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Terminalia chebula , called as king of traditional Tibetan medicine, contains bioactive compounds such as quercetin and rutin, which have been implicated in bone health. Osteoporosis, characterized by bone density decline, poses a significant health concern. Exploring natural agents like quercetin and rutin could offer novel therapeutic avenues. A network pharmacology-guided approach on quercetin and rutin combination from Terminalia chebula against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in vitro and in-vivo models was studied in this present investigation. Bioactive compounds from T. chebula were identified, and their potential targets were assessed using network pharmacology. Quercetin and rutin were selected for further study based on their interaction with osteoporosis-related targets. In vitro studies utilized osteoblast-like UMR 106 cells to evaluate cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. In vivo experiments were conducted using zebrafish larvae to assess embryotoxicity, bone development, oxidative stress, and mRNA expression related to osteoporosis. Quercetin, and rutin, individually and in combination, demonstrated enhanced cell proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, and mineralization in UMR 106 cells. In zebrafish larvae, the combination showed improved survival rates, hatching rates, and reduced developmental abnormalities compared to Dex-treated larvae. Moreover, the combination significantly attenuated oxidative stress, reduced apoptosis, increased alkaline phosphatase activity, enhanced calcium deposition, and regulated the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway, indicative of osteoprotective effects against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. The study highlights the potential of quercetin and rutin, particularly in combination, as promising candidates for the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Their multifaceted effects on osteoporosis, demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo experiments, suggest a comprehensive therapeutic approach targeting various aspects of osteoporosis pathophysiology. [Display omitted] • System pharmacology predicts compounds from T. chebula against osteoporosis. • Quercetin and rutin combination (QRC) (100 µM) exert no toxicity in the cell line. • QRC increases bone cell proliferation and mineralization. • QRC reduces oxidative stress and increases bone-mineralisation in vivo zebrafish. • QRC targets RANK/RANKL/OPG to ameliorate glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of manufacturing industries is crucial for national progress, with a growing emphasis on green and sustainable practices. This study investigates the development and performance of hybrid polymer composites based on poly lactic acid (PLA) reinforced with lignocellulosic fillers: bagasse fiber (BF), tamarind seed fiber (TSF), Terminalia chebula fiber (TCF), and a hybrid filler of bagasse, tamarind seed, and Terminalia chebula (BTSTCF). Five types of composites were fabricated with varying filler compositions: PLA, PLA/BF, PLA/TSF, PLA/TCF, and PLA/BTSTCF, consisting of 30% BF, TSF, or TCF with 70% PLA, and an additional 10% of each filler in the BTSTCF composite. The results demonstrated that the PLA/BTSTCF hybrid composite outperformed others regarding mechanical strength, thermal stability, and interfacial adhesion. Specifically, it exhibited superior flexural strength, impact strength, and tensile strength. The findings indicate that incorporating a combination of bagasse, tamarind seed, and Terminalia chebula fillers into PLA significantly enhances its properties and performance. This study contributes to advancing sustainable and green manufacturing practices and holds promise for economic growth through the development of high-performance, eco-friendly materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula Retz. (T. Chebula, ཨ་རུ་ར།) is highly utilized in ethnic medicine. Its medicinal value is gradually being recognized and shows great potential in the improvement of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) disorders. Tibetan medicine theory classifies this type of disease as one of the "Jie Xie Syndrome (བརྗེད་བྱེད།)." The role of T. Chebula in such diseases has been increasingly studied. This work aimed to elucidate the research progress of T. Chebula in alleviating MCI. The review offers a critical update on the current understanding of the effect of T. Chebula on MCI and highlights new opportunities for exploring its therapeutic potential. This review discusses the role of T. Chebula in alleviating MCI and provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional medicinal uses, chemical composition, toxicology, and quality control aspects of T. Chebula. This review covers 171 chemical constituents and 11 active constituents targeting MCI, such as flavonoids, which can alleviate MCI, primarily through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. T. Chebula shows potential as a natural medicine for the treatment and prevention of MCI. As an important part of ethnomedicinal resources, this work offers valuable insights for future research on T. Chebula-containing ethnomedicines. Research on traditional drug treatments, optimized treatment standards, improved societal knowledge about MCI, and development of an early detection system is essential to the diagnosis and treatment of MCI. These efforts will provide better treatment resources for patients with MCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terminalia chebula Retz, known as the King of Tibet, is considered a functional food in China, celebrated for its antioxidant, immune-modulating, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Chebulinic acid, derived from aqueous extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz, is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, its potential as an anti-Helicobacter pylori (HP) agent has not been fully explored. Methods: Herein, we extracted the main compound from Terminalia chebula Retz using a semi-preparative liquid chromatography (LC) system and identified compound 5 as chebulinic acid through Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UPLC–MS/MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). To evaluate its role, we conducted minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, inhibiting kinetics curves, urea fast test, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, western blot analysis, griess reagent system, and molecular docking. Results: Our results showed that chebulinic acid effectively inhibited the growth of the HP strain ATCC 700392, damaged the HP structure, and exhibited selective antimicrobial activity without affecting normal epithelial cells GES-1. Importantly, it suppressed the expression of Cytotoxin-associated gene A (Cag A) protein, a crucial factor in HP infection. Molecular docking analysis predicted a strong affinity (−9.7  kcal/mol) between chebulinic acid and Cag A protein. Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggest that chebulinic acid acts as an antiadhesive agent, disrupting the adhesion of HP to host cells, which is a critical step in HP infection. It also suppresses the Cag A protein. These results highlight the potential of chebulinic acid against HP infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the fruit of Terminalia chebula, commonly known as chebulic myrobalan, is used as the precursor for carbon for its application in supercapacitors. The Terminalia chebula biomass-derived sponge-like porous carbon (TC-SPC) is synthesized using a facile and economical method of pyrolysis. TC-SPC thus obtained is subjected to XRD, FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analyses for their structural and chemical composition. The examination revealed that TC-SPC has a crystalline nature and a mesoporous and microporous structure accompanied by a disordered carbon framework that is doped with heteroatoms such as nitrogen and sulfur. Electrochemical studies are performed on TC-SPC using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. TC-SPC contributed a maximum specific capacitance of 145 F g−1 obtained at 1 A g−1. The cyclic stability of TC-SPC is significant with 10,000 cycles, maintaining the capacitance retention value of 96%. The results demonstrated that by turning the fruit of Terminalia chebula into an opulent product, a supercapacitor, TC-SPC generated from biomass has proven to be a potential candidate for energy storage application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the potential of beetroot as a natural source to dye a synthetic fiber that is, nylon 6 fabric, has been examined. We analyzed the impact of the most important dyeing parameters, such as dyeing temperature, dyeing time, pH of the dye bath, and dye concentration, on the dyeing efficiency of the nylon 6 fabric. We achieved the optimal conditions for nylon dyeing by beetroot at the boiling temperature for 60 min using 100% on the fabric weight (owf) dye under acidic conditions. Also, to attain suitable color fastness, we used four different natural mordants (pomegranate peel, walnut husk, pistachio hull, and Terminalia Chebula) before the dyeing process. We also examined the effect of four commonly used metal mordants on the dyeing efficiency. FTIR, SEM, EDX and TGA were then conducted to justify the presence of mordants and dyes on the substrate. We discovered that pre‐mordanting generated colorful fabrics based on the type of mordants used. Also, various natural mordants could produce different color strengths, such that the walnut husk had the highest color strength among the used mordants. The obtained color fastness against washing of all bio‐mordants was rated as excellent and the light fastness of Terminalia Chebula was surprisingly excellent. Bio‐mordants also exhibited equivalent washing fastness to metal mordants, even surpassing them in terms of light fastness. The EDX spectra also showed peaks corresponding to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). Finally, the fabric mordanted with pomegranate peel exhibited very less mass loss, thus indicating thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the