Search

This paper reports on the results of a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) usability study, which consists of a survey, an evaluation of two UK WAP portals and an experiment that was carried out between November 2001 and February 2002. A number of usability issues, which prevented the users from completing basic and common tasks, were identified. For instance, 70 per cent of the users were not successful in searching for a textbook on the Amazon.co.uk WAP site. Additionally, even experienced users were not immune to these problems. The general conclusion of the study is that WAP usability remains poor. We argue that this could have a negative effect on the future of WAP and m‐commerce. Finally, we propose a set of ten principles, which are based on the findings of this study, and we believe will aid towards the development of more usable WAP and m‐commerce services.

This paper provides a discussion of the Australian policy context in which the professional development of teachers is now located and identifies the implication for the leadership of school organisations. The central tenet of the argument is that school principals need to view professional development of their staff as a specific dimension of the broader world of adult education and perceive their role as adult educators. Ten principles of adult learning are identified and Tennant's work on adult teacher – adult learner relationships is used as a framework for understanding the way principals can begin to re‐conceptualise their role in professional development.

Prominent products in the pyrolysis of the title compound are cyclic carbosilanes; evidence is presented that one of these is formed in a novel and potentially useful elimination reaction

Clinical practice guideline on emergency management of acute apical periodontitis (AAP) in adults

Primary photochemical pathways have been identified in the irradiation of three oligosilanes at 254 nm. These pathways include a reductive elimination not previously observed in oligosilanes but closely analogous to a chain-scission process that has been observed in polysilane materials

Prominent products in the pyrolysis of the title compound are cyclic carbosilanes; evidence is presented that one of these is formed in a novel and potentially useful elimination reaction

(1994). A review of: “Ergonomics, Work and Health”, by STEPHEN PHEASANT, Macmillan Press, Basingstoke (1991), pp.x + 358, £19·99, ISBN 0-333-48998-5. Ergonomics: Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 1128-1129.

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the cardio-respiratory differences between rowing ergometry and treadmill exercise in beta-blocked men participating in exercise rehabilitation soon after myocardial infarction (postMI). Methods Eleven males all receiving beta-blockade medication were measured for oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at individualized submaximal exercise target heart rates (THR) during 6 min of exercise on each of a motorized treadmill and a rowing ergometer 2-6 wk (4.9 +/- 1.4) postMI. Results The mean THR of the group, predetermined from an exercise ECG stress test, was 107 +/- 16 beats x min(-1). No significant difference was found between rowing versus treadmill VO2 (19.4 +/- 3.2 vs 19.7 +/- 4.2 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1); P = 0.53) or RPE (12.6 +/- 1 vs 12.7 +/- 1; P = 0.72). RER was significantly greater (P = 0.02) during rowing (0.99 +/- 0.07) compared with treadmill exercise (0.94 +/- 0.07). Conclusion Exercising at a specified submaximal THR during rowing versus treadmill exercise in beta-blocked men participating in very early cardiac rehabilitation represents the same VO2 and RPE. A significantly greater RER was, however, apparent during rowing compared with treadmill exercise; thus, agreement was shown with previous studies on healthy individuals where rowing ergometry was less metabolically efficient than treadmill exercise. The results suggest that establishing a THR from a standard treadmill stress test soon after MI is not only suitable for walking/treadmill exercise but also in setting exercise intensity for rowing ergometry.

• Between 1967 and 1977, 36 patients received treatment at the Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle, Wash, for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Twenty-five patients had modified radical mastectomies, 10 had radical mastectomies, and one had a simple mastectomy. Twenty-seven patients have been followed up for at least 10 years and are without known recurrence (mean follow-up, 17.7 years; range, 8 to 24 years), eight patients died without known recurrence (mean follow-up, 10.6 years; range, 6 to 14 years), and one patient with a prior contralateral mastectomy for infiltrating cancer of the breast had a recurrence in the scalene nodes on the side of the infiltrating cancer and died of metastatic cancer. No patients with ductal carcinoma in situ had local recurrences in the ipsilateral breast or chest wall, and no patients developed cancers in the contralateral breast; one patient had axillary metastasis. Twenty-eight (78%) of 36 patients had multicentric ductal carcinoma in situ in their mastectomy specimens. Twenty-three (88%) of 26 patients with comedocarcinoma-type ductal carcinoma in situ had multicentric lesions. Conversely, patients with low-grade nuclear papillary ductal carcinoma in situ did not have multicentric lesions. Five (14%) of 36 patients had incidental microinvasion discovered in the mastectomy specimens; all had comedocarcinoma. In summary, our study of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ revealed that (1) mastectomy provided excellent local and systemic control; (2) cancer in the contralateral breast was infrequent; (3) axillary metastasis was rare; and (4) histologic features of tumors markedly affected the frequency of multicentricity and chance for microinvasion. ( Arch Surg . 1992;127:468-472)

During a study investigating physiological and other effects of an exercise programme for coronary patients, a questionnaire was administered. Preliminary analysis had suggested some improvement in the patients' morale, but in view of the possible relevance of a number of psychological variables it was decided to carry out further analysis on the available data. The coefficient of discrimination was computed for 32 patients. For 19 patients correlations were computed between scores on subjective fitness, symptoms, anxiety, interest in sex, if at work, age, weight, and workload achieved at a given heart rate. The questionnaire appeared to have satisfactorily high internal and external validity. Patients with a high 'morale' score tended to achieve a greater increase in workload over the course. Although cause and effect cannot be unequivocally assigned, the association is felt to be important, and research is continuing.

Coronary patients, eligible to follow an exercise rehabilitation programme, were assigned at random to exercise and control groups. In the first part of this study, items of a morale questionnaire and performance scores on a cycle ergometer were inter-correlated for 52 patients. Results repeated those of a previous study in which the questionnaire was shown to have high reliability. Workload achieved was significantly correlated with “morale” scores. In the second part of this study 15 exercise patients and 8 controls completed the morale questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of a 3-month period corresponding to the exercise programme. Exercise patients scored higher than controls, and both groups improved in morale over the period. The fall in anxiety scores for the exercise patients was significantly greater than for the controls. Apparently the chief psychological effect of the exercise programme was to give confidence to the patients.