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Ocean warming is increasing the incidence, scale, and severity of global-scale coral bleaching and mortality, culminating in the third global coral bleaching event that occurred during record marine heatwaves of 2014-2017. While local effects of these events have been widely reported, the global implications remain unknown. Analysis of 15,066 reef surveys during 2014-2017 revealed that 80% of surveyed reefs experienced significant coral bleaching and 35% experienced significant coral mortality. The global extent of significant coral bleaching and mortality was assessed by extrapolating results from reef surveys using comprehensive remote-sensing data of regional heat stress. This model predicted that 51% of the world’s coral reefs suffered significant bleaching and 15% significant mortality, surpassing damage from any prior global bleaching event. These observations demonstrate that global warming’s widespread damage to coral reefs is accelerating and underscores the threat anthropogenic climate change poses for the irreversible transformation of these essential ecosystems.

Severity scores in pneumonia and sepsis are being applied to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aimed to assess whether these severity scores are accurate predictors of early adverse outcomes in COVID-19.We conducted a multicentre observational study of hospitalised SARS-CoV-2 infection. We assessed risk scores (CURB65, qSOFA, Lac-CURB65, MuLBSTA and NEWS2) in relation to admission to intensive care or death within 7 days of admission, defined as early severe adverse events (ESAE). The 4C Mortality Score was also assessed in a sub-cohort of patients.In 2,387 participants, the overall mortality was 18%. In all scores examined, increasing score was associated with increased risk of ESAE. Area under the curve (AUC) to predict ESAE for CURB65, qSOFA, Lac-CURB65, MuLBSTA and NEWS2 were 0.61, 0.62, 0.59, 0.59 and 0.68, respectively. AUC to predict ESAE was 0.60 with ISARIC 4C Mortality Score.None of the scores examined accurately predicted ESAE in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Non-validated scores should not be used to inform clinical decision making in COVID-19.

Polycentric governance involves multiple actors at multiple scales beyond the state. The potential of polycentric governance for promoting both climate mitigation and adaptation is well established. Yet, dominant conceptualizations of polycentric governance pay scant attention to how power dynamics affect the structure and the outcomes of climate action. We review emerging evidence on power within polycentric and distributed governance across the climate, forestry, marine, coastal, urban, and water sectors, and relate them to established positions on power within research on federalism, decentralization, international relations, and networked governance. We develop a typology of design, pragmatic, and framing power that focuses on how and in whose interests power is mobilized to achieve outcomes. We propose that the conceptual model helps to explain power dynamics across different sectors and across both climate change mitigation and adaptation. Significant research challenges arising from the analysis include the measurement and monitoring of the outcomes of power asymmetries over time. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e479. doi: 10.1002/wcc.479. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

This paper traces the birth and formation of Vessel Traffic Services, examines the rapid growth of such schemes worldwide and notes the tendency for mandatory ship reporting systems to be operated from VTS centres. Questions are asked about this tendency and thoughts are provided.

Slate from the Cambrian succession of North Wales is a well-known source of building products from the United Kingdom and is here advocated as a suitable "Global Heritage Stone Resource". Its first recorded use was in the Roman period in Wales, and subsequently from the sixteenth century throughout the British Isles. During the 16th and 17th centuries several small companies worked the slate belt from Bethesda to the Nantlle valley but in the mid-18th these were gradually taken over or amalgamated and three large operations came to dominate the industry: Penrhyn, Dinorwic, and the Moel Tryfan to Dorothea group of quarries. From the late eighteenth century production expanded rapidly supplying markets worldwide especially to northern Europe and the British colonies. Slate has been used in all its forms but most notably as roofing slates in the construction of buildings at all levels in society and for buildings of the highest historical and architectural importance. Modernisation of the industry has enabled Cambrian Welsh Slate to continue to be quarried today in an environmentally sensitive manner by Welsh Slate Ltd.

Models that simulate sheet flow in the Greenland Ice Sheet balance forces at gridpoints in the map plan, which allows only a slow response to changes in climate forcing. A holistic approach to modeling allows a rapid response that takes place in ice streams. Holistic modeling results are presented that lengthen and lower the profiles of Greenland ice streams. This occurs because surface meltwater from greenhouse" warming reaches the bed through crevasses, and thereby increases basal water pressure. Thinning is then controlled primarily by increased basal water pressure that lengthens ice streams. If thinning caused by this process is both rapid and simultaneous for the major Greenland ice streams, the resulting iceberg outbursts might trigger an episode of rapid climate change.

The paper is based on the findings of a wider research programme into the effectiveness of quality assurance implementation conducted at the University of Glamorgan. The study investigated the different approaches used towards the implementation of quality management systems in order to achieve registration to ISO 9000. The tactics and techniques of implementation adopted by companies in their efforts to achieve registration are, the authors believe, an important indicator of a system's potential. A previous study by the authors identified two distinct approaches to implementation, the comprehensive approach and the analytical approach. The research indicates that the stringent adoption of either the comprehensive or the analytical approaches may not be the ideal solution and that some adaptation of elements from each may be necessary to formulate the optimum implementation and development model. This model recognizes the connection and compatibility between the analytical approach to implementation and o...