synergistic antioxidant activity of the compositions of Trisamo (TSM) herbal formula containing the dried fruits of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna, and Terminalia bellirica. An augmented simplex lattice design was utilized to investigate the synergistic antioxidant activity, finding an equal mass ratio among the three herbal drugs to exhibit optimal synergistic antioxidant activity, with a combination index of less than 0.8. The optimal TSM extract was used to prepare directly compressible tablets employing a Box–Behnken design response surface methodology, optimizing compressional force (500, 1000, and 1500 psi), sodium starch glycolate (0%, 2%, and 4%), and magnesium stearate (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%). Optimal parameters were a compressional force of 1000 psi, 2% sodium starch glycolate, and 0.5% magnesium stearate. The TSM extract tablet had a weight of 600.06 mg, a diameter of 12.78 mm, a thickness of 4.12 mm, a hardness of 6.85 kP, a friability of 0.30%, and a disintegration time of 1.81 min. Computer model predictions were verified with a low percentage error (≤ 10.00%). After 6 h, phenolic compounds were dissolved to an extent of approximately 40%–80%, including gallic acid (57.11%), corilagin (38.64%), chebulagic acid (58.49%), and chebulinic acid (81.44%). Stability data revealed that the phenolic compounds were retained for 3 months compared to the initial time point, with gallic acid at 81.43% and 100.27%, corilagin at 94.81% and 87.85%, chebulagic acid at 92.22% and 69.83%, and chebulinic acid at 107.00% and 85.54% at 30°C/75% RH and 45°C/75% RH, respectively. The summation of these four compounds did not change significantly when stored under either set of conditions. In summary, mixture design and response surface design were successfully utilized in the optimization of TSM extract tablets with synergistic antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity, characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat, is a prevalent metabolic disorder that poses a significant global health concern. Triphala, an herbal combination consisting of Phyllanthus emblica Linn, Terminalia chebula Retz, and Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn) Roxb, has emerged as a potential solution for addressing concerns related to obesity. This study aimed to investigate the network pharmacology and molecular docking of Triphala to identify its bioactive ingredients and their interactions with pathways associated with obesity. The bioactive compounds present in Triphala and genes linked to obesity were identified, followed by an analysis of the protein-protein interaction networks. Enrichment analysis, including Gene Ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, was conducted. Prominent genes and compounds were selected for further investigation through molecular docking studies. The study revealed a close correlation between obesity and the AKT1 and PPARG genes. The observed binding energy between beta-sitosterol, 7-dehydrosigmasterol, peraksine, α-amyrin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid, and phyllanthin with AKT1 and PPARG indicated a favorable binding affinity. In conclusion, nine compounds showed promise in regulating these genes for obesity prevention and management. Further research is required to validate their specific effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel viral disease originating from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a life-threatening disease with dramatic morbidity and mortality globally. In this review, we aim to discuss the current evidence showing that the Imam Kazem drug, a natural compound that comprises Foeniculum vulgare, Terminalia chebula, Pistacia lentiscus, and red sugar, may be a therapeutic candidate in the fight against COVID-19 infection. Methods: This literature review was performed by searching related words, including " Imam Kazem drug, " " Foeniculum vulgare, " " Terminalia chebula, " " Pistacia lentiscus, " " Red sugar, " "Natural compounds," "Traditional medicine," "Coronaviruses," "Antiviral," "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," in different databases like Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scientific Information Databases until 2023. Results: The current documents underscore that the Imam Kazem drug may be safe and effective against COVID-19. This natural compound, thanks to its constituents, may affect the pathogenic occurrence related to the disease, such as attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation-associated occurrences by different mechanisms, like scavenging free radicals, enhancing the function of antioxidant enzymes, and attenuating cytokine storm. Moreover, the Imam Kazem drug can exert its antiviral ability mainly by suppressing viral replication and blocking glycosaminoglycan binding sites. However, more preclinical and clinical evidence is required to support these results. Conclusion: Imam Kazem drug may have a therapeutic capacity for patients with COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has arisen due to antibiotic overuse and misuse. Antibiotic resistance renders standard treatments less effective, making it difficult to control some infections, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Medicinal plants are attracting increased interest as antibiotics lose efficacy. This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of solvent extracts prepared using Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula fruit against six bacterial pathogens using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. The aqueous and methanol extracts of T. bellirica and T. chebula showed substantial zones of inhibition (ZOIs) against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The activity against those bacteria was strong, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 94 µg/mL to 392 µg/mL. Additionally, the T. bellirica methanolic extract showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and an extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli strain (MIC values of 755 µg/mL for both). The aqueous T. bellirica and T. chebula extracts also inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae growth (MIC values of 784 µg/mL and 556 µg/mL, respectively). The corresponding methanolic extracts also inhibited ESBL K. pneumoniae growth (MIC values of 755 µg/mL and 1509 µg/mL, respectively). Eighteen additive interactions were observed when extracts were combined with reference antibiotics. Strong antagonism occurred when any of the extracts were mixed with polymyxin B. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of the extracts revealed several interesting flavonoids and tannins, including 6-galloylglucose, 1,2,6-trigalloyl-β-D-glucopyranose, 6-O-[(2E)-3-phenyl-2-propenoyl]-1-O-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranose, propyl gallate, methyl gallate, sanguiin H4, hamamelitannin, pyrogallol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulic acid, and chebuloside II. All extracts were nontoxic in brine shrimp assays. This lack of toxicity, combined with their antibacterial activities, suggests that these plant species may be promising sources of antibacterial compound(s) that warrant further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula exhibits a high level of antioxidant capacity and is highly valued in medicine and cosmetics. However, its main efficacy and active ingredients related to antioxidant, whitening, and anti‐aging are still unclear. In this study, the active site responsible for its cosmetic efficacy was specified by the biological activity‐guided method and further characterized by using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS). T. chebula was ultrasonically extracted by five solvents, and 30% ethanol extract was screened out for subsequent purification by 1,1‐D‐iphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2′‐Azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonate) (ABTS), hydroxyl, and superoxide anion free radical scavenging assays. Five elution fractions were obtained by column chromatography on D101 macroporous adsorbent resin eluted by an increased proportion of ethanol. The 30% ethanol elution fraction was specified as the enrichment site of active ingredients showing good antioxidant capacity and potent inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and elastase. A total of 30 compounds were identified by UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS in the 30% ethanol elution fraction, including 11 gallotannins, 14 ellagitannins, and 5 other compounds, and these compounds may be the key ingredients in cosmetics beneficial for the skin. Such a biological activity‐guided method has provided a simple and rapid venue for specifying the components of medicinal herbs responsible for cosmetic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral aphthous ulcers are the most common oral mucosal lesion without any definite remedy. Terminalia chebula is known as the “king of medicine” as it possesses extraordinary healing properties. To our knowledge, based on a literature search, there is no published study so far available using T. chebula mouth rinse alone in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU). Hence, we aim to compare the effectiveness of triamcinolone acetonide oro-mucosal paste and curcumin oral gel, which are currently being used for the treatment of RAU, with that of T. chebula. Materials and Methods: This clinical interventional study involving 30 patients who were clinically diagnosed with minor aphthous ulcers were randomly divided into three groups: T. chebula 10% mouth rinse, topical application of curcumin oral gel, and 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide group with single blinding. The patients were reviewed for pain reduction, and the number and size of the ulcers were assessed. Results: Regarding the reduction in the size and number of the lesions, the T. chebula group produced superior results. Conclusion: T. chebula can be incorporated in the form of mouth rinse as an adjunct or alone effectively in the management of minor RAU, especially when other medications are contraindicated.

