292 results on '"Teske, Peter R."'
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2. Comparative phylogeography in a marine biodiversity hotspot provides novel insights into evolutionary processes across the Atlantic-Indian Ocean transition
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Dalongeville, Alicia, Nielsen, Erica S., Teske, Peter R., and von der Heyden, Sophie
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- 2022
3. The complete mitochondrial genome of Octopus vulgaris
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Fee, Gareth N., Roura, Alvaro, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2024
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4. Genomics-informed models reveal extensive stretches of coastline under threat by an ecologically dominant invasive species
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Hudson, Jamie, Castilla, Juan Carlos, Teske, Peter R., Beheregaray, Luciano B., Haigh, Ivan D., McQuaid, Christopher D., and Rius, Marc
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- 2021
5. Genome-wide Scans Reveal Selection Signatures and Cross- Population Variation in South African and European Beef Cattle Breeds
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Modiba, Mamokoma Cathrine, primary, Magoro, Aletta Matshidiso, additional, Nephawe, Khathutshelo Agree, additional, Ngcobo, Jabulani Nkululeko, additional, Hadebe, Khanyisile, additional, Mpofu, Takalani Judas, additional, Teske, Peter R., additional, and Mtileni, Bohani, additional
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- 2024
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6. Mitogenome selection in the evolution of key ecological strategies in the ancient hexapod class Collembola
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Monsanto, Daniela M., Main, Devon C., Janion-Scheepers, Charlene, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, Deharveng, Louis, Bedos, Anne, Potapov, Mikhail, Parbhu, Shilpa P., Le Roux, Johannes J., Teske, Peter R., and van Vuuren, Bettine Jansen
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- 2022
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7. Discovery of populations endemic to a marine biogeographical transition zone
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Golla, Tirupathi Rao, Pieterse, Leishe, Jooste, Candice M., and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2020
8. Mitochondrial genome announcements need to consider existing short sequences from closely related species to prevent taxonomic errors
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Teske, Peter R.
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- 2021
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9. Limitations of DNA barcoding in determining the origin of smuggled seahorses and pipefishes
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Serite, Conny P., Ntshudisane, Ofentse K., Swart, Eugene, Simbine, Luisa, Jaime, Graça L.M., and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2021
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10. Genomic divergence and differential gene expression between crustacean ecotypes across a marine thermal gradient
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Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, Knapp, Ingrid S., Monsanto, Daniela M., van Vuuren, Bettine Jansen, Toonen, Robert J., and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2021
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11. Modern supratidal microbialites fed by groundwater: functional drivers, value and trajectories
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Rishworth, Gavin M., Dodd, Carla, Perissinotto, Renzo, Bornman, Thomas G., Adams, Janine B., Anderson, Callum R., Cawthra, Hayley C., Dorrington, Rosemary A., du Toit, Hendrik, Edworthy, Carla, Gibb, Ross-Lynne A., Human, Lucienne R.D., Isemonger, Eric W., Lemley, Daniel A., Miranda, Nelson A.F., Peer, Nasreen, Raw, Jacqueline L., Smith, Alan M., Steyn, Paul-Pierre, Strydom, Nadine A., Teske, Peter R., and Welman, Shaun
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- 2020
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12. Conservation priorities in an endangered estuarine seahorse are informed by demographic history
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Mkare, Thomas Kalama, Jansen van Vuuren, Bettine, and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2021
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13. Editorial: Syngnathid fishes: biology, ecology, physiology, conservation and innovative rearing techniques
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Planas, Miquel, primary, Gristina, Michele, additional, Palma, Jorge, additional, Qin, Geng, additional, Rose, Emily, additional, Roth, Olivia, additional, and Teske, Peter R., additional
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- 2023
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14. Thermal selection as a driver of marine ecological speciation
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Teske, Peter R., Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan, Golla, Tirupathi Rao, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, Tine, Mbaye, von der Heyden, Sophie, and Beheregaray, Luciano B.
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- 2019
15. The complete mitochondrial genome of Octopus vulgaris.
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Fee, Gareth N., Roura, Alvaro, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, and Teske, Peter R.
- Abstract
Background: The Octopus vulgaris species complex consists of numerous morphologically similar but genetically distinct species. The current publicly available mitogenome of this species has been generated from a specimen collected from Tsukiji Fish Market, Tokyo, Japan. Octopus from the northwestern Pacific Ocean are now considered to be a separate species, Octopus sinensis. For this reason, we hypothesised that the current record of O. vulgaris was sequenced from a specimen of O. sinensis. Here, we sequenced the first complete mitogenome of a specimen of Octopus vulgaris sensu stricto that was collected from the species' confirmed distribution areas in northeastern Atlantic. Methods and results: The complete mitogenome was assembled de novo and annotated using 250 bp paired-end sequences. A single circular contig 15,655 bp in length with a mean read coverage of 1089 reads was reconstructed. The annotation pipeline identified 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNA) and two ribosomal RNAs. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree recovered the assembled mitogenome as the sister taxon of a monophyletic group comprising O. sinensis and the previously published mitogenome of "O. vulgaris" from Japan. This confirms that the latter was a Japanese specimen of O. sinensis. Conclusion: The mitogenome sequenced here is the first to be published for Octopus vulgaris sensu stricto. It represents an important first step in genetics-informed research on the evolution, conservation, and management of this commercially important species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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16. The complete mitochondrial genome of Octopus vulgaris
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Fee, Gareth N., primary, Roura, Alvaro, additional, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, additional, and Teske, Peter R., additional
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- 2023
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17. Rejection of the genetic implications of the “Abundant Centre Hypothesis” in marine mussels
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Ntuli, Noxolo N., Nicastro, Katy R., Zardi, Gerardo I., Assis, Jorge, McQuaid, Christopher D., and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2020
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18. Two sides of the same coin: extinctions and originations across the Atlantic/Indian Ocean boundary as consequences of the same climate oscillation
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Teske, Peter R., Zardi, Gerardo I., McQuaid, Christopher D., and Nicastro, Katy R.
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Global warming ,sea surface temperature ,phylogeography ,adaptive divergence ,range extension ,Science - Abstract
Global climate change is correlated not only with variation in extinction rates, but also with speciation rates. However, few mechanisms have been proposed to explain how climate change may have driven the emergence of new evolutionary lineages that eventually became distinct species. Here, we discuss a model of range extension followed by divergence, in which the same climate oscillations that resulted in the extinction of coastal species across the Atlantic/Indian Ocean boundary in southwestern Africa also sowed the seeds of new biodiversity. We present evidence for range extensions and evolutionary divergence from both fossil and genetic data, but also point out the many challenges to the model that need to be addressed before its validity can be accepted.
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- 2013
19. A globally threatened shark, Carcharias taurus, shows no population decline in South Africa
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Klein, Juliana D., der Merwe, Aletta E. Bester-van, Dicken, Matthew L., Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, Mmonwa, Kolobe L., and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2020
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20. "Nested" cryptic diversity in a widespread marine ecosystem engineer: a challenge for detecting biological invasions
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Teske, Peter R, Rius, Marc, McQuaid, Christopher D, Styan, Craig A, Piggott, Maxine P, Benhissoune, Saïd, Fuentes-Grünewald, Claudio, Walls, Kathy, Page, Mike, Attard, Catherine RM, Cooke, Georgina M, McClusky, Claire F, Banks, Sam C, Barker, Nigel P, and Beheregaray, Luciano B
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Abstract Background Ecosystem engineers facilitate habitat formation and enhance biodiversity, but when they become invasive, they present a critical threat to native communities because they can drastically alter the receiving habitat. Management of such species thus needs to be a priority, but the poorly resolved taxonomy of many ecosystem engineers represents a major obstacle to correctly identifying them as being either native or introduced. We address this dilemma by studying the sea squirt Pyura stolonifera, an important ecosystem engineer that dominates coastal communities particularly in the southern hemisphere. Using DNA sequence data from four independently evolving loci, we aimed to determine levels of cryptic diversity, the invasive or native status of each regional population, and the most appropriate sampling design for identifying the geographic ranges of each evolutionary unit. Results Extensive sampling in Africa, Australasia and South America revealed the existence of "nested" levels of cryptic diversity, in which at least five distinct species can be further subdivided into smaller-scale genetic lineages. The ranges of several evolutionary units are limited by well-documented biogeographic disjunctions. Evidence for both cryptic native diversity and the existence of invasive populations allows us to considerably refine our view of the native versus introduced status of the evolutionary units within Pyura stolonifera in the different coastal communities they dominate. Conclusions This study illustrates the degree of taxonomic complexity that can exist within widespread species for which there is little taxonomic expertise, and it highlights the challenges involved in distinguishing between indigenous and introduced populations. The fact that multiple genetic lineages can be native to a single geographic region indicates that it is imperative to obtain samples from as many different habitat types and biotic zones as possible when attempting to identify the source region of a putative invader. "Nested" cryptic diversity, and the difficulties in correctly identifying invasive species that arise from it, represent a major challenge for managing biodiversity.
