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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Mexico. Routine identification of persons with high risk for developing T2D is poorly executed in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, we aimed to analyze the characteristics of participants of a public health initiative to identify diabetes risk (SaludEnTuVida/Health In Your Life) in habitants of the mayoralty of Iztapalapa in Mexico City. The mayoralty of Iztapalapa is characterized by being a densely populated area, with a high index of marginalization, and adverse determinants of health. FINDRISC score (FDS) was used to assess the risk of T2D in adults over 20 years of age from September to December 2021. Data from 15,271 participants was analyzed. The mean age of participants was 46.3±15.4 years, most participants were woman (67%) , and with secondary or less education (59.8%) . The following proportions of risk factors were reported: first degree familiar history of T2D in 52.6%, overweight in 41.3%, obesity in 32%, and hypertension in 14.4%. Low risk with FDS Disclosure R.Silva-tinoco: n/a. J.Ochoa-moreno: n/a. J.Serna: None. O.Lopez-arellano: None. S.Bouchan-delino: None. L.Revuelta-lara: None. D.Trejo: None. G.Arista: None. N.Martinez-santana: None. A.Núñez-rodríguez: n/a. T.Gutierrez: None. E.León-garcía: None.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of quenching and partitioning temperatures combined with various levels of Mn and Ni contents on the austenite stabilization along the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) cycle. Three steels with 2 wt.%, 4 wt.% and 6 wt.% manganese and one steel with 2 wt.% nickel content were investigated. Phase transformation temperatures and critical cooling rates were obtained experimentally using dilatometer for each alloy. Q&P cycles with different quenching and partitioning temperatures were also done in dilatometer, thus, allowing monitoring of the expansion/contraction during the whole Q&P cycle. Microstructure characterization was performed by means of a Scanning Electron Microscope and X-Ray Diffraction to measure retained austenite content. It was found that, strongly depending on the Q&P conditions, austenite stabilization or decomposition occurs during partitioning and final cooling. In case of high partitioning temperature cycles, austenite reverse transformation was observed. Certain cycles resulted in a very effective austenite stabilization and interesting microstructure. This research has been carried out in the framework of the HIGHQP project, which has received funding from the Research Fund for Coal and Steel under grant agreement No 709855.

Genetic resources of aquatic species are of tremendous value, but worldwide these are maintained almost exclusively as live populations. This is extremely expensive and insecure, and largely results from a pervasive lack of production capability, quality management, and reproducibility in cryopreservation that are barriers in development of germplasm repositories. Community-based technology approaches are emerging that can stimulate research previously limited by a lack of affordable, customizable equipment. Open-access technologies can provide for custom design and fabrication not available through traditional manufacturing. This can assist repository development with robust sample production methods and strong quality management, and can greatly improve reproducibility and standardization. Open technologies can support establishment of new communities of users, makers, and developers that collectively strive to develop open hardware in a distributed (i.e., non-centralized) fashion that can yield aggregate throughput. This occurs through use of consumer-level tools, supplies, software, and equipment, free exchange of designs and modifications, and a shared sense of mission. For cryopreservation and repository development, we have identified 14 categories of open hardware for a processing pathway, and six categories for a quality management pathway. Open hardware offers economic incentives to develop repositories for aquatic species, something that has not occurred despite 70 years of research largely focused on protocol development rather than practical applications. Advanced development of custom scientific hardware enhancing open technologies will be facilitated by interdisciplinary collaboration across biological and engineering fields. This manuscript is a contribution to the Special Issue in memory of Dr. Duane Garner, a leader in the sperm biology.

