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Reindeer husbandry in the Arctic region is strongly affected by the local climate. Reindeer herders are used to coping with adverse weather, climate, and grazing conditions through autonomous adaptation. However, today's rapidly changing Arctic environment poses new challenges to the management of herding activities. Finding means for combining traditional and scientific knowledge without depriving any of the systems of its fundamental strengths is hence deemed necessary. In this work, we apply a transdisciplinary framework for knowledge co-production involving international researchers and reindeer herders from different cooperatives in northern Finland. Through ‘climate change adaptation stories’, we co-explore how climate predictions can inform herders' decision making during the herding season. Relevant decisions include the anticipation of summer harvest time, the inopportune periods of cold weather in spring, and insect harassment in summer. Despite their potential benefits for climate-sensitive decisions, climate predictions have seen limited uptake, mainly due to their probabilistic nature and lower quality compared with shorter-term weather forecasts. The analysis of two different adaptation stories shows that seasonal predictions of temperature for May and June can successfully advise about the likelihood of having an earlier than normal harvest. This information can be obtained up to three months in advance, helping herders to better arrange their time for other activities. Likewise, sub-seasonal predictions of temperature during April and May can be useful to anticipate the occurrence of backwinter episodes, which can support herders in deciding whether to feed reindeer in pens for longer, avoiding putting the survival of calves at risk. This study, which would benefit from co-evaluation in real world settings and consideration of additional adaptation stories, sets the basis for a successful co-production of climate services with Arctic reindeer herders, This work has received funding from EU-PolarNet 2 via the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101003766. We acknowledge the reindeer herders from the Käsivarsi, Hammastunturi, Palojärvi, Sattasniemi and Oivanki cooperatives that participated in the survey and the herders from the cooperatives of Palojärvi and Näkkälä that kindly took part in the round table. We also thank Pierre-Antoine Bretonnière from BSC for downloading the climate data, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

The Spanish region of Andalusia is the world-leading olive oil producer. Its olive-dominated landscapes are among the most biodiverse drylands of the globe and prospectively among the areas most affected by climate change. This analysis used physiologically based demographic modeling (PBDM) to assess the impact of climate change on the olive/olive fly system of Andalusia. The analysis was implemented on cloud computing, allowing PBDM models to be run from any computer connected to the internet, to interface with state-of-the-art climatic drivers, and to scale efficiently with increasing computational loads and user requests. Findings include that chilling required for olive blooming will decrease in large areas of the Andalusian provinces of Jaen, Cordoba, and Sevilla, with some areas not meeting the minimum chilling threshold and some accumulating no chilling by the end of the century under the high greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenario. Olive blooming will occur up to five weeks earlier in the Jaen, Cordoba, Sevilla, and Granada provinces, but olive yield is expected to increase or remain stable. Olive fly infestation will decrease with climate change, with infestations below the reference economic threshold of 4 % towards the end of the century in some areas under high GHG emission scenario. Measures to adapt Andalusian olive systems to climate change include: selecting olive cultivars with lower chilling requirements; implementing cover crops to enhance water use efficiency under increased CO2 concentration and uncertain precipitation projections; and targeting the spring generation of the fly and diversifying the olive landscape to reduce infestation levels., We acknowledge Dr. Carlo Buontempo, Director of the Copernicus Climate Change Service, for providing early access to the AgERA5 data. The Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems (http://www.casasglobal.org/) provided logistical and scientific support to the MED-GOLD project. This work was supported by the project MED-GOLD that received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776467 and by the project TEBAKA (project ID: ARS01_00815) co-funded by the European Union - ERDF and ESF, “PON Ricerca e Innovazione 2014-2020”., Peer Reviewed, "Article signat per 19 autors/es: Luigi Ponti, Andrew Paul Gutierrez, Christos Giannakopoulos, Konstantinos V. Varotsos, Javier López Nevado, Silvia López Feria, Freddy Wilmer Rivas González, Federico Caboni, Federica Stocchino, Adolfo Rosati, Damiano Marchionni, José Ricardo Cure, Daniel Rodríguez, Marta Terrado, Matteo De Felice, Alessandro Dell'Aquila, Sandro Calmanti, Ricardo Arjona, Michael Sanderson", Postprint (published version)