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- 2011
21. An overview of Australia's temperate marine phylogeography, with new evidence from high-dispersal gastropods
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Teske, Peter R., Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan, Waters, Jonathan, and Beheregaray, Luciano B.
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- 2017
22. A critically endangered estuarine limpet's only two populations are genomically and morphologically distinct.
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de Coito, Paula M., Emami‐Khoyi, Arsalan, Hedderson, Terry A., Toonen, Robert J., Teske, Peter R., and Branch, George M.
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SEAGRASS restoration ,BIOLOGICAL extinction ,LIMPETS ,SUBSPECIES ,MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ,SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms ,ZOSTERA marina ,SEAGRASSES - Abstract
Seagrass habitats are declining worldwide, placing several seagrass‐associated animals at risk of extinction. The Critically Endangered limpet Siphonaria compressa is one of the rarest molluscs in Africa, and has been reported from only two disjunctive lagoons in South Africa. Being a highly specialized grazer that lives exclusively on the narrow blades of Cape eelgrass, Zostera capensis, which is itself listed as Endangered in the South African Red List and has decreased in abundance, conservation initiatives are urgently needed to ensure the long‐term survival of S. compressa.Molecular data (sequence data from the mitochondrial genome and single nucleotide polymorphism data of the nuclear genome) and morphological data were analysed to determine whether the two populations are conspecific, with implications for whether translocation between localities could be a viable management strategy to restore either population in the event of a collapse, or to maintain the genetic diversity of each population.Strong evidence emerged for the distinctness of the two populations, including a lack of shared mtDNA haplotypes that indicate an absence of contemporary gene flow, a divergence time that dates to the late Pleistocene, and a number of morphological characters that distinguish their shells. These findings indicate that the two populations are distinct cryptic subspecies.As the two populations occur in different temperature‐defined marine biogeographical regions, they are probably adapted to different thermal environments. Translocations are not recommended, as this management strategy has considerable potential to result in outbreeding depression and exacerbate the extinction risk. Instead, each population should be managed separately, and several alternative conservation measures are discussed, including the protection and restoration of seagrass beds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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23. Passive dispersal against an ocean current
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Teske, Peter R., Bader, Sophie, and Golla, Tirupathi Rao
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- 2015
24. Invasion success of a habitat-forming marine invertebrate is limited by lower-than-expected dispersal ability
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Teske, Peter R., Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan, Sasaki, Minami, and Beheregaray, Luciano B.
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- 2015
25. Reproductive philopatry in a coastal shark drives age-related population structure
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Klein, Juliana D., Bester-van der Merwe, Aletta E., Dicken, Matt L., Mmonwa, Kolobe L., and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2019
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26. Persistent effects of historical sea levels on the population structure of a temporary wetland copepod.
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Emami‐Khoyi, Arsalan, Jooste, Candice M., Wasserman, Ryan J., Dalu, Tatenda, Raath‐Krüger, Morgan J., Jansen van Vuuren, Bettine, and Teske, Peter R.
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VERNAL pools ,PHYLOGEOGRAPHY ,WETLANDS ,SEA level ,COLONIZATION (Ecology) ,INVERTEBRATE communities ,GENE flow - Abstract
Temporary wetland ecosystems are common in arid and semi‐arid environments, and are inhabited by diverse invertebrate communities. Little is known about the dynamics of genetic connectivity in the geographically scattered populations of these wetland specialists.The current study investigated the spatial genetic structure and dispersal history of a recently described calanoid copepod, Lovenula raynerae, reported from temporary wetlands in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. We tested whether the species represents a single, well‐connected population or comprises different regional genetic groups, some of which may be rare or endangered.Mitochondrial COI sequences were generated for 365 specimens from 46 temporary wetlands spread across the species' known distribution range. Isolation‐by‐distance and isolation‐by‐environment patterns of partitioning genetic variations across the landscape were evaluated. In addition, the presence of historical impediments to gene flow between contemporary populations was investigated using a combination of Monmonier's algorithm and Bayesian reconstruction of phylogeographical diffusion in continuous space.The wetland populations were highly structured across the landscape and could be assigned to six distinct evolutionary lineages, potentially representing some level of cryptic speciation. Two distinct phases were identified in the dispersal history of these lineages. Initially, dispersal only occurred inland of a postulated barrier, but eventually the barrier disappeared and the species extended its range by spreading into regions close to the coastline. Molecular dating shows that the barrier represents the upper limit of the coastline during the Pliocene, and that its crossing was facilitated by Pliocene sea regression in southern Africa.Our finding shows that complex demographic histories can be preserved in the mitochondrial DNA of temporary wetland crustaceans because of limited effective gene flow after initial colonisation events. This makes them an interesting study system to explore the long‐term effects of climate change on arid ecosystem communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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27. Ecological Dominance Along Rocky Shores, with a Focus on Intertidal Ascidians
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Rius, Marc, primary, Teske, Peter R., additional, Manríquez, Patricio H., additional, Suárez-Jiménez, Rocío, additional, Mcquaid, Christopher D., additional, and Castilla, Juan Carlos, additional
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- 2017
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28. Corrigendum: The last two remaining populations of the critically endangered estuarine pipefish are inbred and notgenetically distinct
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Weiss, Sven-Erick, primary, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, additional, Kaiser, Horst, additional, Cowley, Paul D., additional, James, Nicola C., additional, van Vuuren, Bettine Jansen, additional, Whitfield, Alan K., additional, and Teske, Peter R., additional
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- 2022
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29. Characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci developed for an Afrotherian species endemic to southern Africa, Elephantulus myurus (Macroscelidea: Macroscelididae)
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Hoffmann, Sasha, Webster, Heather J., Teske, Peter R., Lutermann, Heike, Bennett, Nigel C., and Jansen van Vuuren, Bettine
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- 2017
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30. On-shelf larval retention limits population connectivity in a coastal broadcast spawner
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Teske, Peter R., Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan, van Sebille, Erik, Waters, Jonathan, and Beheregaray, Luciano B.
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- 2015
31. Contrasting signals of genetic diversity and historical demography between two recently diverged marine and estuarine fish species
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von der Heyden, Sophie, Toms, Jessica A., Teske, Peter R., Lamberth, Stephen J., and Holleman, Wouter
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- 2015
32. Range-wide fragmentation in a threatened fish associated with post-European settlement modification in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia
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Cole, Theresa L., Hammer, Michael P., Unmack, Peter J., Teske, Peter R., Brauer, Chris J., Adams, Mark, and Beheregaray, Luciano B.
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- 2016
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33. Mitonuclear discordance in genetic structure across the Atlantic/Indian Ocean biogeographical transition zone
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Teske, Peter R., Papadopoulos, Isabelle, Barker, Nigel P., McQuaid, Christopher D., and Beheregaray, Luciano B.
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- 2014
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34. Marine dispersal and barriers drive Atlantic seahorse diversification
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Boehm, J. T., Woodall, Lucy, Teske, Peter R., Lourie, Sara A., Baldwin, Carole, Waldman, John, and Hickerson, Mike
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- 2013
35. Mitochondrial DNA is unsuitable to test for isolation by distance
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Teske, Peter R., Golla, Tirupathi Rao, Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, van der Lingen, Carl D., von der Heyden, Sophie, Chiazzari, Brent, Jansen van Vuuren, Bettine, and Beheregaray, Luciano B.
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- 2018
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36. Is the Wild Coast in eastern South Africa a distinct marine bioregion?
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Jooste, Candice M., Oliver, Jody, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2018
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37. No divergent evolution, despite restricted connectivity, between Atlantic and Indian Ocean goby populations
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Drost, Eduard, Golla, Tirupathi Rao, von der Heyden, Sophie, and Teske, Peter R.
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- 2016
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38. Dispersal barriers and stochastic reproductive success do not explain small-scale genetic structure in a broadcast spawning marine mussel
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Teske, Peter R., Papadopoulos, Isabelle, Barker, Nigel P., and McQuaid, Christopher D.
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- 2013
39. Connectivity in solitary ascidians: is a 24-h propagule duration sufficient to maintain large-scale genetic homogeneity?
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Teske, Peter R.
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Ascidiacea -- Genetic aspects -- Behavior -- Distribution ,Company distribution practices ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Ascidians are considered to have lower dispersal potential than most other sessile marine invertebrates with planktonic propagules by virtue of a very brief propagule duration. The larvae of colonial forms remain in the water column for only a few minutes, whereas most solitary forms settle in less than 24 h. This difference in propagule duration has been used to explain why allozyme data from colonial ascidians on the Australian east coast were genetically distinct at different sampling sites, whereas a solitary species exhibited no genetic structure. Spatial homogeneity in solitary species is surprising because genetic structure of species with much higher dispersal potential can be characterised by isolation by geographic distance, suggesting that these disperse by means of a stepping-stone pattern of dispersal. I reassessed the dispersal potential of solitary ascidians using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene and the intron of the nuclear adenine nucleotide transporter gene of a common south-eastern Australian solitary ascidian, Pyura praeputialis, using samples that span the species' distribution range. Congruent with earlier findings, there was no evidence for stepping-stone dispersal, but it must be conceded that these results could be strongly affected by frequent adult dispersal, particularly by means of anthropogenic vectors, as well as insufficient marker resolution., Introduction Assessing genetic connectivity of marine organisms over their distribution ranges is important for the sustainable management of exploited species, identification of management units for conservation, and the design of [...]