Jang, J.; Jang, J.; Barbato, M.; Gutierrez-Wing, M.T.; Rusch, K.A., and Jung, J., 2021. Effects of fluorogypsum and quicklime on unconfined compressive strength of Kaolinite. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 126–130. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal areas have environmentally and economically important roles but tend have weak soft ground, which is often vulnerable by waves and unsuitable for coastal construction, such as ports and waterfront areas. Hence, this soft ground, which usually contains large amounts of clays, needs to be ameliorated by using appropriate soil improvement techniques. A common approach to improve soft ground is soil–binder injection techniques to enhance its strength. When avaialbe, binders from industrial wastes can be used instead of commercial products, such as cement and lime, to reduce construction costs and minimize environmental disturbance. Reusing industrial wastes mitigates environmental pollution and reduces the costs of waste management. Construction materials, such as sand and cement, can be partially replaced with industrial wastes if the wastes are granular and induce cementation effects. Fluorogypsum (FG), a by-product obtained during the production of hydrofluoric acid, satisfies these conditions, as it is capable of binding granular materials. Approximately 894,000 metric tons are annually produced in the U.S. However, data on the mechanical strength of clay–FG mixtures are unavailable. In this study, we conducted unconfined compressive strength tests to investigate the mechanical behavior of kaolinite, which represented clay in soft ground, at different FG and quicklime contents. The effects of FG on the compressive strength of kaolinite–FG–quicklime mixtures depend on the curing time and weight ratios of the constituent materials. The composition of the mixture with the highest compressive strength was 30% FG, 5% lime, and 65% kaolinite. We infer that the stoichiometric ratios of mixtures control the chemical reactions for the maximum compressive strength at different quicklime contents based on a series of compressive tests.

Difficulties found when manufacturing and forging two low density steels in different scales are described in this work. Austenitic and duplex low-density steels have attracted a lot of interest due to their good combination of mechanical properties and density reduction. In this work, the fabrication of 1.3 C30Mn10Al austenitic low-density steel and 0.65 C12Mn10Al duplex low-density steel have been studied. The scaling up of the manufacturing process from 1 Kg to 35 Kg ingots of both materials and the subsequent hot forging of the ingots is described, showing the difficulties encountered during the production and transformation of these steels. Only the small ingots were successfully forged, but not the larger ones, showing the important differences in the forging properties depending on the geometry and dimensions of the final part to be forged, and the homogenization temperatures. The possible causes of this scale dependence are proposed from the experimental results obtained, as well as from the hot axial compression tests and the thermodynamic simulations carried out. This work was supported by the Basque Government under ELKARTEK Research Program[KK-2016/00029-ABADE] and [KK-2018/00016- COFADEN].

In recent decades, highly alloyed low-density steels are being developed to reduce the weight of different automotive parts. Dilatometry can be a very useful experimental technique to understand phase transformations during heating or cooling of new low-density steel alloys. When performing dilatometry measurements some assumptions are made such as the homogeneity of the sample material tested during the experiment. In this study, dilatometry tests were performed for two different low-density steels, and the variations of the composition between the surface and the inner part of the sample were analyzed. The migration of manganese by diffusion from the interior of the samples and finally its evaporation on the surface under vacuum were observed. This compositional gradient generated in the samples may influence the veracity and interpretation of the results obtained in dilatometry when working with high manganese steel alloys. The detachment of surface grains created by this compositional change near the surface of the samples is also investigated. This research was funded by the Basque Government under its ELKARTEK Research Program, KK-2016/00029-ABADE project and KK-2018/00016-COFADEN project

In the last decades, low-density steels for forging have increasing interest in the automotive industry, and good mechanical properties are required for their real application. This paper describes the results obtained for a 0.66C11.4Mn9.9Al duplex austenitic low-density steel after applying a set of isothermal treatments at different combinations of time and temperature, aimed to promote kappa carbide precipitation, and improve the mechanical properties obtained with a water quenching treatment. The effects of the different isothermal treatments on the microstructure and on the mechanical properties have been analyzed and compared to those obtained from a quenching heat treatment. We found that isothermal treatments in the range temperature between 550–750 °C promoted the profuse precipitation of coarse kappa carbides at grain boundaries, which dramatically reduced the ductility of the alloy, whereas a traditional quenching treatment resulted in a better combination of ductility and mechanical strength. This research has been carried out with a financial grant of the Basque Government under its ELKARTEK Research Program, KK-2016/00029-ABADE project and KK-2018/00016-COFADEN project.