Natural dyes are soft, eco-friendly, and non-toxic colours for silk fabric, imparting high compatibility with the environment. Among the different natural dyestuffs derived from different parts of plants, the peel of the Parkia roxburghii pod is thriving as one of the potential natural substantive dyes. The study reveals optimization of dye extraction for dyeing silk fabric. Colour strength (K/S) and absorbance of dye extract were evaluated for optimization of extraction and dyeing parameters. The optimized ML ratio (material and solvent proportions) was 1:30 for 60 min of boiling at 80 °C under acidic medium. Use of natural and synthetic mordants produced different colour patterns giving two classes, YR, light to dark brownish colour. CuSO4, lime juice and Terminalia chebula mordants produced better wash fastness and light fastness in meta-mordant conditions. Dyeing silk with parkia peel without mordant also produces better fastness properties, thus acts as a natural substantive silk dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic fungi isolated from Terminalia chebula exhibit potent antimicrobial activity, showcasing their potential to develop novel therapeutic agents. Additionally, these fungi produce diverse phytochemicals, which may contribute to their medicinal properties and offer new avenues for natural product research. This research study investigated the endophytic fungi isolated from T. chebula and assessed their antimicrobial and phytochemical potential. A total of 28 endophytic fungal species were isolated from leaf and bark tissues. Antimicrobial assays revealed significant inhibitory effects against pathogenic fungi Candida albicans - MTCC 183 & Saccharomyces cerevisiae - MTCC 174 and bacteria Escherichia coli - MTCC 2939, & Bacillus subtilis - MTCC 1305, with endophytic Alternaria sp. exhibiting maximum inhibition zone for antifungal activity and endophytic Aspergillus flavus demonstrating potent activity for their antibacterial analysis. A wide array of phytochemical compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, tannin, saponin, etc, were observed whereas, phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids in all selected endophytes. These findings suggest that T. chebula harbors a rich endophytic community with the potential for producing novel antimicrobial compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Melasma is a multifactorial, chronic, acquired skin disorder of hyperpigmentation. Terminalia chebula Retz. (T. chebula) has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activities. So, the present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of T. chebula 5% cream compared to hydroquinone 2% cream in treating patients with melasma. Materials and Methods: The formulation of T. chebula 5% cream was prepared. The stability and release study of the cream were performed. In this randomized, controlled, triple-blind clinical trial, participants with facial melasma were randomly assigned to receive T. chebula 5% cream or hydroquinone 2% cream at bedtime for 12 weeks. Modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) scores were recorded for all the participants at the baseline and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initiating the study. Results: No statistically significant differences regarding mMASI scores were detected between T. chebula and hydroquinone groups at each time point. The reduction in mMASI scores was statistically significant (p<0.05) in T. chebula group 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initiating the study. However, it reached statistical significance (p<0.05) in hydroquinone group 8, and 12 weeks after the study initiation. The frequencies of side effects especially skin irritation were significantly (p<0.05) lower in T. chebula group. Conclusion: T. chebula 5% cream could be as effective as hydroquinone 2% cream in treating melasma with fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effects of substituting zinc oxide with terminalia chebula extract (TCE) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and intestinal health in weaned pigs. Initially, 72 weaned Duroc × Landrace × Large White piglets, 28 days old with an initial weight of 7.43 ± 0.14 kg, equally divided by gender, were randomly assigned into three groups, with six replicates and four piglets per replicate. They were fed a basal diet (CON group), a diet containing 2 g/kg zinc oxide (ZnO group), or 2 g/kg TCE (TCE group) for a duration of 28 days. Subsequently, to further confirm the most appropriate levels of TCE in piglets, 96 piglets of the same breeds and age, with an initial weight of 7.42 ± 0.12 kg, also equally divided by gender, were randomly assigned into four groups, each with six replicates and four piglets per replicate, and fed a basal diet (CON group), or diets supplemented with 1 g/kg TCE (LTCE group), 2 g/kg TCE (MTCE group), or 4 g/kg TCE (HTCE group) for a duration of 28 days. The results demonstrated that both TCE and ZnO reduced diarrhea rates (p = 0.001) and enhanced average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.014) compared to the control group. TCE at 1 g/kg and 4 g/kg reduced the feed to gain ratio (p = 0.050). Dietary supplementing with TCE and ZnO increased serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p = 0.020). Various doses of TCE also increased jejunal IgA (p = 0.000) levels and IL-10 expression (p = 0.004), and decreased the levels of TNF-α in both serum (p = 0.043) and jejunal mucosa (p = 0.000). Notably, TCE reduced the crypt depth (CD) of the duodenal (p = 0.007) and increased the villus height (VH) of the ileal (p = 0.045), and with increased dosage, there was a rise in the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) in the duodenum (p = 0.000) and jejunum (p = 0.001). Higher abundances of Lactobacillaceae (p = 0.000) and lower levels of Streptococcaceae (p = 0.000) and Peptostreptococcaceae (p = 0.035) in cecal contents were fed the ZnO and TCE pigs compared with CON pigs. Therefore, TCE was firstly presented as being able to replace zinc oxide, improve intestinal morphology, and enhance antioxidant and immune functions, thus safeguarding intestinal mucosal health and promoting piglet growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dried ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. is a common Chinese materia medica, and ellagic acid (EA), isolated from the plant, is an important bioactive component for medicinal purposes. This study aimed to delineate the optimal extraction parameters for extracting the EA content from Chebulae Fructus (CF), focusing on the variables of ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, liquid–solid ratio, and extraction time. Utilizing a combination of the response surface methodology (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN), we systematically investigated these parameters to maximize the EA extraction efficiency. The extraction yields for EA obtained under the predicted optimal conditions validated the efficacy of both the RSM and ANN models. Analysis using the ANN-predicted data showed a higher coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9970 and a relative error of 0.79, compared to the RSM's 2.85. The optimal conditions using the ANN are an ethanol concentration of 61.00%, an extraction temperature of 77 °C, a liquid–solid ratio of 26 mL g−1 and an extraction time of 103 min. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of the industrial-scale optimization process for EA extraction from CF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a foreign medicine, Terminalia chebula is an important part of the Suhexiang Pill. However, the medicinal parts of Terminalia chebula in the Suhexiang Pill recorded in different prescription books are disparate. Combining historical and social factors, this article refers to and sorts ancient books and documents, classics of ethnic medicine, and Dunhuang manuscripts to determine whether the peel and pulp of Terminalia chebula in Suhexiang Pill mentioned in different prescription books should be the same part. Ethnic medicine is very familiar with the understanding and clinical application of Terminalia chebula. With the progress of the times and an in-depth understanding of Terminalia chebula by various ancient doctors and herbalists in clinical practice, its main efficacy is changing. Modern clinical pharmacology research not only confirms the pharmaceutical effects of Terminalia chebula recorded in ancient documents, but also finds new pharmaceutical actions. Meanwhile, it also explains the use of different parts of the Terminalia chebula from a pharmacological perspective. This article discusses herbal textual research, medicinal parts, and analysis of pharmaceutical effects, and similarities and differences in Terminalia chebula processing to carry out this in-depth study and provide clinical guidance for its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biofilm-forming pathogens with acquired antibiotic resistance and associated disease outbreaks are increasing worldwide, especially in the seafood industry. This study hypothesised that the bioengineered iron nanoparticles using the myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) extract (M-FeNPs) and its resin coating have an effective antibiofilm properties. 