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- 2014
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40. The Last Two Remaining Populations of the Critically Endangered Estuarine Pipefish Are Inbred and Not Genetically Distinct
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Weiss, Sven-Erick, primary, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, additional, Kaiser, Horst, additional, Cowley, Paul D., additional, James, Nicola C., additional, Jansen van Vuuren, Bettine, additional, Whitfield, Alan K., additional, and Teske, Peter R., additional
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- 2022
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41. The sardine run in southeastern Africa is a mass migration into an ecological trap
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Teske, Peter R., primary, Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, additional, Golla, Tirupathi R., additional, Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan, additional, Lamont, Tarron, additional, Chiazzari, Brent, additional, McQuaid, Christopher D., additional, Beheregaray, Luciano B., additional, and van der Lingen, Carl D., additional
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- 2021
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42. Impacts of marine biogeographic boundaries on phylogeographic patterns of three South African estuarine crustaceans
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Teske, Peter R., McQuaid, Christopher D., Froneman, P. William, and Barker, Nigel P.
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- 2006
43. Molecular evidence for long-distance colonization in an Indo-Pacific seahorse lineage
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Teske, Peter R., Hamilton, Healy, Palsbøll, Per J., Choo, Chee K., Gabr, Howaida, Lourie, Sara A., Santos, Melchor, Sreepada, Anantha, Cherry, Michael I., and Matthee, Conrad A.
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- 2005
44. A New Non-invasive Method for Collecting DNA From Small Mammals in the Field, and Its Application in Simultaneous Vector and Disease Monitoring in Brushtail Possums
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Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, primary, Agnew, Thomas W., additional, Adair, Matthew G., additional, Murphy, Elaine C., additional, Benmazouz, Isma, additional, Monsanto, Daniela M., additional, Parbhu, Shilpa P., additional, Main, Devon C., additional, Le Roux, Rynhardt, additional, Golla, Tirupathi Rao, additional, Schnelle, Claudia, additional, Alizadeh, Hossein, additional, Csányi, Sándor, additional, Heltai, Miklòs, additional, Jansen van Vuuren, Bettine, additional, Paterson, Adrian M., additional, Teske, Peter R., additional, and Ross, James G., additional
- Published
- 2021
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45. Cyclacanthia rethahofmeyri Samaai, Kelly, Payne, sp. nov
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Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham, and Gibbons, Mark J.
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Cyclacanthia rethahofmeyri ,Latrunculiidae ,Poecilosclerida ,Cyclacanthia ,Animalia ,Demospongiae ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy ,Porifera - Abstract
Cyclacanthia rethahofmeyri Samaai, Kelly, Payne and Ngwakum sp. nov. (Fig. 15B, Tables 6, 7) Material examined. Holotype SAMC-A090895, Amathole region Stn 3872, Eastern Cape, 32.950�� S, 28.066�� E, 40.5 m, RV Ellen Khuzwayo, collected by R. Payne, dredge, 31 Aug 2016. Paratypes. SAMC-A090896, Amathole region Stn 3737, Eastern Cape, 32.751�� S, 28,415�� E, 31 m, RV Ellen Khuzwayo, collected by R. Payne, dredge, 23 Feb 2016; SAMC-A090897, SAMC-A090898, SAMC-A090899, Amathole region Stn 3832, Eastern Cape, 32.759�� S, 28.410�� E, 45 m, RV Ellen Khuzwayo, collected by R. Payne, dredge, 27 Aug 2016. Type locality. Amathole region, off East London, Eastern Cape. Distribution. Amathole region, off East London, 40.5 m. Description. Shape varies from either flattened low lying hemispherical (flattened), ranging from 24 mm long by 24 mm wide by 6 mm thick to hemispherical sponges, 13 mm long by 34 mm wide by 27 mm thick (Fig. 15D). Surface undulating but smooth, with volcano-shaped oscules, 5 mm high by 3 mm wide at base, 1 mm at apex being closely packed (5mm apart), and a few nodular truncate areolate porefields, 3 mm high by 3 mm wide, with no poral membrane covering the opening. Texture firm, rubbery and tough. Medium to barely compressible, difficult to tear or break. Colour in life either black, dark green/black or dark brown; in preservative dark green (Fig. 15D). Green exudate visible, no smell. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton forms an irregular polygonal reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles (Fig. 15H). The tracts range in width from 85 ���150 ��m in thickness, and form meshes that are 195 ��m wide. Within the inner choanosome, tracts diverge towards the surface and are 172���205 ��m wide. Interstitial spicules are abundant. The ectosome has a palisade of densely packed interlocking anisodiscorhabds, which are absent from the surface structures. The paratangential layer beneath the palisade is approximately 320 ��m deep, and this extends into the oscular fistules. Spicules. Megascleres are anisostyles in one size category: Large, thick, smooth, straight, occasionally sinuous, centrally thickened, narrow proximal region, fusiform: 696 (480���796) �� 18 ��m. Microscleres are isospinodiscorhabds I (Fig. 15E, F) with 50% of microscleres either having three or two whorls. In some spicules the median whorl is absent or rudimentary. The manubrium is identical to the apical whorl. The median whorl is equidistant from both apical whorl and manubrium, but smaller and shorter: 49 (38���60) ��m. Large isospinodiscorhabds II (Fig. 15G) with two whorls, 75 (64���88) �� 15 (15) ��m. Substratum, depth range and ecology. Occurs off East London, Amathole region at a depth range of 30���42 m. DNA sequence data. We sequenced partial COI of collected material from different localities; GenBank accession numbers: COI MK153269 ��� MK153271; MK016476. Etymology. The species name rethahofmeyri is given in memory of Emeritus Professor Dr Retha Hofmeyr who joined the Zoology Department at the University of Western Cape in 1974 and served as Head of Department from 1991 to 1992 before she passed away in 2020. Retha will always be cherished and remembered for her kindness and encouragement of her students and staff. Remarks. Cyclacanthia rethahofmeyri sp. nov. have acanthose isospinodiscorhabds as microscleres (Fig. 14) and conforms to the general skeletal characteristics of the genus. The examination of this material revealed the presence of a second category of large isospinodiscorhabds (Fig. 15G, a spicule not present in any other Cyclacanthia species described to date (Samaai et al. 2004). The definition of Cyclacanthia has been expanded to include species with a 2 nd category of isospinorhabds. The COI sequences of the Cyclacanthia specimens was clearly separated from Tsitsikamma and formed one, strongly supported phylogenetic cluster characterised by a single distinct haplotype (Fig. 6). Table 7 highlights the morphological characters of the different Cyclacanthia species and figure 14 shows the different types of isospinodiscorhabds. The family Latrunculiidae is monophyletic as indicated by the COI phylogeny (Fig. 6)., Published as part of Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham & Gibbons, Mark J., 2020, New Latrunculiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the Agulhas ecoregion of temperate southern Africa, pp. 409-442 in Zootaxa 4896 (3) on pages 435-437, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4390683, {"references":["Samaai, T., Gibbons, M. J., Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M. (2003) South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerid): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Levi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa, 371 (1), 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 371.1.1","Samaai, T., Govender, V. & Kelly, M. (2004) Cyclacanthia n. g. (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Latrunculiidae incertae sedis), a new genus of marine sponges from South African waters, and description of two new species. Zootaxa, 725 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 725.1.1"]}
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- 2020
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46. Tsitsikamma (Tsitsikamma) favus Samaai & Kelly 2002
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Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham, and Gibbons, Mark J.