Background Antibodies to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are reported to trigger the complement cascade, which is implicated in astrocyte damage and subsequent neuronal injury. The PREVENT study demonstrated that the terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab reduces adjudicated relapse risk in patients with anti-AQP4 immunoglobulin G-positive (AQP4+) NMOSD. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of eculizumab in reducing relapse risk and its safety in AQP4+ NMOSD across clinically relevant subgroups in PREVENT. Methods In the randomized, double-blind, time-to-event, phase 3 PREVENT trial, 143 adults received eculizumab (maintenance dose, 1200 mg/2 weeks) or placebo (2:1), with stable-dose concomitant immunosuppressive therapy (IST) permitted (except rituximab and mitoxantrone). Post hoc analyses of relapses and adverse events were performed for prespecified and post hoc subgroups based on concomitant IST and prior rituximab use, demographic and disease characteristics, and autoimmune comorbidity. Results The significant reduction in relapse risk observed for eculizumab versus placebo in the overall PREVENT population was consistently maintained across subgroups based on concomitant IST and previous rituximab use, age, sex, region, race, time since clinical onset of NMOSD, historical annualized relapse rate, baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale score, and history of another autoimmune disorder. The serious infection rate was lower with eculizumab than placebo regardless of rituximab use in the previous year, concomitant IST use, or history of another autoimmune disorder. Conclusion Across a wide range of clinically relevant AQP4+ NMOSD patient subgroups in PREVENT, eculizumab therapy was consistently effective versus placebo in reducing relapse risk, with no apparent increase in serious infection rate. Trial registration NCT01892345 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

This paper investigates the mechanical properties under laboratory and field conditions of a concretelike blend made of fluorogypsum (FG), fly ash, and portland cement for artificial-reef construction, which is referred to as a FG-based blend. The 28-day compressive strength and relative volumetric expansion of the FG-based blend were statistically characterized. After 1 year of immersion in brackish water under field conditions, the compressive strength of the FG-based blend experienced a moderate reduction when compared with material under laboratory conditions but did not degrade below its 28-day value. Visual examination of the immersed specimens indicated that aquatic organisms are attracted to the proposed material. Field investigation of a small artificial-reef structure made of a FG-based blend indicated that sea floor settlement due to the weight of the structure was small. A preliminary cost analysis comparing the cost of artificial reefs constructed with different materials suggests that the proposed FG-based blend is a promising environment-friendly economic material for artificial-reef construction.

In this work, four low carbon steels with different contents of Mn and Ni were heat treated by quenching and partitioning (Q&P) cycles where high partitioning temperatures, in the range of 550 °C-650 °C, were applied. In order to elucidate the effect of applying these high partitioning temperatures with respect to more common Q&P cycles, the materials were also heat treated considering a partitioning temperature of 400 °C. The microstructure evolution during the Q&P cycles was studied by means of dilatometry tests. The microstructural characterization of the treated materials revealed that austenite retention strongly depended on the alloy content and partitioning conditions. It was shown that the occurrence of austenite reverse transformation (ART) in the partitioning stage in some of the alloys and conditions was a very effective mechanism to increase the austenite content in the final microstructure. However, the enhancement of tensile properties achieved by the application of high partitioning temperature cycles was not significant. This research was carried out in the framework of the HIGHQP project, which has received funding from the Research Fund for Coal and Steel under grant agreement no. 709855. This study reflects only the author’s views and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

In the last years numerous works have been done to try to reduce car weight in order to decrease CO2 emissions. In this line, Low Density Steels can be considered as one alternative in the lightweight approximation strategy [1-2] for the automotive industry. Generally, in low density steels, a considerable amount of Aluminum is added in order to reduce the overall steel density, but high Aluminum contents lead to processing drawback, that make it difficult to bring these new/lighter steel grades into the market. In the literature, different low density steel grades can be found but most of them are aimed at structural parts of the car, whereas almost none of them is aimed at forged components. In this research, different compositions of the three families of low density steels (ferritic, duplex and austenitic) were fabricated at low scale in order to try to understand the phenomena taking place in these steels, and try to find the best candidate for getting a low density steel suitable for forging in the upcoming research.

