0.063, 0.026 and 0.021 g/L.day were obtained for Spirulina platensis, Neochloris oleoabundans and Dunaliella salina respectively, only with pH correction and NaCl supplementation for Dunaliella salina. The amount of phosphate removed from the BAX medium were similar to those found in the control media, where Neochloris oleoabundans and Dunaliella salina showed almost complete phosphate removal from the media. A scaling up with S. platensis in a 120 liter culture showed a concentration of 1.60 g/L and productivity of 0.045 g/L.day after 31 days of growth, showing that the cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria is possible in medium formulated from aqueous extract of palm biomass ash. Keywords: Microalgae; phosphorus extraction; Redfield Ratio; culture media; biomass ash.