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Tsitsikamma ,Tsitsikamma favus ,Latrunculiidae ,Poecilosclerida ,Animalia ,Demospongiae ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy ,Porifera - Abstract
Tsitsikamma (Tsitsikamma) favus Samaai & Kelly, 2002 (Figs 8, 9, Table 1, 2) Tsitsikamma favus Samaai and Kelly, 2002: 718; fig. 6 A���G. Tsitsikamma favus, Samaai et al. 2003: 11; fig. 3f; 17; fig. 6A; Parker-Nance et al. 2019: 105; fig. 1a���p; table 1. Type & locality (not examined). Holotype ��� NHMUK 1997.7.3.2, Rheeders Reef, Tsitsikamma National Park, 34.166�� S, 23.900�� E, 22 m, collected by P. Coetzee, 1995. Material examined. NIWA 110724, Table Top Reef, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 33.980�� S, 25.693�� E, 18 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 4 Oct 1998, identified by Michelle Kelly, NIWA, Auckland; NIWA 110826, White sands Reef, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 33.995�� S, 25.707�� E, 14 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 17 Feb 1999, identified by Michelle Kelly, NIWA; NIWA 111059, Grootbank, Plettenberg Bay, 34.007�� S, 23.496�� E, 10���14 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 22 Mar 2000, identified by Michelle Kelly, NIWA, Auckland; SAMC-A091443, Grootbank, Plettenberg Bay, 34.007�� S, 23.496�� E, 10���14 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 22 Mar 2000, identified by Michelle Kelly, NIWA, Auckland. SAMC-A090900, SAMC-A090902, Flat Rock, Jeffreys Bay, 34.102�� S, 24.958�� E, 13 m, collected by M. Pfaff, S. Kirkman, I. Malick and L. Snyders, 8 Aug 2016; SAMC-A090901, Grootbank, Plettenberg Bay, 34.006�� S, 23.495�� E, 40 m, collected by T. Samaai, 25 Feb 1999; SAMC-A090903, Seal Point, Cape St Francis, 34.223�� S, 25.852�� E, 15 m, collected by T. Haupt & I. Malick, 9 Aug 2016; SAMC-A090904, SAMC-A091416, SAMC-A091417, SAMC-A091418, Evans Peak, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 33.842�� S, 25.816�� E, 30 m, collected by Rhodes University, May 2010; SAMC-A090905, Bell Buoy, Sardinia Bay, 33.980�� S, 25.698�� E, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 16 m, collected by C. Evans, 25 May 2009; SAMC-A090906, Tsitsikamma National Park, 34.091�� S, 23.895�� E, 14 m, collected by T. Samaai, May 2009; SAMC-A091414, Rheeders Reef, Tsitsikamma National Park, 34.166�� S, 23.900�� E, 18 m, collected by M. Davies-Coleman, 1 Oct 1998; SAMC-A091415, Rheeders Reef, Tsitsikamma National Park, 34.166�� S, 23.900�� E, 22 m, collected by M. Davies-Coleman, 25 Feb 1994; SAMC-A091419, SAMC-A091420, SAMC-A091421, Evans Peak, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 33.842�� S, 25.816�� E, 30 m, collected by Rhodes University, May 2009; SAMC-A091422, SAMC-A091423, SAMC-A091424, Phillips Reef, (33.974�� S, 25.681�� E), Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 30 m, collected by Rhodes University, 10 Aug 2010; SAMC-A091425, Suicide Reef, Sardinia Bay, 34.005�� S, 25.636�� E, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 16 m, collected by C. Evans, 25 May 2009; SAMC-A091426, off Christian Centre, Sardinia Bay, 34.053�� S, 25.648�� E, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 16 m, collected by C. Evans, 25 May 2009; SAMC-A091427, Swim Thru, Sardinia Bay, 34.049�� S, 25.648�� E, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 16 m, collected by C. Evans, 25 May 2009; SAMC-A091428, Seal Point, Cape St Francis, 34.223�� S, 25.852�� E, 15 m, collected by T. Haupt & I. Malick, 8 Aug 2016; SAMC-A091429, Table Top Reef, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 33.980�� S, 25.693�� E, 16 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 4 Oct 1998, identified by Michelle Kelly, NIWA. SAMC-A091442, Grootbank, Plettenberg Bay, 34.006�� S, 23.384�� E, 16 m, collected by T. Samaai, 25 February 1999. Additional material (not examined). CASIZ 300535, Table Top Reef, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 33.980�� S, 25.693�� E, 16 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 4 Oct 1998, identified by Michelle Kelly, NIWA; CASIZ 300636, White sands Reef, Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, 33.995�� S, 25.707�� E, 14 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 17 Feb 1999, field identification by L. J. Bell, CRRF, listed in Parker-Nance et al. (2019); CASIZ 301054, Grootbank, Plettenberg Bay, 34.007�� S, 23.496�� E, 10���14 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 22 Mar 2000, identified by Michelle Kelly, NIWA, Auckland; SAIAB 141112, Knoll Reef, Tsitsikamma National Park, 34.166�� S, 23.900�� E, 18 m, collected by C. Buxton & M. Davies-Coleman, 2 May 1993; SAIAB 141356, Rheeders Reef, Tsitsikamma National Park, 34.166�� S, 23.900�� E, collected by P. Coetzee, R. Palmer & B. Cart��, 18 Mar 1995. Type location. Rheeders Reef, Tsitsikamma National Park, 22 m. Distribution. Plettenberg Bay, Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area, St. Francis Bay, St. Jeffreys Bay, Sardinia Bay and Algoa Bay. Diagnosis. Varying morphology being either massive, lobate sometimes hemispherical to thickly encrusting, 5���10 cm thick and 10���20 cm diameter, surface very rugose and crowded with large single to multichambered cylindrical lance-shaped (button shaped) oscules, 1���4 mm wide, 6 mm high and with cauliform areolate porefields, 3 mm wide, 3���5 mm high, with no membrane (Fig. 8). Sponge is hard and slightly compressible or soft and fleshy; colour in life vary being either dark brown, liver brown, turquoise or dark green (Fig. 8; Table 1), internally olive or dark green/brown; in alcohol, ectosome black or dark brown, choanosome black. The choanosome is divided into honeycomb-like chambers and convoluted layers by very thick reinforced tracts of anisostyles, forming meshes that are elliptical in shape and 5800 ��m wide (Fig. 9). The ectosome is composed of a thick, dense feltwork of tangential and paratangential anisostyles. A single layer of erect isochiadiscorhabds lines the surface of the ectosome (Fig. 9). Megascleres (Table 1, 2) are anisostyles in two size categories: (1) slightly curved and thickened centrally, 621 (537���700) �� 14 (14) ��m); (2) thinner slightly curved centrally: type species: 530 (480���566) �� 9.6 (9.6) ��m) (Table 2). Microscleres (Fig. 9; Table 1, 2) are isochiadiscorhabds with three whorls of cylindrical, conical tubercles, the apex of each tubercular projection is acanthoses; some isochiadiscorhabds (10%) malformed or having a rudimentary forth whorl (Fig. 9): 48 (41���60) �� 9 (7.2���9.6). Sponge occurs in exposed coastal bays from Plettenberg Bay to Algoa Bay at depths of 9���40 m; abundant between 15���20 m in areas of strong surge where coastal upwelling occurs. Attached to hard rocky substrata associated with other invertebrates. Specimens are often abundant and occur within a metre distance from one another. The species contains biologically active pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids, tsitsikammamines A and B and discorhabdin derivatives +14-Bromo-3-dihydrodiscorhabdin C and 14-Bromodiscorhabdin C that may have pharmacological potential [Cytotoxicity against Human Colon Tumour cell line (HCT 116)] (Antunes et al. 2004, 2005). ...Continued on the next page DNA sequence data. We sequenced partial COI of collected material from different localities; GenBank accession numbers: COI MK153285 ��� MK153287, MK153289, MK153292 ��� MK153293, MK153288, MK153290 ��� MK153291. Remarks. When T. (T.) favus was first described, it was considered to be rare (Samaai and Kelly 2002; Samaai et al. 2006) as it was only known from reefs shallower than 20 m at Tsitsikamma MPA and Algoa Bay. We have made spicule measurements and compared the isochiadiscorhabd morphology for a variety of Tsitsikamma specimens collected from St. Francis Bay (FB), Jeffreys Bay (JB), and the deeper reefs (30���40 m) off Grootbank, Plettenberg Bay (PB) (see also Parker-Nance et al. 2019) and found them to be similar in morphology and spiculation to T. (T.) favus described by Samaai et al. (2004) from Tsitsikamma MPA (T) and Algoa Bay (AB). These locations are within a 100 nautical mile (nmi) radius (T ��� PB = approx. 20 nmi; PB ��� JB = approx. 50 nmi; JB ��� AB = approx. 