This paper develops a new low-cost construction material made of pH-adjusted fluorogypsum, class C fly ash, and type II Portland cement. The proposed fluorogypsum-based blend is durable in water and has a lower weight and lower cost than ordinary concrete. A preliminary investigation of strength and durability properties of this new construction material is also presented. A series of compressive strength tests and volumetric expansion measurements were conducted on specimens after 28 days of curing. The experimental results were used to develop response surface models. These models can be used to predict accurately compressive strength and volumetric expansion as functions of the relative content, in dry weight, of different components. The response surface models were employed to determine ranges of dry components of the system with sufficient strength and limited volumetric expansion. A composition with 62% pH-adjusted fluorogypsum, 35% fly ash, and 3% Portland cement was selected based on strength and volumetric expansion properties to conduct additional experimental studies to quantify its modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, setting times, density, void contents, and curing time effects on strength and volumetric expansion. The investigation results suggest that the proposed fluorogypsum-based blend is a promising low-cost concrete-like material for use in outdoor and underwater construction applications.

This paper reports a portable fluorescent sensor platform containing multiple excitation light illumination for quantification and differentiation of multiple analytes. The fluorescent sensor platform utilizes: (i) three different wavelengths of light emitting diodes (LEDs) for selectively stimulating target analytes; (ii) a sensitive photodetector for corresponding fluorescence measurements; (iii) a custom-built electronic system for data measurement and storage; and (iv) a compact three-dimensional printed housing for the developed sensor platform. Based on the fluorescent emission pattern obtained from each target analyte, multivariate analytical methods were applied to differentiate one analyte from the other in a mixture of multiple analytes. The fluorescent sensor platform was tested to selectively detect two target phytoplankton species: Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina. Fluorescent emission of phytoplankton is caused by stimulation of photosynthetic pigments and is widely utilized to quantify and classify phytoplankton groups. Biomass estimation was therefore conducted by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence emission for green algae (Chlorella vulgaris) using blue LED excitation and phycocyanin fluorescence emission for cyanobacteria (Spirulina) using amber LED excitation. The results demonstrated the viability of the developed device as a portable generic fluorescence sensor platform for simultaneously detecting various biochemical analytes.

This study investigates the mechanical and durability properties of blends made of fluorogypsum (FG) with the pH adjusted by using controlled amounts of circulating fluidized bed combustion ash (CFBCA) and denoted as C-FG, class C fly ash (FA), and type II Portland cement (PC). A series of pH tests was conducted on samples of C-FG to develop an analytical relationship between acidity and CFBCA content, which can be used to determine the optimal amount of CFBCA needed to obtain a specified pH value. Two compositions of C-FG-based blends were investigated in detail to identify the effects of CFBCA content on compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, relative volumetric expansion, unit weight, and setting times. The obtained properties were compared with those of FG-based blends having the same composition and made using FG with the pH adjusted by using uncontrolled amounts of CFBCA (U-FG). Results suggest that the amount of CFBCA can have significant effects on the properties of C-FG-based blends, depending on the composition. In addition, C-FG-based blends generally achieve a higher compressive strength and initial stiffness than the corresponding U-FG-based blends.

Light effect on cultures of microalgae has been studied mainly on single species cultures. Cyanobacteria have photosynthetic pigments that can capture photons of wavelengths not available to chlorophylls. A native Louisiana microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) and cyanobacteria (Leptolyngbya sp.) co‐culture was used to study the effects of light quality (blue–467 nm, green–522 nm, red–640 nm and white–narrow peak at 450 nm and a broad range with a peak at 550 nm) at two irradiance levels (80 and 400 μmol m(−2) s(−1)) on the growth, species composition, biomass productivity, lipid content and chlorophyll‐a production. The co‐culture shifted from a microalgae dominant culture to a cyanobacteria culture at 80 μmol m(−2) s(−1). The highest growth for the cyanobacteria was observed at 80 μmol μmol m(−2) s(−1) and for the microalgae at 400 μmol m(−2) s(−1). Red light at 400 μmol m(−2) s(−1) had the highest growth rate (0.41 d(−1)), biomass (913 mg L(−1)) and biomass productivity (95 mg L(−1) d(−1)). Lipid content was similar between all light colors. Green light had the highest chlorophyll‐a content (1649 μg/L). These results can be used to control the species composition of mixed cultures while maintaining their productivity.