In 1948, the port of Liverpool was probably the pioneer of European VTS, when they set up a radar station, in order to facilitate the boarding of pilots from the cutter. In 1951, Long Beach in California established a radar and VHF to facilitate port operations. Le Havre established another system and so, gradually, other ports followed. At this time commercial radar was comparatively new, and made it possible for the first time, under almost all weather conditions, to observe vessel traffic from the shore. In combination with VHF radio, a traffic surveillance system was achieved and real- time information exchange between the shore and ships became possible. Nevertheless, it was not until 1985 that the role of VTS in connection with navigation safety, traffic efficiency and environmental protection gained international recognition. This recognition is contained in an IMO resolution, which constitutes the VTS guidelines.

Portland Stone, a well known ooidal limestone of Jurassic age from the United Kingdom is here nominated as a suitable "Global Heritage Stone Resource". Portland Stone is considered to ideally fit the newly proposed designation as it has been utilised since Roman times in England and since the Middle Ages in the construction of major historic buildings including St Pauls Cathedral, British Museum and Bank of England in London. It was also the preferred building stone of Sir Christopher Wren, England's most famous architect. The international use of Portland Stone during the 20th century includes the United Nations building in New York City and the war graves of British and British Commonwealth soldiers. Portland Stone also continues to be quarried today in an environmentally sensitive manner whilst coastal outcrops of the material form a part of the "Dorset and East Devon Coast" World Heritage area (aka The Jurassic Heritage Coast).

The development of an electronic system which can be used for navigating water-borne craft has been going on for well over two decades. In fact, various digital representations of navigational maps have been in use since the concept of computers. The word ‘map’ is intentional, for in some cases, apart from the land outline and some navigational marks, they bore little resemblance to the paper navigational chart.

Background. The role of erbB tyrosine kinases, especially Her-2, in osteosarcoma has engendered intense debate. Some investigators identified an association between low-level Her-2 expression, compared to none, and poor patient outcome. Others questioned the importance of apparent cytoplasmic expression of Her-2, since membranous overexpression is associated with poor outcome in carcinomas. We previously demonstrated that primary osteosarcoma cells express cell-surface EGFR and Her-2, with the p80 isoform of Her-4 localized to the nucleus. We wished to determine if erbB kinases in osteosarcoma were phosphorylated, and if this was required for growth. Procedures. We cultured early passage osteosarcoma cell lines in the presence or absence of the pan-erbB inhibitor CI-1033 and examined the phosphorylation status of EGFR, Her-2, and Her-4 by immunohistochemistry, cell-based ELISA, flow cytometry and two dimensional Western blot. We also assessed the impact of CI-1033 upon osteosarcoma growth and survival in vitro. Results. EGFR, Her-2, and Her-4 were constitutively phosphorylated in early passage osteosarcoma cells cultured in vitro. CI-1033 abrogated erbB receptor phosphorylation and caused growth inhibition and apoptosis in a titratible fashion with concentrations of 1 mM or more. Conclusions. EGFR, Her-2, and Her-4 are constitutively phosphorylated in early passage osteosarcoma cells in tissue culture, and erbB signaling provides essential growth and anti-apoptotic signals to osteosarcoma cells. This suggests that erbB overexpression is not required for erbB to promote malignancy, but rather that overexpression is one of several mechanisms that generate unregulated erbB signaling. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;46:614‐ 623. 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Advantages of dispersal on the scales that are possible in a long pelagic larval period are not apparent, even for benthic species. An alternative hypothesis is that wide dispersal may be an incidental byproduct of an ontogenetic migration from and then back to the parental habitat. Under this hypothesis, the water column is a better habitat than the bottom for early development. Because the parental area is often an especially favorable habitat for juveniles and adults, selection may even favor larval retention or larval return rather than dispersal. Where larval capabilities and currents permit, a high percentage of recruits may then be produced from local adults. Expected consequences of a high proportion of local recruitment are stronger links between stock and recruitment, greater vulnerability to recruitment overfishing and local modifications of habitat, greater local benefits from fishery reserves, and possibly more localized adaptation within populations. Export of some larvae is consistent with a high proportion of retained or returning larvae, could stabilize populations linked by larval exchange, and provide connectivity between marine reserves. Even a small amount of larval export could account for the greater gene flow, large ranges, and long evolutionary durations seen in species with long pelagic larval stages.

We present the proteomic response of Symbiodinium sp. endosymbionts from the coral Stylophora pistillata of the central Great Barrier Reef to moderate conditions of thermal 'bleaching' stress, with and without trace metal limitation. Using quantitative high throughput proteomics, we identified 8098 MS/MS events relating to individual peptides from the endosymbiont-enriched fraction. These included 109 peptides meeting stringent criteria for quantification of which only 26 showed significant change in our experimental treatments ; 12/26 increased expression in response to thermal stress with little difference affected by iron limitation. Surprisingly, there were no significant increase in antioxidant or heat stress proteins ; those induced to higher expression were generally involved in protein biosynthesis. An outstanding exception was a massive 114-fold increase of a viral replication protein indicating that thermal stress may substantially increase viral load and thereby contribute to the aetiology of coral bleaching and disease. In the absence of a sequenced genome for Symbiodinium or other dinoflagellates, this proteome reveals a plethora of proteins potentially involved in microbial-host interactions. This includes photosystem proteins, DNA repair enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, metabolic redox enzymes, heat shock proteins, globin hemoproteins, proteins of nitrogen fixation and metabolism, and a wide range of viral proteins associated with these endosymbiont-enriched samples. Also present were 21 unusual peptide/protein toxins thought to originate from either microbial consorts or contamination by coral nematocysts. Of particular interest are the proteins of apoptosis, vesicular transport and endo/exocytosis, which we shall discuss in the context with processes of coral bleaching.