40 nmi) and form part of an extensive subsurface cold-water ridge area on the south coast (Agulhas ecoregion) (see Hutchings et al. 2002). Extensive surveys conducted along the South African coast in the last couple of years, failed to spot any T. favus south of 30��� S or north of 33��� S, thus suggesting this species has a geographic range that is influenced by coastal upwelling (see Fig. 2, 3). This is in marked contrast to the southeast coast environment were the three new Tsitsikamma spp. were retrieved. While we have expanded both the geographical and depth range of this species, its range is nonetheless small, and restricted to coastal upwelling zones on the south coast of South Africa. The morphology, spicule complement, and spicule sizes of the new material all fall within the size range of the type specimen (Table 2). Examination of the numerous T. (T.) favus specimens across its geographical ranged allowed us to assess the intra-specific morphological variation of the external morphology, colour, shape of oscula and areolate porefields and the shape of the isochiadiscorhabds and structure of the conical tubercles. We found that the majority of isochiadiscorhabds possess three whorls, with a small percentage being malformed or having a rudimentary forth whorl (Fig. 9). The variation in isochiadiscorhabd morphology of T. (T.) favus was also observed by Samaai and Kelly (2002), Kalinski et al. (2019) and Parker-Nance et al. (2019). Tsitsikamma (T.) favus have a characteristic base pigmentation of deep brownish black or liver brown that is often and variously tinged with deep green to dark turquoise; the ethanol preservative is always oily-looking and deeply pigmented; while the preserved specimens are dark brown. Some species are a lighter oak brown throughout. It is interesting to note that specimens of T. (T.) favus without discorhabdins are a lighter brown than their discorhabdin-containing siblings (Samaai and Kelly 2002). Tsitsikamma (T.) favus occurs with T. (T.) scurra in areas of local coastal upwelling or high wave surge. Tsitsikamma (T.) scurra differs from T. (T.) favus in the following characteristics: 1) Tsitsikamma (T.) scurra is lime green with a brownish surface in situ, and has long, hollow, strappy oscular fistules (Fig. 10), while T. (T.) favus is turquoise to dark brown or olive brown, semispherical and with short surface extensions (Fig. 8); 2) Tsitsikamma (T.) scurra has a folded globular thick encrusting growth structure with thin sandpaper-like ectosome (Fig. 10) (Samaai et al. 2006; Parker-Nance et al. 2019) while T. (T.) favus has a globular to semi-spherical morphology with a dense, thick ectosome; 3) Tsitsikamma (T.) scurra has larger, thicker anisostyles [thick 829 (774���882) �� 24 ��m; thin 669 (585���738) �� 17 ��m] than T. (T.) favus [thick 621 (537���700) �� 14 (14) ��m; thin 530 (480���566) �� 9.6 (9.6 ��m], but the isochiadiscorhabds are smaller than those found in the type species [T. (T.) scurra: 41 (38���45) �� 8 ��m; T. (T.) favus: 48 (41���60) �� 9 (7.2���9.6) ��m] (see Table 1); 4) Isochiadiscorhabds of Tsitsikamma (T.) scurra (Fig. 10) have three whorls of conico-cylindrical tubercules project at 45�� to the shaft in pairs whereas up to five complete whorls as well as many intermediate forms are found in T. (T.) favus . The tubercles projections are either arranged in pairs or in groups of three in T. (T.) favus; 5) The distribution of the two species is disparate; Tsitsikamma (T.) scurra is recorded from Hout Bay in the southern Benguela ecoregion while T. (T.) favus is recorded from the Agulhas ecoregion; 6) Tsitsikamma (T.) scurra only contains the biologically active pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloid derivative 14-Bromodiscorhabdin C (Antunes et al. 2004), while in T. (T.) favus the biologically active pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloid tsitsikammamines A and B and discorhabdin derivatives +14-Bromo-3-dihydrodiscorhabdin C and 14-Bromodiscorhabdin C are found (Samaai and Kelly, 2002; Antunes et al. 2004, 2005). Tsitsikamma (T.) favus can also be compared to T. (T.) nguni: (1) Tsitsikamma (T.) nguni is dark slate to black coloured in situ, thickly encrusting or hemispherical, and has small short, blunt rounded knob-shape or button like oscula and small round porefields; (2) Tsitsikamma (T.) nguni are also firm and ridged, with a thick ectosome visible, like in T. (T.) favus (Parker-Nance et al. 2019); (3) Tsitsikamma (T.) nguni have on average smaller anisostyles [thick 555 (428���672) �� 14 (10���19) ��m; thin 561 (449���832) �� 10 (3���14) ��m] (see also Tables 1, 2) (Parker-Nance et al. 2019) than T. (T.) favus [thick 621 (537���700) �� 14 (14) ��m; thin 530 (480���566) �� 9.6 (9.6) ��m]; (4) the isochiadiscorhabds are similar in average size (51 (40���60) ��m) to that found in type species [T. (T.) favus: 48 (41���60)] (Table 1, 2). Tsitsikamma (T.) favus and T. (T.) nguni differ in the number of the cylindrical-conical tubercles found on the isochiadiscorhabds; three per group in T. (T.) favus and four to six in T. (T.) nguni (Parker-Nance et al. 2019) (see also Fig. 5). The other apparent difference between T. (T.) favus and T. (T.) nguni is in the surface morphology, where T. (T.) favus have short, thick cauliform areolate porefields and lance-shaped oscula, oppose to blotchedshaped porefields and small button-shaped oscula in T. (T.) nguni. No intraspecific genetic diversity was found for the COI gene sequence of specimens of T. (T.) favus in this study. The same results were also found by Parker-Nance et al. (2019) for specimens of T. (T.) favus using the 28S rRNA gene sequences., Published as part of Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham & Gibbons, Mark J., 2020, New Latrunculiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the Agulhas ecoregion of temperate southern Africa, pp. 409-442 in Zootaxa 4896 (3) on pages 417-423, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4390683, {"references":["Samaai, T. & Kelly, M. (2002) Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 708 - 720. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 78","Samaai, T., Gibbons, M. J., Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M. (2003) South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerid): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Levi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa, 371 (1), 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 371.1.1","Antunes, E. M., Beukes, D. R., Kelly, M., Samaai, T., Barrows, L. R. & Marshall, K. M. (2004) Cytotoxic pyrroloiminoquinones from four new species of South African latrunculid sponges. Journal of Natural Products, 67, 1268 - 1276. https: // doi. org / 10.1021 / np 034084 b","Antunes, E. M., Copp, B. R., Davies-Coleman, M. T. & Samaai, T. (2005) Pyrroloiminoquinone and related metabolites from marine sponges. Natural Products Reports, 22, 62 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1039 / b 407299 p","Samaai, T., Gibbons, M. J. & Kelly, M. (2006) Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 (Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific, Zootaxa, 1127 (1), 71. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1127.1.1","Samaai, T., Govender, V. & Kelly, M. (2004) Cyclacanthia n. g. (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Latrunculiidae incertae sedis), a new genus of marine sponges from South African waters, and description of two new species. Zootaxa, 725 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 725.1.1","Hutchings, L., Beckley, L. E., Griffiths, M. H., Roberts, M. J., Sundby, S. & Lingen, C. van der (2002) Spawning on the edge: spawning grounds and nursery areas around the southern African coastline. Marine and Freshwater Research, 53 (2), 307 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MF 01147","Kalinski, J. C. J., Waterworth, S. C., Siwe Noundou, X., Jiwaji, M., Parker-Nance, S., Krause, R. W. M., McPhail, K. L. & Dor- rington, R. A. (2019) Molecular Networking Reveals Two Distinct chemotypes in Pyrroloiminoquinone-Producing Tsitsikamm a favus Sp onges. Mar. Drugs, 17, 60. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / md 17010060"]}
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47. Tsitsikamma (Clavicaulis) beukesi Samaai, Kelly, Payne, sp. nov
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Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham, and Gibbons, Mark J.