12 seafood waste-based biofilm-forming strains (SSS) were isolated from SS-316 metal coupon and screened for their antibiotic-resistant profile as per CLSI (2016) standards. M-FeNPs were characterised by UV, FTIR, etc. Over 50 % of SSS were resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Cefalexin and Penicillin-G. The antibiofilm activity of the M-FeNPs showed an excellent inhibition zone (16–24 mm), and the combination of M-FeNPs + Methicillin also showed better activity. in vitro antibiofilm study shows that upon adding M-FeNPs, biofilm formation was reduced from 1.425 g to 0.83 g at the end of the eighth day. The CLSM and SEM images indicated that the M-FeNPs are effective antibiofilm agents against biofilm strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The most common dental diseases are plaque-related infections. In recent years, there has been a lot of concern about caries prevention, especially in the developing countries and lower socio-economic societies. Therefore, there is always a need to find a natural mouthwash that is economical, safe and simple to make in order to improve dental health and be used as a common home treatment. Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of chlorhexidine, alum, hi-ora and Terminalia chebula extract mouthwashes on salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli in 8-13 year old children. Materials and Methods: The sample for the study consisted of 60 school children aged 8-13 years. Children were divided randomly into four groups with 15 children each and were asked to rinse with the prescribed mouthwash once daily for 1 month, a gap period of 2 months and again continue the mouthwashes for one month and then discontinue. Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and Silness - Loe Plaque Index were recorded at baseline, 15th, 30th, 90th, 120th, and 180th day. 2 ml of unstimulated saliva collection was done at baseline, 15th, 30th,90th, 120th, and 180th day for microbial analysis of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. The data's obtained was statisticaly analyzed using Kruskal Wallis Test and Repeated measures ANOVA, applied and tabulated using the SPSS software version 25.0. Results: The results of the study indicate that there was a statistically significant reduction in S. mutans and lactobacilli count in all the four study groups. Terminalia chebula extract mouth rinse was found to be the second most significantly effective antibacterial mouth rinse next to chlorhexidine mouthwash. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that alum-containing mouthwash improved plaque inhibition. Herbal mouth rinses such as Hi-ora and Terminalia Chebula have shown promising results, and thus, they can be considered as a newer alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healthy population, including children and adults, naturally carries Lactobacilli in their nasal microflora, which probiotics can maintain. The potential benefits of probiotics and prebiotics to address nasal infections have not been thoroughly investigated. Hence, a novel reconstitutable synbiotic nasal spray dried powder (NSDP) has been proposed to protect and preserve the nasal microbiome. Several batches of NSDP were prepared by spray drying Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) with varying concentrations of carriers, including sorbitol, mannitol, and maltodextrin, to study the efficacy of the prebiotic potential of T. chebula. NSDP was evaluated for yield, LOD, micromeritic properties, size distribution by optical microscopy, laser diffraction, and surface topography by SEM. L. casei as a probiotic was added before spray drying to the optimized batch of NSDP. Probiotic-loaded NSDP was reconstituted and studied for pH, rheology, pump delivery, and viability enumeration before and after the spray drying and investigated for in-vitro efficacy by co-culture technique. Mannitol as a carrier showed parameters in a desirable range. The optimized mannitol batch yielded 37.3 %, with a moisture content of 4.6 ± 0.22 %, good flow properties, and an optimum particle size of 30.68± 4.1 µm. The pH of reconstituted optimized NSDP was about 6.2 to 6.3, with pump delivery 0.112 g/spray, and had shear thinning properties with significant results in viability and in-vitro efficacy by co-culture technique (P < 0.0001). The proposed NSDP formulation can be potentially used in restoring the nasal flora and can be further investigated for protective effects against nasal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant, animal, and mineral products travelled thousands of miles from Central and South Asia, the Mediterranean, and even Africa to become part of the Chinese pharmacopeia. These products were often used as drugs that were commonly bundled in formulas. While individual drugs were gradually incorporated as part of Chinese medicine, the formula preparations which regularly carried them remain relics of history. By first examining identification and linguistic information, and then looking closely at several formulas containing chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz.) from both Indic and Chinese sources, we can understand better how this drug and its corresponding medical information made its way from South Asia to East Asia, thereby becoming part of the Chinese medical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula, is a worldwide used ethnomedicinal plant. It is a rich source of hydrolyzable tannins such as chebulic acid, chebulagic acid, gallic acid, corrilagin and alkaloids which are extensively utilized in the development of non-toxic therapeutic herbal drugs. However, natural regeneration is hampered by low seed germination rates and long germination periods in habitat and ecological conditions. The morphological characteristics of seeds such as a hard seed coat, fleshy mesocarp, stony endocarp, and underdeveloped embryo coupled with the phenolics present in the fruit contribute significantly to poor germination of the seeds. Furthermore, seed germination varies depending on seed size, weight and maturity, reflecting the interaction of these factors in the germination process. In addition, edaphic factors such as altitude and temperature play a crucial part in the natural regeneration process. In the past few years, there has been a growing interest in T. chebula based medicines to cure most human heart-related issues, especially to cure Alzheimer's disease. This leads to huge demand for the fruit of T. chebula. Understanding these intricate relationships enhances insights into the mechanisms that govern seed germination and the overall dynamics of natural regeneration. Thus, the review emphasizes the morphological characteristics of fruits, the characteristics of seeds, the causes for poor seed germination, seed dormancy and methods to improve seed germination in T. chebula.

The demand for environmentally friendly clothing and fabrics continues to increase globally. Banana fiber is a sustainable fiber known for its high tensile strength. It can be effectively blended with cotton and various synthetic fibers to develop versatile fabrics. The fiber’s abrasive texture is a major problem, making it difficult to wear and limiting its application in the apparel industry. The study focuses on the utilization of Terminalia chebula, an organic material, as a softening agent to address these concerns and maintain the environmentally friendly nature of the banana fabric. The experiment involved treating the banana fabric with different concentrations (20%, 40%, and 60%) of Terminalia chebula solution. The physical, comfort, and mechanical properties of the treated fabric are evaluated and compared to those of the untreated fabric. The results demonstrate that Terminalia chebula treated fabric has better comfort (both bending rigidity and stiffness) Notably, the treated fabric shows a substantial improvement in crease recovery and drapability. However, no effective improvement was found in tensile and seam strength. In addition, the study explores the potential of T. chebula as a multifunctional textile finish, making a valuable contribution to the growth of sustainable and eco-friendly textile finishing methods.