Knowledge of public opinion is key to understanding citizens' attitudes towards environmental policies. However, large polls and surveys generate complex datasets from which it is not always easy to draw conclusions. In addition, tailor-made solutions for analysing public opinion face the challenge of handling too many layers of information, which can easily lead to an overwhelming user experience and impair decision-making. Service design methodologies can support the design of ad hoc visualisation tools focused on user needs. We present Op-e-nion, a case study of a visualisation tool for the analysis of public opinion regarding environmental issues, aimed at administrations and public institutions. The involvement of experts from different fields allowed for the identification of the main metrics necessary to target the least engaged socio-demographic groups as well as the barriers that limited their environmental actions. Experts also highlighted useful aspects of the design process and the final prototype to help them define more effective campaigns and policies to address social challenges and promote citizen action. An innovative step was introduced in the methodology by involving non-state actors in the evaluation of the tool, ensuring problem detection and enhancing the sustainability of the final product. Important aspects for the visualisation of multi-categorical data included simplifying the interaction with the tool while prioritising relevant information, and using highly customizable visualisations to answer specific user requirements and changing needs (i.e. analytical vs. managerial tasks). Improved visualisations of public opinion data will, in turn, better support the development of policies shaped by citizens’ concerns., The authors would like to thank the potential users and experts that collaborated in the early design stages of this experiment, the participants who kindly provided their input during the evaluation sessions and to the journalist and teacher, Steve Watts for his inestimable contribution to the revision of this manuscript., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Climate services are one of the tools that can support the agriculture sector to address the impacts of climate change on agricultural production systems, not only considering climatic aspects but also social needs. This work describes the knowledge co-production journey of the EU-funded project MED-GOLD to create an end-to-end climate service for wine sector users. In this work, co-production is understood as an iterative, interactive and collaborative process among an interdisciplinary group of scientists and users that were engaged, involved, and empowered. The co-production process included activities to raise awareness on the vulnerability of grape and wine production to climate change, exchange knowledge between climate service providers and users, and co-develop customised climate services, such as the MED-GOLD Dashboard. Lessons learned are that repeated interaction between scientists and users allow to better frame research questions, jointly decide how to address these questions, and test the outcomes with feedback from real-world decision-makers. Furthermore, having a user who co-developed the service and helped assess its added value was key to ensure that it could truly inform decision-making needs and to promote its broader uptake by the wine sector community. Although the MED-GOLD Dashboard constitutes the most tangible result of this collaboration, the outcomes of co-production also encompass the joint learning process, the shared sense of ownership, and the co-creation of new knowledge between scientists and stakeholders. Nevertheless, further research will be needed to understand how the knowledge coproduced with a single user can be scaled up to users with other profiles and requirements., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 776467 (MED-GOLD) and 869565 (VitiGEOSS)., "Article signat per 15 autors/es: Marta Terrado, Raül Marcos, Nube González-Reviriego, Ilaria Vigo, Andria Nicodemou, Antonio Graça, Marta Teixeira, Natacha Fontes, Sara Silva, Alessandro Dell'Aquila, Luigi Ponti, Sandro Calmanti, Marta Bruno Soares, Mehri Khosravi, Federico Caboni ", Postprint (published version)

MED-GOLD was a 54-months research and innovation project, whose main aim was to co-develop climate services for three staples of the Mediterranean food system, namely grapes, olives and durum wheat. This paper describes the methodology adopted for the co-development of the pilot climate service for the wine sector, focusing on the Douro Wine Region in northern Portugal. In the first step, the MED-GOLD industrial partner SOGRAPE identified key decisions and users’ needs for the wine sector in the Douro region by involving managers from their own vineyards in that region. From this information, the relevant bioclimatic indicators (and associated essential climate variables) were selected. Afterwards, two compound risk indices, the Sanitary and Heat Risk indices, were introduced as a combination of some of the aforementioned bioclimatic indicators. This methodological work was validated against the empirical climate characterization for the region of interest, of several ‘bad’ and ‘good’ years chosen by users according to their recollections of grape and wine production outcomes, namely quality and yields. In this paper, the overall strategy for selection of these years is presented. The components of