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Tsitsikamma ,Latrunculiidae ,Poecilosclerida ,Animalia ,Demospongiae ,Biodiversity ,Tsitsikamma (clavicaulis subgen. nov.) beukesi samaai, kelly, payne and ngwakum sp. nov ,Tsitsikamma beukesi ,Taxonomy ,Porifera - Abstract
Tsitsikamma (Clavicaulis subgen. nov.) beukesi Samaai, Kelly, Payne and Ngwakum sp. nov. (Fig. 13, Table 1, 5) Material examined. Holotype SAMC-A090892, Amathole region Stn 3876, Eastern Cape, 33.285�� S, 27.909�� E, 103 m, RV Ellen Khuzwayo, collected by R. Payne, dredge, 02 Sep 2016. Type locality. Amathole, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Distribution. Amathole region off East London. Description. Sponge pedunculate, stalk length 30 mm, bulb area 45 mm diameter, stalk base 10 mm wide and stalk width 5 mm (Fig. 13A) with overall length of sponge 81 mm high. A very tough leathery purse surrounds a much softer choanosome that pulls away from the outer case upon collection. Surface undulating but smooth with cauliform areolate porefields, 2 mm diameter, 5 mm high. Oscules not visible in preserved specimens (Fig. 13A). Texture tough and rubbery. Barely compressible, tears so-so and breaks hard. No spicules or fibres. Colour in life is dark olive-green brown; in preservative the ectosome is brown, the choanosome is dark brown. Brown-green exudate. Skeleton. The overall architecture is purse-like, consisting of a thick ���purse��� of tangential megascleres (the ectosome) surrounding a much softer choanosome containing an irregular reticulation of wispy tracts of anisostyles (Fig. 13C). The choanosome detaches and falls away from the ectosomal purse in preservative. The choanosomal tracts range in width from 30���45 ��m thick and form meshes that are elliptical in cross section and 120 ��m wide. Microscleres are abundant throughout the choanosome and form an irregular palisade of oblique or erect microscleres, below which is a dense feltwork of tangential and paratangential styles approximately 144���173 ��m deep (Fig. 13C). Spicules (Table 1, 5; Fig. 13). Megascleres are anisostyles, in two size categories: (1) Large, straight or slightly sinuous, thickened centrally, fusiform, 740 (710���787) �� 14 (14) ��m; (2) straight or slightly sinuous, thickened centrally, fusiform: 622 (537���662) �� 14 (19) ��m (Table 1, 5). Microscleres are isochiadiscorhabds with three whorls of cylindrical, conical tubercles, medium whorl shorter, the apex of each tubercular projection is acanthose. Immature spicules have medium whorl present: 35 (28���38) �� 5 (5) ��m (Fig. 13B; Table 5). Substratum, depth range and ecology. Rocky reef and sandy plains between a depth of 50���100 m depth. DNA sequence data. No COI sequences. Etymology. This species is named after Prof. Denzil Beukes, in recognition for his contribution to the taxonomy and marine natural products chemistry of South African sponges, especially the family Latrunculiidae. Remarks. The live specimen of T. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. is dark olive-green brown in colour with a smooth surface along with cauliform areolate porefields, unlike T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata, where the surface is crowded with small, button-shaped oscules and with numerous circular fungiform areolate porefields. Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata is also extremely resilient and leathery with a thick ectosome and salmon pink to pinkish brown in colour. The preserved specimen of T. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. is a uniform brown colour with the choanosome being dark brown. In addition, Tsitsikamma. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. differs from Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata in the following characteristics: 1) Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata differs considerably from Tsitsikamma (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. in the texture and thickness of the ectosome, internal tracts and surface structures which is smooth and undulating in Tsitsikamma (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov.; 2) Tsitsikamma. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. has larger, thicker anisostyles [thick 740 (710���787) �� 14 (14) ��m; thin 622 (537���662) �� 14 (19) ��m] than Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata [thick 684 (591���728) �� 16 ��m; thin 536 (500���555) ��m], and the isochiadiscorhabds are larger than those found in T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata [29 (27���30) �� 7 ��m]; Tsitsikamma. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. [35 (28���38) �� 5 (5) ��m] (see Table 1); 3) Tsitsikamma. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. have isochiadiscorhabds with three whorls of long cylindrical, conical tubercles, and well-developed manubrium, as opposed to T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata having two whorls of cylindrical conical spines; 5) Tsitsikamma (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. is recorded from the Amathole region, where the shelf is narrow and Agulhas current prevalent, while Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata is recorded from Algoa Bay. Tsitsikamma (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. can also be compared to T. (C.) Madiba subgen. et sp. nov.: (1) T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. is dark green to dark green brown coloured in situ, ovate, purse-like, not stalked, and has small, button-shaped oscules and cauliform areolate porefields; 2) T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. has a very tough leathery purse like in T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata; 3) Tsitsikamma. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. have on average similar size range anisostyles (thick 740 (710���787) �� 14 (14) ��m; thin 622 (537���662) �� 14 (19) ��m) to T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. (thick 737 (681���758) �� 19 (19) ��m; thin 612 (576���672) �� 19 (19) ��m), but the isochiadiscorhabds are smaller than those found in Tsitsikamma (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. [35 (28���38) �� 5 (5) ��m]; T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. [32 (28���36) �� 5 (5) ��m] (see Table 4). 4) Tsitsikamma (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. have isochiadiscorhabds with three whorls of long cylindrical, conical tubercles, and well-developed manubrium, oppose to T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. having two whorls of cylindrical conical spines. Like T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli, T. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov., is purse-like, with isochiadiscorhabds having three whorls of cylindrical, conical tubercles. Defining the differences between T. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. and T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli is more challenging. Most apparent is the surface morphology. The surface of T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli are dominated by small short tube-shaped oscula, and large stalked cauliform porefields, with the porefields spilling over the supporting stalk (Parker-Nance et al. 2019). In contrast, T. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. has very few oscules and cauliform porefields visible giving the surface a smooth appearance. Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli has a very tough leathery purse like appearance and the species does not have a stalk, although the basal attachment area of Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli is reinforced by a thickening of the ectosome (Parker-Nance et al. 2019). Tsitsikamma. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. is stalked. Tsitsikamma (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. have on average smaller and thinner size range anisostyles (thick 740 (710���787) �� 14 (14) ��m; thin 622 (537���662) �� 14 (19) ��m) to T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli (thick 713 (537���935) �� 21 (12���30) ��m; thin 622 (439���769) �� 9 (4���13) ��m). The isochiadiscorhabds of Tsitsikamma (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. [35 (28���38) �� 5 (5) ��m] are smaller than those found in T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli [38 (34���44) ��m] (see Table 4). T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli have isochiadiscorhabds with three or four whorls and the acanthose tubercles are arranged in sets of two to four, radiating from the terminal ends (Parker-Nance et. al. 2019). Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli is often encrusted by a yellow species of Mycale (Mycale) also found on the surface of T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata. Tsitsikamma (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov. have isochiadiscorhabds with three whorls of long cylindrical, conical tubercles, and well-developed manubrium similar in size and structure to the apical whorl. The acanthose tubercles are well defined and arranged in sets of three on the manubrium and apical whorls and singular along the medium whorl. In summary, it is the general appearance of Tsitsikamma. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov., the shape and abundance of the porefields, and smaller size of the oscula, the colour, both in life and preserved, the shorter in average styles and isochiadiscorhabds, the slight difference in the arrangement of the acanthose tubercles, the similar appearance and size of the microsclere manubrium and apical whorl, the slightly thinner ectosome, that contribute as a whole to a species that is distinctly different in appearance from T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata, T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. and T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli., Published as part of Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham & Gibbons, Mark J., 2020, New Latrunculiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the Agulhas ecoregion of temperate southern Africa, pp. 409-442 in Zootaxa 4896 (3) on pages 431-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4390683
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48. Tsitsikamma (Clavicaulis) pedunculata Samaai, Gibbons, Kelly and Davies-Coleman 2003
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Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham, and Gibbons, Mark J.
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Tsitsikamma ,Latrunculiidae ,Tsitsikamma (clavicaulis subgen. nov.) pedunculata samaai & kelly, 2003 ,Poecilosclerida ,Animalia ,Demospongiae ,Tsitsikamma pedunculata ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy ,Porifera - Abstract
Tsitsikamma (Clavicaulis subgen. nov.) pedunculata Samaai & Kelly, 2003 (Fig. 11, Table 1, 4) Tsitsikamma pedunculata, Samaai, Gibbons, Kelly and Davies-Coleman, 2003: 19���20, fig. 3G, 4F, 6B. Tsitsikamma pedunculata, Parker-Nance et al. 2019: 109���112, figure 2a���l; table 2. Material examined. Holotype ��� NHMUK 2003.1.10.2, Thunderbolt Reef, Cape Recife, St. Francis Bay, 34.053�� S, 25.689�� E, 40 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 25 Feb 1999. Type locality. St. Francis Bay, Algoa Bay, Agulhas ecoregion, South Africa. Distribution. Algoa Bay, Agulhas ecoregion, South Africa. Diagnosis. Sponge pedunculate, body 5 cm diameter, up to 8 cm high, stalk 3���4 cm long, surface smooth and crowded with small, button-shaped oscules, 0.5���2 mm wide, 3 mm high and with numerous circular fungiform areolate porefields, 4���5 mm wide, 6 mm high, without membrane (Fig. 11A). A very tough leathery purse surrounds a much softer choanosome that pulls away from the outer case upon collection. Sponge is extremely resilient, leathery and compressible; colour in life is salmon pink to pinkish brown; between the oscules and areolate porefields the colour is dark pink (Fig. 11A); some specimens might appear as turquoise to dark purple in situ under low light conditions (see Fig. 2 in Parker-Nance et al. 2019); In alcohol, the ectosome is either brown, olive green, cream to tan colour and the choanosome is dark brown or tan. In preservative the ectosome is brown, the choanosome is dark brown (Fig. 11A). The choanosome consists of a thick ���purse��� of tangential megascleres (the ectosome) surrounding a much softer choanosome containing an irregular reticulation of wispy tracts of smaller styles; the choanosome detaches and falls away from the ectosomal purse when bought from the water (Fig. 11D). The ectosome is composed of a thick, dense feltwork of tangential and paratangential anisostyles. A single layer of erect isochiadiscorhabds lines the surface of the ectosome. Megascleres (Tables 1, 4) are styles, in two sizes: (1) slightly curved, thickened centrally 684 (591���728) �� 16 ��m; (2) thinner slightly curved centrally 536 (500���555) �� 11 ��m. Microscleres (Tables 1, 4) are isochiadiscorhabd (Fig. 11B, C) with two whorls of cylindrical-conical tubercles, median whorl absent, the apex of each tubercular projection is acanthose: 29 (27���30) �� 7 ��m. Sponge is found in an exposed coastal bay (Algoa Bay) rooted in sandy substrata, abundant between 34��� 40 m. The sponge contains biologically active pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids, discorhabdin V and discorhabdin derivatives +14-Bromo-3-dihydrodiscorhabdin C that may have pharmacological potential [Cytotoxicity against Human Colon Tumour cell line (HCT 116)] (Antunes et al. 2004, 2005). Remarks. Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata was described from a single specimen, the holotype, and was considered rare. Currently, the species is found to be abundant on deep reef systems between 34���40 m (Parker-Nance et al. 2019). Note that the in-situ photographs of turquoise to dark purple specimens, observed by Parker-Nance et al. (2019), are due to low light conditions during the survey period. Tsitsikamma (T.) favus, T. (T.) amatholensis sp. nov., T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata and T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli are sympatric in Algoa Bay, but distinguishable in the field based on colouration and external morphology (see Table 1; Figs 8, 10E, 11A): T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata is either salmon pink and stalked; T. (T.) favus is semispherical and dark brown; T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli is small olive green purse-like with short stalk-like structure (due to thickening of the ectosome) or sessile (see fig. 4 in Parker-Nance et al. 2019). Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata also have a purse-like ectosome, being very leathery, forming a single chamber as opposed to the numerous honeycomb chambers typical of T. (T.) favus. The key taxonomic differences are the morphology and size of the isochiadiscorhabd; in T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata it is much smaller, has only two cylindrical conical tubercules which is arranged in groups of three and the primary megascleres are slightly smaller and thinner in comparison to T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli and T. (T.) favus (see Tables 1, 2 and 4)., Published as part of Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham & Gibbons, Mark J., 2020, New Latrunculiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the Agulhas ecoregion of temperate southern Africa, pp. 409-442 in Zootaxa 4896 (3) on pages 426-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4390683, {"references":["Samaai, T., Gibbons, M. J., Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M. (2003) South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerid): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Levi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa, 371 (1), 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 371.1.1","Antunes, E. M., Beukes, D. R., Kelly, M., Samaai, T., Barrows, L. R. & Marshall, K. M. (2004) Cytotoxic pyrroloiminoquinones from four new species of South African latrunculid sponges. Journal of Natural Products, 67, 1268 - 1276. https: // doi. org / 10.1021 / np 034084 b","Antunes, E. M., Copp, B. R., Davies-Coleman, M. T. & Samaai, T. (2005) Pyrroloiminoquinone and related metabolites from marine sponges. Natural Products Reports, 22, 62 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1039 / b 407299 p"]}
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49. Tsitsikamma Samaai and Kelly 2002
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Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham, and Gibbons, Mark J.