The present study investigates the effect of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) on C6 glioma cells and develops a method for preparing NiO. Plant-based materials (leaf extract) can produce NPs efficiently and economically. Therefore, we developed NiO-NPs from Terminalia chebula leaf extract to reduce C6 glioblastoma cell proliferation. The structural, optical, and antimicrobial properties of NiO-NPs were investigated. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, Acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining, Hoechst 33342, and Rh123 staining were used to evaluate nuclear changes and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in C6 glioblastoma cells. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed the cubic structures of the synthesized NiO-NPs, field emission scanning electron microscope analysis revealed polygonal NiO-NPs and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer confirmed the high purity of the synthesized NiO-NPs. V. cholera, S. pneumonia, S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, and C. albicans were sensitive to NiO-NPs. When NiO-NPs were applied at lower concentrations to rat glioblastoma C6 cells, they dose-dependently inhibited viability and induced apoptosis. Our findings show that NiO-NPs exhibit altered MMP and nuclear integrity. In this study, NiO-NPs were synthesized using T. chebula leaf extract, which has antiproliferative properties, and NiO-NPs increased cell cytotoxicity in C6 cells. Further exploration of NiO-NPs in glioblastoma animal models should be investigated.

Background: The use of botanical medicine has been demonstrated as a potential strategy to manage or treat a variety of health issues. Terminalia chebula (Retz) fruit and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal roots are important medicinal herbs described in Ayurveda and traditional therapy for diverse health benefits. Objective: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the immune function-enhancing potential of a unique blend of T. chebula fruit and W. somnifera root extracts, LN20189, in healthy men and women. Methods: Forty healthy volunteers (age: 35–60 years) were randomized into two groups receiving either LN20189 (500 mg per day) or a matched placebo over 28 consecutive days. The total T-cell population was the primary efficacy measure in this study. The secondary efficacy measures included counts of CD4, CD8, natural killer (NK) cells, serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), total immunoglobulin-G (IgG), and Immune Function Questionnaire (IFQ) scores. Safety parameter assessments were also conducted. Results: Post-trial, in LN20189-supplemented subjects, T cells, CD4, NK cells count, and the CD4:CD8 ratio were increased by 9.32, 10.10, 19.91, and 17.43%, respectively, as compared to baseline. LN20189 supplementation increased serum IFN-γ and IgG levels by 14.57 and 27.09% from baseline and by 13.98 and 21.99%, compared to placebo, respectively. Also, the IFQ scores in the LN20189 group were 84.68% (vs. baseline) and 69.44% (vs. placebo) lower at the end of the trial. LN20189 improved the study volunteers’ cellular and humoral immune functions. Conclusion: In summary, LN20189 supplementation was found tolerable and improved the key cellular and humoral factors of the immune system and helped improve immune function of the trial volunteers.

Terminalia chebula (TC) is a medicinal plant that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties and that is widely used in Ayurveda and herbal formulations. However, the skin effects of TC as an oral supplement have not been studied. The objective of this study is to determine if oral TC fruit extract supplementation can modulate the skin's sebum production and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. A prospective double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted on healthy females aged 25-65. Subjects were supplemented with an oral placebo or Terminalia chebula (250 mg capsule, Synastol TC) capsules twice daily for eight weeks. A facial image collection and analysis system was used to assess the facial appearance of wrinkle severity. Standardized, non-invasive tools were used to measure facial moisture, sebum production, transepidermal water loss, melanin index and erythema index. For those who had a baseline sebum excretion rate >80 ug/cm2, TC supplementation produced a significant decrease in forehead sebum excretion rate compared to the placebo at four weeks (-17 decrease vs. 20% increase, p = 0.07) and at eight weeks (-33% decrease vs. 29% increase, p < 0.01). Cheek erythema decreased by 2.2% at eight weeks, while the placebo treatment increased cheek erythema by 1.5% (p < 0.05). Facial wrinkles decreased by 4.3% in the TC group and increased by 3.9% in the placebo group after eight weeks of supplementation (p < 0.05). TC supplementation reduces facial sebum and improves the appearance of wrinkles. Future studies should consider evaluating oral TC as adjuvant therapy for acne vulgaris.

The present research deals with the identification of ethnomedicinal plants used by the local people for curing cardiovascular diseases in Manikganj district, Bangladesh. The present study aimed to record and validate the ethnomedicinal knowledge used by the local people for cardiovascular disease (CVD) management in Manikganj district, Bangladesh using recent ethnobotanical survey methods. The record of 131 ethnomedicinal plant species with diverse use patterns reflected the traditional knowledge richness in the study area. Among the ethnomedicinal plants, 10 plant species, including Phyllanthus emblica L., Allium sativum L., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. Ex DC.) Wight & Arn, Achyranthes aspera L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Allium cepa L., Adhatoda zeylanica Nees, Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp, and Ipomea aquatica Forssk, were cited most frequently by the local people. Among the disease categories, the highest Fic (factor of informant consensus) value was obtained in cardiac complaints, followed by blood purifiers, chest pain, high blood pressure, and antioxidants. In this research, 131 plant species were recorded, and 45 plants obtained the highest Fl (fidelity level) value of 100%. The members of the most common medicinal plants were from the families of Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Apocynaceae. This result provides baseline data to link the local population, including traditional health professionals and scientific communities, which could be significant in drug discovery and is very important for the sustainable development program and conservation management in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, poses a significant global health threat. The spike glycoprotein S1 of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is known to induce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, contributing to hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. Triphala, an ancient Ayurvedic remedy composed of dried fruits from three plant species—Emblica officinalis (Family Euphorbiaceae), Terminalia bellerica (Family Combretaceae), and Terminalia chebula (Family Combretaceae)—shows promise in addressing inflammation. However, the limited water solubility of its ethanolic extract impedes its bioavailability. In this study, we aimed to develop nanoparticles loaded with Triphala extract, termed "nanotriphala", as a drug delivery system. Additionally, we investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of nanotriphala and its major compounds, namely gallic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid, in lung epithelial cells (A549) induced by CoV2-SP. The nanotriphala formulation was prepared using the solvent displacement method. The encapsulation efficiency of Triphala in nanotriphala was determined to be 87.96 ± 2.60% based on total phenolic content. In terms of in vitro release, nanotriphala exhibited a biphasic release profile with zero-order kinetics over 0–8 h. A549 cells were treated with nanotriphala or its active compounds and then induced with 100 ng/mL of spike S1 subunit (CoV2-SP). The results demonstrate that chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid are the active compounds in nanotriphala, which significantly reduced cytokine release (IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18) and suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and NLRP3) (p < 0.05). Mechanistically, nanotriphala and its active compounds notably attenuated the expression of inflammasome machinery proteins (NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the nanoparticle formulation of Triphala enhances its stability and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties against CoV2-SP-induction. This was achieved by suppressing inflammatory mediators and the NLRP3 inflammasome machinery. Thus, nanotriphala holds promise as a supportive preventive anti-inflammatory therapy for COVID-19-related chronic inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula Retz. is a multipurpose tree but the primary purpose of cultivating and raising this tree species is its fruits. Large sized fruits