the service based on historical climate, seasonal predictions and longer-term climate projections are described along with the visual interface developed: the MED-GOLD Dashboard, an interactive tool that displays detailed historical climate data, seasonal predictions and climate projections. The Dashboard consists of an ICT platform with a map-based user-focused front end to aid easy access to and manipulation of the data. The Dashboard was iteratively co-designed with the users to ensure their needs were met., The authors acknowledge project MED-GOLD (Turning climate-related information into added value for traditional MEDiterranean Grape, Olive and Durum Wheat food systems, agreement no. 776467) funded by the European Union. Raul Marcos-Matamoros is a Serra Húnter fellow., Peer Reviewed, "Article signat per 17 autors/es: Alessandro Dell'Aquila , António Graça, Marta Teixeira, Natacha Fontes, Nube Gonzalez-Reviriego, Raul Marcos-Matamoros, Chihchung Chou, Marta Terrado, Christos Giannakopoulos, Konstantinos V. Varotsos, Federico Caboni, Riccardo Locci, Martina Nanu, Sara Porru, Giulia Argiola, Marta Bruno Soares, Michael Sanderson", Postprint (published version)

The visual communication of climate information is one of the cornerstones of climate services. It often requires the translation of multidimensional data to visual channels by combining colors, distances, angles, and glyph sizes. However, visualizations including too many layers of complexity can hinder decision-making processes by limiting the cognitive capacity of users, therefore affecting their attention, recognition, and working memory. Methodologies grounded on the fields of user-centered design, user interaction, and cognitive psychology, which are based on the needs of the users, have a lot to contribute to the climate data visualization field. Here, we apply these methodologies to the redesign of an existing climate service tool tailored to the wind energy sector. We quantify the effect of the redesign on the users’ experience performing typical daily tasks, using both quantitative and qualitative indicators that include response time, success ratios, eye-tracking measures, user perceived effort, and comments, among others. Changes in the visual encoding of uncertainty and the use of interactive elements in the redesigned tool reduced the users’ response time by half, significantly improved success ratios, and eased decision-making by filtering nonrelevant information. Our results show that the application of user-centered design, interaction, and cognitive aspects to the design of climate information visualizations reduces the cognitive load of users during tasks performance, thus improving user experience. These aspects are key to successfully communicating climate information in a clearer and more accessible way, making it more understandable for both technical and nontechnical audiences., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreements 776787 (S2S4E), 776613 (EUCP), and (ClimatEurope). This work was also supported by the MEDSCOPE project. MEDSCOPE is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by AEMET (ES), ANR (FR), BSC (ES), CMCC (IT), CNR (IT), IMR (BE), and Météo-France (FR), with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462). The research team would like to thank the participants of the test who generously shared their time and opinions for the purposes of this research. This study is a part of the PhD of the corresponding author, Luz Calvo., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Climateurope Workshop on the Visualization of Climate Services Barcelona Supercomputing Center’s (BSC) Earth Sciences Department organized the workshop in the framework of the Horizon 2020–funded Coordination and Support Action Climateurope. The workshop aimed to discuss different aspects of the state-of-the-art of visualizations used in climate services and produce a publication on the synthesis and recommendations. We invited participants from different projects linked to the Climateurope network, including EU Horizon 2020 (H2020) and European Research Area for Climate Services (ERA4CS) projects as well as a few national projects and private contracts. The workshop was attended by representatives of 22 projects., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreements 689029 (Climateurope) and 776467 (MED-GOLD). The authors want to acknowledge the different climate services projects that participated in the workshop, including Climate-fit.city (73004), Digital-Water.city (20954), IMPREX (641811), PRIMAVERA (641727), RECEIPT (820712), S2S4E (776787), SECLI-FIRM (776868), VISCA (730253), CIREG, Clim2power, CoCliME, EVOKED, ISIpedia, MEDSCOPE, SENSES, WATExR, C3S_429g_BSC, and the inDust COST Action (16202). We would also like to thank the participation of the projects Seasonal Hurricane Predictions, KNMI climate scenarios, and eClimViz. We also acknowledge BSC colleagues Diana Urquiza, Andria Nicodemou, and Sara Octenjak for helping to run the workshop., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Visualisations are often the entry point to information that supports stakeholders’ decision- and policy-making processes. Visual displays can employ either static, dynamic or interactive formats as well as various types of representations and visual encodings, which differently affect the