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Tsitsikamma ,Latrunculiidae ,Poecilosclerida ,Animalia ,Demospongiae ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy ,Porifera - Abstract
Genus Tsitsikamma Samaai and Kelly, 2002 Type species. Tsitsikamma favus Samaai and Kelly, 2002, pg. 718, fig. 6A–G. Diagnosis. Hemispherical, pedunculate, or encrusting Latrunculiidae with a smooth surface, sometimes folded, covered with large cylindrical or volcano-shaped oscules and raised fungiform areolate porefields. Colour in life is brown, dark liver brown, green, dark turquoise or pinkish. Texture is either extraordinarily tough and leathery or soft and compressible. Megascleres are anisostyles, thickest centrally, often slightly irregular and wavy; microscleres are isochiadiscorhabds, with typically three substructures being cylindrical-conical tubercles. A choanosome permeated with rigid honeycomb-like chambers visible to the unaided eye, surrounding a much softer interior with wispy tracts, or a single purse-like (sac-like) chamber with softer interior. Microscleres are present in an irregular palisade on the surface ectosome and lining the internal tracts. Ectosomal skeleton consists of tangential layer of anisostyles. The morphology of the cylindrical-conical tubercles is diverse. Chemistry includes pyrroloquinoline alkaloids (tsitsikammamines), and the discorhabdin derivatives 14-Bromo-3-dihydrodiscorhabdin C and 14-Bromodiscorhabdin C. The genus is endemic to the Agulhas ecoregion of South Africa and restricted to cold upwelling areas on the south and southeast coasts (modified from Samaai and Kelly 2002; Samaai et al. 2003). Remarks. Parker-Nance et al. (2019) proposed two morphological groups, “ favus ” and “ pedunculata ”, for the genus Tsitsikamma, based on growth form and analysis of 28S rRNA sequences. We hereby propose the establishment of two new subgenera, Tsitsikamma (Tsitsikamma) subgen. nov. Samaai & Kelly, 2002, and T. (Clavicaulis) subgen. nov., for the type species T. favus and T. pedunculata, respectively, based on the two very different morphologies displayed by these two species. Species in the nominotypical subgenus Tsitsikamma, containing the type species T. favus, have a thick encrusting to hemispherical growth form, a rigid honeycombed internal structure composed of dense spicule tracts supporting the choanosome, and large, thick microscleres with three (or four) whorls. Species in the new subgenus Clavicaulis, with T. pedunculata as type, have a purse or sac-like morphology, with a short thick stalk, a choanosome made up of a single chamber and with small, stout microscleres with two or three whorls. A multivariate analysis of spicule measurements (anisostyle length, discorhabd length, shaft and whorl length), was used to analyse the relative contribution of each morphometric variable in the distinction of the proposed new species and subgenera. Despite the obvious species-level differences in gross morphology, the use of morphometric variation, as an estimator of species distinction, was not able to separate the proposed new species, but separated T. favus , T. pedunculata and T. scurra Samaai, Gibbons, Kelly & Davies-Coleman, 2003 from each other (Fig. 4). Similarly, DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear ITS of Tsitsikamma specimens, failed to clearly differentiate between specimens, despite clear morphological differences (Figs 5, 6, 7), a finding also obtained by Parker-Nance et al. (2019) based on COI and 28S rRNA gene sequences. The Tsitsikamma specimens all had the same COI haplotype, which clustered among previously published sequences of Tsitsikamma (Fig. 6). All specimens were grouped together into one cluster irrespective of whether they were stalked, oval, semispherical, rigid/soft, sac-/purse- or honeycomb-like or possessed two or three whorls of isochiadiscorhabd microscleres. No intra-specimen variation was found for the COI partition for the Tsitsikamma specimens, with the notable exception of one specimen, Tsitsikamma SAMC-A091440. This is rather surprising because COI sequences are considered variable and quite informative for population genetics and phylogeographic studies of demosponges (LópezLegentil et al. 2009; Reveillaud et al. 2011; Carella et al. 2016). The high genetic similarity raises the question of how far these sponges are phylogenetically separated. The genetic results could also imply that the Tsitsikamma sponges included here represent one single species. Notwithstanding the above, strictly identical COI sequences have been reported for other sponges, e.g. Antarctic species of Rossella Carter, 1872, Cinachyra Sollas, 1886, Antarctotetilla Carella, Agell, Cárdenas & Uriz, 2016 and Siberian freshwater sponges. These studies showed that the mitochondrial COI M1-M6 partition failed to separate species within these cold-water genera, despite clear morphological differences (Schr̂der et al. 2003; Carella et al. 2016; Vargas et al. 2017). Vargas et al. (2015) also observed instances where DNA barcoding (COI) could not correctly assign a specimen to its species because multiple species share identical or near identical barcodes (e.g. Latrunculia, Artemisina Vosmaer, 1885, Acanthorhabdus Burton, 1929, Iophon Gray, 1867). In this study, as in the case for Latrunculia, Rossella and Iophon, Tsitsikamma is a cold-water genus and share identical barcode sequences, despite clear morphological differences (habit, isochiadiscorhabd morphology (Fig. 5), etc.). The ITS sequences for Tsitsikamma (Fig. 7) were also uninformative and did not discriminate between the proposed morphological species (see Table 1; Fig. 5). This was expected because of the slow evolving nature of this partition. The ITS tree recovered was different to the COI tree. The findings highlight the limitations of the morphometric measurements and gene sequences for distinguishing between specimens and the importance of rigorous morphological examinations of specimens within the family Latrunculiidae. The results may also indicate contrast-ing evolutionary rates between sponges in the family Latrunculiidae as found in other Demospongiae groups (Heim et al. 2006). As for Antarctic Tetillidae Sollas, 1886 (Carella et al. 2016), our results suggest either a particularly slow genetic evolutionary rate of the COI and ITS markers or a recent radiation with phenotypic characters evolving faster than the genetic markers studied. Until more data become available (e.g., further studies on cold-water Demospongiae families/genera vs. temperate/tropical families/genera) we prefer to maintain the proposed new species as separate due to the clear differences in morphology and isochiadiscorhabd structure, habit and distribution. The COI partition was informative enough to confirm the monophyly of family Latrunculiidae and the relationships between the various genera in the family (Fig. 6). Our results concur with Parker-Nance et al. (2019) in supporting the monophyly of Latrunculiidae. Based on morphological comparisons (habit, isochiadiscorhabd morphology, etc.) we describe three new species of Tsitsikamma within the two new subgenera: T. (T.) amatholensis sp. nov.; T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov.; T. (C.) beukesi subgen. et sp. nov., Published as part of Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham & Gibbons, Mark J., 2020, New Latrunculiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the Agulhas ecoregion of temperate southern Africa, pp. 409-442 in Zootaxa 4896 (3) on pages 414-417, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4390683, {"references":["Samaai, T. & Kelly, M. (2002) Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 708 - 720. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 78","Samaai, T., Gibbons, M. J., Kelly, M. J. & Davies-Coleman, M. (2003) South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerid): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Levi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa, 371 (1), 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 371.1.1","Reveillaud, J., Van Soest, R., Derycke, S., Picton, B., Rigaux, A. & Vanreusel, A. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships among NE Atlantic Plocamionida Topsent (1927) (Porifera, Poecilosclerida): under-estimated diversity in reef ecosystems. PLOS, One, 6 (2), e 16533. [PMID: 21347368] https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016533","Carella, M., Agell, G., Cardenas, P. & Uriz, M. J. (2016) Phylogenetic reassessment of Antarctic Tetillidae (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) reveals new genera and genetic similarity among Morphologically Distinct Species. PLOS ONE, 11 (8), e 0160718. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0167011","Carter, H. J. (1872) On two new sponges from the Antarctic Sea, and on a new species of Tethya from Shetland; together with observations on the reproduction of sponges commencing from zygosis of the sponge animal. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 9 (54), 409 - 435, pls. XX-XXII. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937208696612","Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges Dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, New Series, 5, 177 - 199.","Vargas, S., Kelly, M., Schnabel, K., Mills, S., Bowden, D. & W ˆ rheide, G. (2015) Diversity in a Cold Hot-Spot: DNA-Barcoding Reveals Patterns of Evolution among Antarctic Demosponges (Class Demospongiae, Phylum Porifera). PLoS ONE, 10 (6), e 0127573. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0133096","Vosmaer, G. C. J. (1885) The Sponges of the ' Willem Barents' Expedition 1880 and 1881. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 12 (3), 1 - 47, pls. I-V. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 01201001","Burton, M. (1929). Porifera. Part II. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, London, Zoology, 6 (4), 393 - 458, pls. I-V.","Heim, I., Nickel, M. & Brummer, F. (2006) Cytochrome oxidase subunit I-Opportunities and limits for molecular species discrimination. In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Biodiversity, innovation, sustainability: book of 66 abstracts / 7 th International Sponge Symposium. Armac \" o de Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 286."]}
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50. Tsitsikamma (Clavicaulis) madiba Samaai, Kelly, Payne, sp. nov
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Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham, and Gibbons, Mark J.