easily fetch higher prices in the national and global markets. The availability of superior germplasm is, however, restricted by its very low natural regeneration, poor germination capacity of the seeds, very little knowledge about its propagation techniques, long juvenile period for fruits production which is almost 15–20 years. The availability of superior germplasm and shortening of long juvenile period can be resolved by the adoption of various vegetative propagation techniques. In the present study, scions of T. chebula Retz. were grafted on three different rootstocks; T. chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica Roxb. and Terminalia arjuna Bedd to standardize vegetative propagation techniques in T. chebula. The grafting and budding methods used were cleft grafting, side-veneer grafting and patch budding. The results revealed that out of all the propagation techniques evaluated under nursery conditions, cleft grafting was most promising. It showed better results on principal parameters like graft survival ratio (46.67) and graft take ratio (60.00). In case of rootstocks, T. arjuna performed well on most of the growth parameters. Hence, it is concluded that T. arjuna as a rootstock can be cleft grafted with T. chebula Retz. scion not only to obtain healthy plants with desired characteristics in a short time but also to conserve its germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host range and feeding behavior of Basilepta fulvicornis (Jacoby) adult beetles were studied on different plant species (25 species from 18 genera and 13 families) in the Cardamom Hill Reserves, Kerala, India. Five new host plants of B. fulvicornis adult beetles, viz., Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., Ficus auriculata Lour., Anacardium occidentale L., Spondias mangifera Willd., and Terminalia chebula Retz., are reported for the first time. Non-preference and non-feeding of B. fulvicornis adults on the larval host, Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton was confirmed. Based on the feeding area, A. hirstus, F. auriculata, Mangifera indica and Artocarpus heterophyllus are the most preferred host species followed by Terminalia catappa, A. occidentale, S. mangifera, and T. chebula. Feeding preference and survival of adult beetles of B. fulvicornis on different tree species are indicated with a probable ecofriendly pest management solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural compounds represent Secondary metabolites shaped and endorsed by nature over countless years, showcasing both unique chemical variety and a corresponding range of bioactivities, along with drug‐like attributes. Plant‐derived remedies are projected to comprise approximately 25 % of pharmaceuticals in developed nations. Terminalia chebula earns its title as the "King of medicines" due to its multifaceted pharmacological properties. The phytochemical elements within Terminalia chebula were assessed for their interaction with the human dihydrofolate reductase enzyme (5HT4.pdb) due to its significant role in the development of colorectal cancer. The American Cancer Society provides updated CRC statistics based on incidence from population‐based cancer registries and mortality from the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2023, approximately 153,020 individuals will be diagnosed with CRC and 52,550 will die from the disease, including 19,550 cases and 3750 deaths in individuals younger than 50 years. The compounds TC2 (−8.61 Kcal/mol), TC15 (−7.02 Kcal/mol), and TC23 (−6.98 Kcal/mol) demonstrated higher glide scores. Additionally, TC2 (−71.21 Kcal/mol), TC12 (−101.63 Kcal/mol), TC15 (−81.40 Kcal/mol), and TC29 (−77.47 Kcal/mol) exhibited stronger binding affinities (ΔG Bind) to the target. Based on the outcomes of both docking and MM‐GBSA analyses, TC2 was selected for further investigation via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which illustrated the stability of the TC2/5HT4 complex. Among the top‐ranked compounds, TC2 adhered to Lipinski's guidelines for drug‐likeness without any violations. Inhibiting the human DHFR enzyme indirectly hampers the progression of colon cancer. The findings from this in‐silico investigation serve as a foundational basis for potential in vitro and in vivo research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has generated a lot of attention for developing self‐powered/battery‐free technology. These kinds of energy harvesting devices are required for a sustainable future. In this work, the TENG is developed by using the Terminalia Chebula (T. Chebula) biomaterial as tribopositive material. The physiochemical characterizations suggest that T. Chebula has hydroxyl and carbonyl groups which are important to get tribopositivity from the material. The T. Chebula tribopositive material has been tested for the TENG with different electronegative layers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The T. Chebula/PTFE device exhibited a higher output performance. This pair was used for the area and frequency‐dependent studies. In the present case, 16 cm2 device area and 5 Hz frequency conditions show outstanding device performance. Furthermore, the device has been employed for operating low‐power electronic devices such as LEDs and a calculator which operated without any degradation. These results suggested that T. Chebula is a potential tribopositive material for sustainable energy harvesting technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive metabolic disorder that can stimulate neuroinflammation and increase oxidative stress in the brain. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the efficacy of ethanolic Terminalia chebula extract against the neurochemical and histopathological changes induced in the brains of diabetic rats. The study clarified the reduction in oxidative stress induced in the brains of diabetic rats by the significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in levels of the antioxidants with decreasing the peroxidation products via ethanolic T. chebula extract at both doses (400 and 600 mg/kg). Moreover, T. chebula extract improved the brain integrity by lowering levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), β-amyloid (Aβ) content, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and acetylcholine esterase (ACHE) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in a dose dependent manner compared to brain of diabetic rats. Severe nuclear pyknosis and degeneration were noticed in neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum in brains of diabetic rats. The severity of these alterations decreased with T. chebula extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg compared to the other treated groups. The different electrophoretic protein and isoenzyme assays revealed that the lowest similarity index (SI%) values exist in the brains of diabetic rats compared to the control group. The quantity of the most native proteins and isoenzyme types increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in the brains of diabetic rats, and these electrophoretic variations were completely diminished by T. chebula extract. The study concluded that T. chebula extract ameliorated the biochemical, histopathological and electrophoretic abnormalities induced in the brains of diabetic rats when administered at a dose of 600 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the present study functional yogurt was prepared by addition of guar gum (0.5% and 1.5%) and fortification by phytochemical extract of haritaki (Terminalia chebula) extracted using supercritical CO2 and freeze dried encapsulates of the extracts. The results indicated that the addition of guar gum led to a concentration‐dependent reduction in pH, with yogurt containing 1.5% guar gum exhibiting the highest acidity. During a 24‐day storage period at 4°C, all samples displayed a decrease in pH and an increase in acidity. Notably, all variations exhibited sporadic syneresis patterns, with higher syneresis observed on the 1st day, followed by a decline on the 12th day and a subsequent rise on the 24th day of storage. The color of haritaki encapsulated yogurt appeared greener and more yellowish compared to the control samples on the 1st day, with noticeable changes in L*, a*, and b* values during storage. Texture analysis revealed that encapsulation significantly affected textural characteristics, with reduced firmness but comparable adhesiveness in some cases. The firmness of plain yogurt ranged from 0.69 to 0.72 N, while its adhesiveness was between 6.14 × 10−2 and 8.51 × 10−2 N.s. The stiffness of the samples made with encapsulates (E1–E6) ranged from 0.38 to 0.70 N, while their adhesiveness was 5.74 × 10−2 to 8.78 × 10−2 N.s. The findings demonstrate that encapsulation significantly affected the textural characteristics. However, the samples' firmness (F1–F3) was less than the control, ranging from 0.36 to 0.54 N. Encapsulated haritaki extract outperformed nonencapsulated haritaki extract in terms of phenolic and antioxidant activities, making it a preferred option for yogurt fortification. Furthermore, yogurt enriched with up to 0.5% guar gum exhibited sensory qualities similar to or even better than the control sample.