Doctorado en Historia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Programa de Posgrado en Historia

The first global workshop on implementation of the WHO guidelines on procedures and data requirements for changes to approved biotherapeutic products adopted by the WHO Expert Committee in 2018 was held in June 2019. The workshop participants recognized that the principles based on sound science and the potential for risk, as described in the WHO Guidelines on post-approval changes, which constitute the global standard for product life-cycle management are providing clarity and helping national regulatory authorities in establishing guidance while improving time-lines for an efficient regulation of products. Consequently, the regulatory situation for post-approval changes and guideline implementation is changing but there is a disparity between different countries. While the guidelines are gradually being implemented in some countries and also being considered in other countries, the need for regional workshops and further training on post-approval changes was a common theme reiterated by many participants. Given the complexities relating to post-approval changes in different regions/countries, there was a clear understanding among all participants that an efficient approach for product life-cycle management at a national level is needed to ensure faster availability of high standard, safe and efficacious medicines to patients as per the World Health Assembly Resolution 67.21.

Fluorescent probes are widely used in biological research due to their sensitivity, selectivity, and versatility [1, 2]. Many fluorescence probes, such as fluorophores, typically have a variety of absorption and emission peaks ranging from UV to near-infrared. Therefore, a wide range of excitation wavelengths is required to simultaneously detect multiple fluorescent target analytes. Here, we propose a portable fluorometer with 13 different excitation LEDs (280 – 730 nm) that can be a viable option for simultaneously detecting multiple fluorophores. For fluorescence detection, a monochromator module was implemented to separates the color components of fluorescent emission and sequentially scan a range of wavelength (400 nm – 780 nm) with 1 nm resolution. For demonstration, fluorescein was selected as target analyte for this study. Fluorescein is an organic compound dye that is commonly used in many bioscience applications. For the excitation light source, different LEDs were used to offer a broad range of excitation wavelengths, ranging from 280 nm to 725 nm. Each LED was coupled with a color filter and a collimator lens to carry out a narrow excitation spectrum. LEDs were controlled by an LED driver IC and a microcontroller to provide a linear output current in the range of 0 to 300 mA. A multiplexer IC was implemented to sequentially turn on and off each excitation LED. The maximum absorbance and emission wavelength of fluorescein were 485 nm and 514 nm, respectively. For excitation, 434 nm LED was chosen instead of 470 nm to minimize spectral overlap between the excitation and emission spectra. The fluorescein was dissolved in methanol at a concentration of 220 mg/ml at room temperature (25 ºC). The figure shows the spectra of the excitation LED and fluorescein fluorescence measured with a developed portable fluorometer. The spectral profile of the excitation LED and the peak fluorescence of fluorescein was well-matched with previously measured value from the laboratory-based benchtop fluorometer (Fluorolog 3 FL3-22, Horiba, Japan). In summary, we have developed a portable fluorometer multiple LEDs covering a broad range of excitation wavelengths to simultaneously detect multiple fluorescent targets. Our compact fluorometer provides a viable option for multi-analyte detection in a variety of remote sensing applications such as point-of-care or environmental monitoring. Figure 1

Portable fluorescence sensors have been developed for biochemical detection, water quality monitoring, biomedical sensing, and many other applications. With help of advancement in modern electronics, conventional fluorescence-based instrumentations are now integrated into portable sensing devices for remote and resource-limited settings. In this work, fluorescence sensing technology is introduced and different applications of portable fluorescence sensors and their characteristics are reviewed. Current issues, technological challenges, and future direction of the portable fluorescence sensor development are discussed. The goal is to provide a comprehensive survey on the recent advancements in optics, semiconductors, smartphones, and many other manufacturing technologies that increased the portability, miniaturization, and sensitivity of portable fluorescence sensor devices.