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Tsitsikamma ,Tsitsikamma madiba ,Latrunculiidae ,Poecilosclerida ,Tsitsikamma (clavicaulis subgen. nov.) madiba samaai, kelly, payne and ngwakum sp. nov ,Animalia ,Demospongiae ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy ,Porifera - Abstract
Tsitsikamma (Clavicaulis subgen. nov.) madiba Samaai, Kelly, Payne and Ngwakum sp. nov. (Fig. 12, Table 4) Material examined. Holotype SAMC-A090883, Amathole region Stn 3813, East London, Eastern Cape, 32.681° S, 28.458° E, 52–54 m, RV Ellen Khuzwayo, collected by R. Payne, dredge, 26 Aug 2016. Paratypes. SAMC-A 090882, Thunderbolt reef, Cape Recife, Port Elizabeth, 34.052° S, 25.689° E, 38–40 m, collected by Patrick L. Colin, CRRF, 30 Mar 2000; SAMC-A090884, SAMC-A090885, SAMC-A090886, SAMC-A090889, Amathole region Stn 3893, East London, Eastern Cape, 33.163° S, 27.774° E, 36 m, RV Ellen Khuzwayo, collected by R. Payne, dredge, 03 Sep 2016; SAMC-A090887, Amathole region Stn 3832, East London, Eastern Cape, 32.759° S, 28.410° E, 45 m, RV Ellen Khuzwayo, collected by R. Payne, dredge, 27 Aug 2016; SAMC-A090888, Amathole, Stn 3872, East London, Eastern Cape, 32.950° S, 28.066° E, 40.5 m, RV Ellen Khuzwayo, collected by R. Payne, dredge, 31 Aug 2016. Type locality. Amathole, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Distribution. Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth and Amathole region off East London. Description. Sponge wrinkled and purse-like, not stalked, but ovate, attached to a narrow base, 20 mm wide by 45 mm length by 36.5 mm bulb diameter (Fig. 12A, B). A very tough leathery purse surrounds a much softer choanosome that pulls away from the outer case upon collection. Surface undulating but smooth, crowded with small, button-shaped oscules, 1–2 mm diameter, 2 mm high and cauliform areolate porefields, 2–3 mm diameter, 6 mm high (Fig. 12A).. In preserved specimens the oscules are not visible (Fig. 12B). Texture rubbery, leathery and tough. Moderately compressible, breaks easily. No spicules visible. Colour in life is dark green to dark green brown; in preservative, the ectosome is brown, the choanosome is dark brown (Fig. 12A). Green/brown exudate present. Skeleton. The overall architecture is purse-like, consisting of a thick ‘purse’ of tangential megascleres surrounding a much softer choanosome containing an irregular reticulation of wispy tracts of anisostyles. No honeycomb chambers present as in the Tsitsikamma subgenus. The choanosome detaches and falls away from the ectosomal purse in preservative. The choanosomal tracts range in width from 60–100 μm thick and form meshes that are elliptical in cross section and 350 μm wide. Microscleres are abundant throughout the choanosome and form an irregular palisade of oblique or erect microscleres, below which is a dense feltwork of tangential and paratangential styles approximately 560–960 μm deep (Fig. 12G, H). Spicules (Tables 1, 4; Fig. 12 C-F). Megascleres anisostyles, in two size categories: (1) Large, thick, straight or slightly sinuous, thickened centrally, hastate, 737 (681–758) × 19 (19) μm, sometime strongylote modification present; (2) straight or slightly sinuous, thickened centrally, hastate: 612 (576–672) × 19 (19) μm (Tables 1, 4). Microscleres are small isochiadiscorhabds (Fig. 12 C-F) with two whorls of cylindrical, conical tubercles, medium whorl absent, the apex of each tubercular projection is acanthose. Some isochiadiscorhabds (15%) shows signs of a small developing rudimentary spine centrally (Fig. 12F): 32 (28–36) × 5 (5) μm (Table 4). Substratum, depth range and ecology. Rocky reef with 1 m relief rocky bottom with areas of sand, 38–40 m depth. DNA sequence data. We sequenced partial COI of collected material from different localities; GenBank accession numbers: COI MK153272 – MK153275; MK016477. Etymology. Named in honour of the great South African president Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, also known by his clan name “Madiba”, liberation struggle hero and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, who passed away on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95. Remarks. The anisodiscorhabds of Tsitsikamma (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. and T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata have two whorls of cylindrical conical spines, the median and subsidiary conical spines are absent. In about 20% of isochiadiscorhabds in all specimens of T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov., there is a small medium rudimentary conical-cylindrical spine protruding from the shaft (Fig. 12F). This character is absent in the isochiadiscorhabds of T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata, which are stouter, shorter and have a wide manubrium. The shaft length in T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. is longer than in T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata. Tsitsikamma (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. has larger, thicker anisostyles [thick 737 (681–758) × 19 (19) μm; thin 612 (576–672) × 19 (19) μm] than T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata (thick 684 (591–728) × 16 μm; thin 536 (500–555) µm), but the isochiadiscorhabds are smaller than those found in T. (C. subgen. nov.) pedunculata [29 (27–30) × 7 µm]; T. (C.) Madiba subgen. et sp. nov. [32 (28–36) × 5 (5) μm] (see Table 1, 4). Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli differs from T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. in the following characteristics: 1) Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli is a small light olive-green sponge with a short stalk and surface dominated by small short tube-shaped oscula and large stalked cauliform porefields, while T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. is dark green, oval shaped with small button-like oscules and large cauliform porefields (see Table 1); 2) Tsitsikamma (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli have smaller isochiadiscorhabd (Table 4), and large anisostyles similar in average size to that found in T. (C. subgen. nov.) madiba sp. nov.; 3) The isochiadiscorhabds of T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli differ in the number of the conical-cylindrical tubercles having four or more groups, as opposed to two to three per group in T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov.; 4) the anisodiscorhabds of T. (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. have two whorls of cylindrical-conical spines, the median and subsidiary conical spines are absent, as opposed to T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli having three to four whorls of cylindrical conical spines (Fig. 5; Table 1). Tsitsikamma (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. is distinguishable from other Tsitsikamma species in the form of the sponge, being wrinkled and purse-like, no stalk, oval shaped, but attached to a narrow base, and in the microornamentation and structure of the isochiadiscorhabd. The Tsitsikamma (C.) madiba subgen. et sp. nov. is also encrusted by a grey/white encrusting didemnid ascidian (Fig. 12A). There was no intraspecific genetic diversity for the COI gene sequences for specimens of T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli and no interspecific genetic diversity for T. (C. subgen. nov.) michaeli and the other specimens., Published as part of Samaai, Toufiek, Kelly, Michelle, Ngwakum, Benedicta, Payne, Robyn, Teske, Peter R., Janson, Liesl, Kerwath, Sven, Parker, Denham & Gibbons, Mark J., 2020, New Latrunculiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the Agulhas ecoregion of temperate southern Africa, pp. 409-442 in Zootaxa 4896 (3) on pages 429-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4390683
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