Terminalia chebula (TC) is an Ayurvedic herb containing polyphenolic compounds that interact with gut microbiota to modulate bioactivity. To examine how TC supplementation modulates the gut microbiome and associated metabolic pathways, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study that screened 58 and enrolled 43 females aged 25–55 with a BMI of 25–35 kg/m2 and HbA1C between 5.5–7. Subjects were randomized to standardized preparation of TC (250 mg, Synastol® TC) capsules or oral placebo twice daily for 8 weeks. Stool sample collections and venipuncture were performed. Α-diversity of the gut microbiome increased in the TC group at week 8 versus placebo (p

Chronic restraint stress induces cognitive abnormalities through changes in synapses and oxidant levels in the amygdala and hippocampus. Given the neuroprotective effects of fruit of Terminalia chebula (Halileh) in different experimental models, the present investigation aimed to address whether Terminalia chebula is able to reduce chronic restraint stress-induced behavioral, synaptic and oxidant markers in the rat model. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control (did not receive any treatment and were not exposed to stress), stress (restraint stress for 2 h a day for 14 consecutive days), Terminalia chebula (received 200 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia chebula), and stress + Terminalia chebula groups (received 200 mg/kg extract of Terminalia chebula twenty minutes before stress) (n = 8 in each group). We used the shuttle box test to assess learning and memory, Golgi-Cox staining to examine dendritic spine density in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus and the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) in the brain. The shuttle box test results demonstrated that Terminalia chebula treatment had a profound positive effect on memory parameters, including step-through latency (STL) and time spent in the dark room, when compared to the stress group. Daily oral treatment with Terminalia chebula effectively suppressed the loss of neural spine density in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus and the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala caused by chronic restraint stress, as demonstrated by Golgi-Cox staining. Additionally, the results indicate that Terminalia chebula significantly reduced the TOS and increased TAC in the brain compared to the stress group. In conclusion, our results suggest that Terminalia chebula improved memory impairment and synaptic loss in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala induced by restraint stress via inhibiting oxidative damage.

Background and aims: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is related to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum and protects against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Terminalia chebula on PON1 in hyperlipidemic rats and the molecular docking effects of some compounds of this medical plant on PON1 activity. Methods: Overall, 40 male rats (200–250 gr) were randomly divided into four groups, including the control group, the hyperlipid group, the hyperlipid group receiving 400 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. chebula seeds, and the hyperlipid group receiving 800 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. chebula seeds. The PON1 arylesterase activity in serum and the PON1 gene expression in the liver tissue underwent investigation. Then, the molecular docking effects of its compounds were studied on PON1 through in-silico studies using the AutoDock software (version 4.2.0). Results: T. chebula decreased (P

1,3,6-Trigalloylglucose is a natural compound that can be extracted from the aqueous extracts of ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz, commonly known as "Haritaki". The potential anti-Helicobacter pylori (HP) activity of this compound has not been extensively studied or confirmed in scientific research. This compound was isolated using a semi-preparative liquid chromatography (LC) system and identified through Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–MS/MS (UPLC-MS/MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Its role was evaluated using Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay, scanning electron microscope (SEM), inhibiting kinetics curves, urea fast test, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Western blot, and Griess Reagent System. Results showed that this compound effectively inhibits the growth of HP strain ATCC 700392, damages the HP structure, and suppresses the Cytotoxin-associated gene A (Cag A) protein, a crucial factor in HP infection. Importantly, it exhibits selective antimicrobial activity without impacting normal epithelial cells GES-1. In vitro studies have revealed that 1,3,6-Trigalloylglucose acts as an anti-adhesive agent, disrupting the adhesion of HP to host cells, a critical step in HP infection. These findings underscore the potential of 1,3,6-Trigalloylglucose as a targeted therapeutic agent against HP infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: High-density intensive farming accelerates the incidence and transmission risk of various infectious diseases in poultry. The development and application of medicinal herbs, probiotics, and other feed additives have gathered a lot of attention in the context of the total ban on antibiotic feed additives and healthy breeding. This study investigated the effects of dietary Terminalia chebula extract (TCE), a plant extract, on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health in yellow-feathered broilers. Our findings demonstrated that TCE could improve broilers' immune function, antioxidant capacity, intestinal health, and growth performance. The mechanism for the beneficial effect of TCE supplementation was not limited to the enhancement of the immune response and antioxidant capacity, as there was also an improvement in intestinal health due to TCE enhancing beneficial bacteria, promoting intestinal short-chain fatty acid secretion, and improving intestinal morphology. This improvement in intestinal health ultimately resulted in the improved health status of the yellow-feathered broilers. These findings provide a basis and reference for Terminalia chebula extract as an effective feed additive in broiler breeding. Terminalia chebula extract (TCE) has many physiological functions and is potentially helpful in maintaining poultry health, but its specific effect on the growth of broilers is not yet known. This research investigated the effects of dietary Terminalia chebula extract (TCE) supplementation on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health in yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 288 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were divided into four treatment groups (72 broilers/group), each with six replicates of 12 broilers. The broilers were given a basal diet of corn–soybean meal supplemented with 0 (control), 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg TCE for 56 d. The results demonstrated that, compared with the basal diet, the addition of TCE significantly increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the final body weight and overall weight gain and performance and decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the feed-to-gain ratio in the overall period. Dietary TCE increased (linear, p < 0.05) the levels of IgM, IL-4, and IL-10 and decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the level of IL-6 in the serum. Dietary TCE increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the levels of IL-2 and IL-4, decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the level of IL-1β, and decreased (linear, p < 0.05) the level of IL-6 in the liver. Dietary TCE increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the level of IgM and IL-10, increased (linear, p < 0.05) the level of IgG, and decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the spleen. Supplementation with TCE linearly and quadratically increased (p < 0.05) the catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity activities while decreasing (p < 0.05) the malonic dialdehyde concentrations in the serum, liver, and spleen. TCE-containing diets for broilers resulted in a higher (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) villus height, a higher (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and a lower (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) crypt depth compared with the basal diet. TCE significantly increased (linear, p < 0.05) the acetic and butyric acid concentrations and decreased (quadratic, p < 0.05) the isovaleric acid concentration. Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides, which regulate the richness and diversity of microorganisms, were more abundant and contained when TCE was added to the diet. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that supplementing broilers with TCE could boost their immune function, antioxidant capacity, and gut health, improving their growth performance; they could also provide a reference for future research on TCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the low cost, natural origin, higher safety margins, and little to negligible adverse effects of herbal medications, the use of plants and plant derivatives in medicine is becoming increasingly widespread. Terminalia chebula is among the most significant medicinal plants in ayurvedic, siddha, unani, and homeopathic remedies. It is ranked first in Ayurvedic material medicine. T. chebula has been shown to have established effects against various bacterial and fungal infections, including dental caries pathogens. In recent years, there has been a rise in interest in dentistry and medicine related to Enterococcus faecalis. The research aimed to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of different concentrations of T. chebula ethanolic fruit extract (10%, 40%, and 100%) in opposition to E. faecalis and compare it with 2% chlorhexidine. For the study, T. chebula ethanolic fruit extracts were obtained and prepared with Group I: −10% concentration, Group II: −40% concentration, Group III: −100% concentration, and Group IV: −2% chlorhexidine. Colonies of E. faecalis were cultivated in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth at 37°C and were inoculated in 16 BHI agar plates. Then, on the petri dishes, four wells were created (8 mm diameter) using a metal borer. The Agar well diffusion method was used to examine the antibacterial activity, and the zones of inhibition around the wells were noted. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and post‐hoc tests. The result shows that as the concentration increases, there is an increase in the efficacy of the antibacterial property of the extract before it reaches the saturation point. The decreasing order of antibacterial was chlorhexidine >100% T. chebula >40% T. chebula >10% T. chebula. The production of contemporary pharmaceuticals from T. chebula was addressed, as the global scenario is currently evolving toward using nontoxic plant products with traditional medicinal benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula (T. chebula), a member of the Combretaceae family, a significant reputation in traditional global medicine due to its antioxidant properties and efficacy in treating status epilepticus. Nanoparticles (NPs) were formulated using the methanolic extract of T. chebula residue through the solvent evaporation method. Characterization studies, including FTIR, DSC, XRD, SEM, in vitro release studies, and evaluation of scavenging activity against free radicals, were conducted. Subsequently, anti-convulsant activity was assessed through MES and rotarod studies. In summary, the investigation of fruit extracts revealed that T. chebula nanoparticles (T. chebula-NPs) exhibited superior actions when compared to the extract residue. The NPs, prepared with a 70% methanol extract of T. chebula, acted as natural antioxidants and proved to be the best source for antiepileptic treatment of status epilepticus. In this study, T. chebula-NPs were prepared and characterized using SEM (revealing a smooth and spherical texture) and DLS (with a particle size of 188.24 ± 7.21 nm and a zeta potential of − 19.7 ± 0.81 mV). MES studies demonstrated a 67.33% inhibition rate, while rotarod studies showed a 67.33 ± 6.67% improvement within 60 s. Furthermore, histopathology of brain specimens confirmed that the prepared nanoparticles exhibited greater efficacy in treating status epilepticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula, commonly known as black myrobalan, ink tree and Chebulic myrobalan is a deciduous tree belonging to the family Combretaceae. It is native to the tropical region with the highest occurrence in the South East Asian regions. The plant exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activity due to its phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenes, anthocyanins and glycosides. The fruit of T. chebula has been used in several traditional medicinal practices such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha for the treatment of different diseases and ailments including chronic diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, constipation, asthma, ulcer, haemorrhoids, cold and cough. The plant has been well reported in the current literature to possess anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-arthritic, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, hypo-cholesterolemic, anti-plasmodial, antinociceptive, antiulcerogenic and anti-spermatogenic properties. However, comprehensive reviews on the broad spectrum of bioactivity of this plant are limited in literature. Therefore, this review was designed to critically analyse and summarise the current ethno-medicinal and pharmacological evidence on T. chebula. Owing to its bioactivity, T. chebula possesses great potential to include in modern drug discovery. However, further pre-clinical and clinical studies are warranted for its prospective pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula is one of the medicinal plants studied extensively for their antimicrobial properties. Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the common bacterial etiologies for periodontitis. The study aimed to characterize the fruit extract of Terminalia chebula and test its antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Of the 20 periodontitis samples processed, 13 were positive for P. gingivalis. The ethyl acetate extract showed better anti-P. gingivalis activity and a greater number of phytochemicals compared to methanol and water. 1,2,3 Benzenetriol was a major compound present in both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vatari Guggulu is an Ayurvedic Medicine used in the treatment of Vata disorders. It contains Vatari taila (Castor oil), Shuddha gandhaka (purified Sulphur), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.), Vibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica [Gaertn.] Roxb.), Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) and guggul (Purified Commiphora mukul Hook). As per the Ayurvedic texts, it is widely used clinically in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, hip pain, sciatica, gout, joint pain, and burning sensation. However, there are no systematic toxicity studies were performed to scientifically evaluate the safety of Vatari Guggulu. Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the safety of Vatari Guggulu in acute and 90-days repeated dose oral toxicity as per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines 423 and 408. Materials and Methods: During the acute toxicity, Vatari Guggulu was orally administered at a single limit dose of 2000 mg/kg. The mortality and clinical signs were observed for 14 days. Similarly, the 90-days repeated dose toxicity was studied by administering the Vatari Guggulu at a limit dose of 1000 mg/kg. Results: In the acute toxicity, there were no signs of toxicity, and the LD50 was calculated as >2000 mg/kg. During the 90 days of repeated dose toxicity, the Vatari Guggulu at the dose of 1000 mg/kg did not show any signs of toxicity as compared to the control. The hematological, serum biochemical, and urine analysis profile of the Vatari Guggulu at the dose of 1000 mg/kg did not show any significant difference as compared to the control (P > 0.05). Further, the histopathological data of control and Vatari Guggulu-treated rats were found to be normal. Conclusions: It was concluded that the test drug Vatari Guggulu is found to be safe upto 2000 mg/kg in acute toxicity and 1000 mg/kg in 90-days repeated dose oral toxicity study. The NOAEL of Vatari Guggulu is established as 1000 mg/kg/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is related to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum and protects against lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Terminalia chebula on PON1 in hyperlipidemic rats and the molecular docking effects of some compounds of this medical plant on PON1 activity. Methods: Overall, 40 male rats (200–250 gr) were randomly divided into four groups, including the control group, the hyperlipid group, the hyperlipid group receiving 400 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. chebula seeds, and the hyperlipid group receiving 800 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. chebula seeds. The PON1 arylesterase activity in serum and the PON1 gene expression in the liver tissue underwent investigation. Then, the molecular docking effects of its compounds were studied on PON1 through in-silico studies using the AutoDock software (version 4.2.0). Results: T. chebula decreased (P<0.001) the serum triglycerides from 105.88±10.15 mg/dL in the hyperlipidemic group to 66.88±14.90 and 74.25±9.51 mg/dL in hyperlipidemic groups receiving 400 and 800 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. chebula seeds, respectively. In addition, the PON1 serum aryl esterase activity increased from 202.12±6058 in hyperlipidemic rats to 224.34±58.74 (P=0.83) and 235.80±37.05 (P=0.6) in hyperlipidemic groups receiving 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. chebula seeds, respectively. It also demonstrated a significant effect on PON1 gene expression (P<0.001). In addition, the in-silico and docking results revealed that the main antioxidant compounds of T. chebula, such as catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin, could bind to the PON1 enzyme directly and influence the enzyme activity. Conclusion: T. chebula increased PON1 activity and PON1 gene expression. However, among the plant’s compounds, catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin played the most substantial role in the PON1 activity. It seems that these compounds can be useful as co-treatments in hyperlipidemia therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wild edible fruits are an important source of nutritional supplementation for the tribal communities in the northeastern mountainous region of India. In this study, the nutrient and antinutrient composition of 44 wild edible fruit species from the northeastern India were investigated. Among the studied plants, Elaeagnus umbellata showed high content of soluble solids (24.50 ± 0.41ºBrix), free fatty acids (67.79 ± 1.75 mg KOH g–1) and vitamin A (136.22 ± 1.44 mg 100 g–1). Terminalia chebula was shown to be a good source of reducing sugars (8.38 ± 0.07%) and total flavonoids (445.20 ± 1.18 mg 100 g–1) and Spondias pinnata with high total carbohydrate (12.51 ± 0.22%) and vitamin C (74.16 ± 5.33 mg 100 g–1) content. Castanopsis hystrix had the highest starch (1764.84 ± 8.85 mg 100 g–1) and cellulose (711.62 ± 7.68 mg 100 g–1) content and Machilus edulis with high fat content (36.44 ± 1.23%). Chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents were highest in Phoebe cooperiana, Rhus semialata, and Prunus nepalensis, respectively. Artocarpus lakoocha (84.58 ± 2.38%) and Spondias pinnata (84.09 ± 0.62%) were found to be good sources of antioxidants. Regarding antinutritive factors, Canarium strictum showed the highest phenols (902.00 ± 5.72 mg 100 g–1), highest tannins in Terminalia chebula (1059.33 ± 17.46 mg 100 g–1), alkaloids in Streblus asper (274.27 ± 6.31 mg 100 g–1), cyanogen in Castanopsis hystrix (31.04 ± 1.28 mg 100 g–1) and phytic acid in Viburnum foetidum (10.64 ± 0.30 mg 100 g–1). The results indicate that all studied fruit species possess nutritional and antinutritional properties and are considered promising for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]