This work reports the development of a field-deployable and fully handheld fluorometer for environmental water monitoring. Our developed fluorimeter can detect both green algae and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) while simultaneously differentiating and measuring two different species by selectively measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence from green algae and phycocyanin fluorescence from blue-green algae. As a demonstration, chlorophyll a and phycocyanin photopigments were estimated and differentiated. The system was also tested with an environmental water sample collected from a lake to validate the system functionality. The presented results suggest that our developed fluorimeter could be used as a portable water quality monitoring system for detection of different photopigment of algae.

The sulfate release from solidified/stabilized fluorogypsum was measured to develop the effective diffusion coefficients (De) as a parameter to assess the dissolution potential in aquatic a...

Purpose: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive disease, affecting children and adults. Chemotherapy treatments show high response rates but have debilitating effects and carry risk of relapse. Previous work implicated NOTCH1 and other oncogenes. However, direct inhibition of these pathways affects healthy tissues and cancer alike. Our goal in this work has been to identify enzymes active in T-ALL whose activity could be targeted for therapeutic purposes. Experimental Design: To identify and characterize new NOTCH1 druggable partners in T-ALL, we coupled studies of the NOTCH1 interactome to expression analysis and a series of functional analyses in cell lines, patient samples, and xenograft models. Results: We demonstrate that ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) interacts with NOTCH1 and controls leukemia growth by stabilizing the levels of NOTCH1 and JMJD3 histone demethylase. USP7 is highly expressed in T-ALL and is transcriptionally regulated by NOTCH1. In turn, USP7 controls NOTCH1 levels through deubiquitination. USP7 binds oncogenic targets and controls gene expression through stabilization of NOTCH1 and JMJD3 and ultimately H3K27me3 changes. We also show that USP7 and NOTCH1 bind T-ALL superenhancers, and inhibition of USP7 leads to a decrease of the transcriptional levels of NOTCH1 targets and significantly blocks T-ALL cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: These results provide a new model for USP7 deubiquitinase activity through recruitment to oncogenic chromatin loci and regulation of both oncogenic transcription factors and chromatin marks to promote leukemia. Our studies also show that targeting USP7 inhibition could be a therapeutic strategy in aggressive leukemia.

Tin(IV) sulfide (SnS2), as a mid-band-gap semiconductor shows good potential as an excellent photocatalyst due to its low cost, wide light spectrum response and environment-friendly nature. However, to meet the demands of large-scale water treatment, a SnS2 photocatalyst with a red-shifted band gap, increased surface area and accelerated molecule and ion diffusion is required. Doping is a facile method to manipulate the optical and chemical properties of semiconductor materials simultaneously. In this work, SnS2 photocatalysts with varied Ag doping content are synthesized through a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The product is characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and UV-Vis spectrometry. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared Sn1−xAgxS2 is studied by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under solar light irradiation. It is found that increasing the Ag dopant concentration can effectively increase the solar light adsorption efficiency of the photocatalyst and accelerate heterogeneous photocatalysis. The optimal concentration of Ag dopant is found to be 5% with the highest rate constant being 1.8251 hour−1. This study demonstrates that an optimal amount of Ag doping can effectively increase the photocatalytic performance of SnS2 and will promote the commercialization of such photocatalysts in the photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds.

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted A simple fluorescent sensor was developed using light emitting diodes (LEDs), a photodetector, and optical filters.Microalgae concentration was successfully measured utilizing fluorescence of chlorophyll a in microalgal cells.Consistent and reliable fluorescent detection was demonstrated even with turbid sample solutions. This work reports the development of a portable and low cost fluorescent sensing system with a disposable microfluidic chip for on-site detection of a microalgal sample and its concentration. The sensor system has multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) for excitation and a photodetector for measuring a fluorescent signal from a microalgal sample. The concentration of a microalgal sample is determined by measuring the fluorescent signal emitted by chlorophyll a. A dichroic filter and a color filter are also added to allow only the fluorescent signal from chlorophyll a to pass through the photodetector. The microfluidic chip consists of a glass slide and a PDMS channel with a vacuum pump, which collects a small volume of the microalgal sample (