attention, recognition and working memory of users. Despite being well-suited for expert audiences, current climate data visualisations need to be further improved to make communication of climate information more inclusive for broader audiences, including people with disabilities. However, the lack of evidence-based guidelines and tools makes the creation of accessible visualisations challenging, potentially leading to misunderstanding and misuse of climate information by users. Taking stock of visualisation challenges identified in a workshop by climate service providers, we review good practices commonly applied by other visualisation-related disciplines strongly based on users’ needs that could be applied to the climate services context. We show how lessons learned in the fields of user experience, data visualisation, graphic design and psychology make useful recommendations for the development of more effective climate service visualisations. This includes applying a user-centred design approach, using interaction in a suitable way in visualisations, paying attention to information architecture or selecting the right type of representation and visual encoding. The recommendations proposed here can help climate service providers reduce users’ cognitive load and improve their overall experience when using a service. These recommendations can be useful for the development of the next generation of climate services, increasing their usability while ensuring that their visual components are inclusive and do not leave anyone behind., The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements no. 689029 (Climateurope), 776787 (S2S4E), 776467 (MED-GOLD) and 869565 (VitiGEOSS)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The Climateurope Festivals were designed to create synergies between different European, national and international initiatives in the fields of Earth-system modelling & Climate Services and enhance the transfer of information between suppliers and users. It gave an opportunity to display best in class outcomes and engage in world class networking in a less rigid environment than a scientific conference. A number of formats were adopted in the Festival, from traditional impulse talks to innovative interactive sessions, and the thought-provoking discussions allowed the participants to share their experiences and knowledge around the advantages and challenges that Climate Services face within different sectors. Three Climateurope Festivals were originally planned to be held across Europe. Two Festivals were successfully organised, the first in Valencia in 2017, and the second in Belgrade in 2018. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns and travel restrictions, the third and final Festival was held online as a series of virtual web-based Festivals in 2020/2021. The Festivals were highly valued by participants. There was a strong desire by the Climateurope network to continue a science-stakeholder dialogue and make the Climateurope Festivals a regular event.}, The organization team of the Climateurope Festivals wishes to acknowledge and sincerely thank the entire consortium of Climateurope for their valuable support. Climateurope is funded by the European Commission through the Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation: Grant Agreement 689029., Peer Reviewed, "Article signat per 14 autors/es: Lola Kotova, Maria Máñez Costa, Daniela Jacob, Chris Hewitt, Paula Newton, Natalie Garrett, Stacey New, Rebecca Parfitt, Tyrone Dunbar, Janette Bessembinder, Ralf Toumi, Mauro Buonocore, Aleksandra Krzic, Marta Terrado", Postprint (published version)

The research into the human health impacts from air pollution has advanced substantially over the last decade; in Europe ∼500 000 premature deaths are attributed annually to air pollution exposure [1], with adverse health effects beginning at much lower concentrations than previously understood [2]. The latest epidemiological evidence is now reflected in the new 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs$^{\textrm{v2021}}$) [3], which represent a major revision over the previous ones set in 2005 (AQGs$^{\textrm{v2005}}$) [4]. Ten new AQGs have been set for the major health-damaging air pollutants, across different averaging times (annual$^{\textrm{(AN)}}$, peak season$^{\textrm{(PS)}}$, 24 h$^{\textrm{(24H)}}$, daily maximum 8 h average$^{\textrm{(8H)}})$, namely: particulate matter (PM$_{2.5}^{\textrm{AN, 24H}}$ and PM$_{10}^{\textrm{AN, 24H}})$, ozone (O$_3^{\textrm{PS, 8H}})$, nitrogen dioxide (NO$_2^{\textrm{AN, 24H}})$, sulphur dioxide (SO$_2^{\textrm{24H}})$ and carbon monoxide (CO$^{\textrm{24H}})$. The AQGs$^{\textrm{v2021}}$ are significantly more stringent, except for a relaxation in SO$_2^{\textrm{24H}}$, and O$_3^{\textrm{8H} }$ staying the same (supplementary table 1 (available online at stacks.iop.org/ERL/17/021002/mmedia)). This article quantifies the increase in non-compliance across all European measurement stations with AQGs$^{\textrm{v2021}}$ compared with AQGs$^{\textrm{v2005}}$, during business-as-usual (BAU) conditions (section 2); evaluates the impact that emission reductions during COVID-19 lockdowns had on non-compliance (section 3); and finally discusses the implications of our findings for any new European Union (EU) standards (section 4).

Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)