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This project aims to develop eligibility criteria for menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). The tool should be similar to those already established for contraception A consortium of scientific societies coordinated by the Spanish Menopause Society met to formulate recommendations for the use of MHT by women with medical conditions based on the best available evidence. The project was developed in two phases. As a first step, we conducted 14 systematic reviews and 32 metanalyses on the safety of MHT (in nine areas: age, time of menopause onset, treatment duration, women with thrombotic risk, women with a personal history of cardiovascular disease, women with metabolic syndrome, women with gastrointestinal diseases, survivors of breast cancer or of other cancers, and women who smoke) and on the most relevant pharmacological interactions with MHT. These systematic reviews and metanalyses helped inform a structured process in which a panel of experts defined the eligibility criteria according to a specific framework, which facilitated the discussion and development process. To unify the proposal, the following eligibility criteria have been defined in accordance with the WHO international nomenclature for the different alternatives for MHT (category 1, no restriction on the use of MHT; category 2, the benefits outweigh the risks; category 3, the risks generally outweigh the benefits; category 4, MHT should not be used). Quality was classified as high, moderate, low or very low, based on several factors (including risk of bias, inaccuracy, inconsistency, lack of directionality and publication bias). When no direct evidence was identified, but plausibility, clinical experience or indirect evidence were available, "Expert opinion" was categorized. For the first time, a set of eligibility criteria, based on clinical evidence and developed according to the most rigorous methodological tools, has been defined. This will provide health professionals with a powerful decision-making tool that can be used to manage menopausal symptoms. more...

In this study, we describe the relative contributions of and interactions between individual risk factors associated with ineffective pregnancy prevention among female adolescents in Portugal. Our sample consisted of 856 sexually experienced female adolescents (10-19 years) who did not intend to become pregnant. Of these, 379 were pregnant, and the residual (477) had never been pregnant. We used classification tree analysis to describe the interplay among a set of established sociodemographic, familial, reproductive, and relationship factors as predictors of ineffective pregnancy prevention. The tree model showed good predictive properties. Seven profiles predicted one-half to all the cases of ineffective pregnancy prevention. Ineffective pregnancy prevention was predicted by adolescents' grade level and different combinations of variables, specifically female age, age at the time of first sexual intercourse, religious beliefs, place of residence, maternal pregnancy before age 20, household structure in childhood, and partner's age difference. According to our findings, limiting assessments to the cumulative presence of risk factors may be insufficient to accurately identify adolescents at elevated risk of unwanted pregnancy, as the impact of any given risk factor may vary according to other factors. Our findings may contribute to the development of a risk assessment tool that may support healthcare providers' efforts to provide individualized risk assessment for adolescent patients and, thus, to better support pregnancy prevention. more...

Contraceptive counselling is essential in women with chronic disease, though it is frequently overlooked. We aimed to assess practices and awareness in contraceptive counselling in hospital physicians caring for reproductive age women with chronic disease.A questionnaire was distributed in April 2017 to physicians from 16 medical specialties in a tertiary care hospital in Portugal. Statistical analysis performed using Microsoft Office ExcelTwo-hundred physicians participated in the survey: 59.5% were female, 55% under 35 years-old and 48.5% were residents. Only 26.5% practiced in surgical specialties. Two-thirds consistently inquired about the use of contraception. Most referred patients to Family Planning services or performed contraceptive counselling when pregnancy posed significant health risks (89.0%), when prescribing teratogenic medication (79.5%) or drugs with potential interaction with contraceptives (75.0%). Lack of training in contraception was the main reason for not referring patients to Family Planning services. While 83% considered counselling very important, only 5% had recently undergone training and 12.5% felt knowledgeable enough to perform it. Only 12.5% were aware of the institution's Family Planning resources. Female gender, non-surgical specialty, age over 35 years-old and over 10 years since specialisation were positively associated with awareness.Most physicians addressed contraceptive management in women with comorbidities, but adequate training is lacking. Our results highlight the importance of communication between health care providers to achieve an adequate and multidisciplinary approach to reproductive and general health goals. more...

Menstrual symptoms are commonly cited barriers to physical activity in women. Delay or avoidance of menstruation through hormonal contraceptives may mitigate those barriers. Our purpose is to identify the uterine bleeding patterns of Portuguese athletes, their contraceptive choices and the impact of contraceptive methods in sports performance. We aim also to compare the outcomes between users and non-users of contraception.Observational, descriptive and comparative study based on a customised self-assessment online survey aimed at Portuguese athletes. Athletes had to be at least 16 years old and competing at a national, international or professional level.A total of 256 athletes from 18 modalities were eligible. The mean age was 29 years and the mean age of menarche was 12.8 years. Monthly bleeding pattern was prevailing and 50% presented dysmenorrhoea. More than 85% experience fluctuations in sports performance throughout the month. The majority (71.5%) used contraceptive methods. Only 16% believed that contraception decreased sports performance. Contraceptive users exhibit a lower mean body mass index, blood loss and percentage of dysmenorrhoea than the non-users.Most athletes had the perception that performance varies throughout the month. The majority of participants do not report amenorrhoea and have monthly menses. The use of contraceptive methods is reportedly high, benefit cycle control and apparently without any physical inconvenience. more...

Objective: The Parliamentary Assembly invited the member states of the Council of Europe to ‘guarantee women's effective exercise of their right of access to a safe and legal abortion’. While abortion legislation and statistics give an impression of the legislative, cultural, and religious views of the societies and the socio-economic health of the female population, only one study conducted in 2011 looked into the current legislation and trends in terminations of pregnancy in the European Union. Materials and Methods: From January 2017 to December 2018, a group of experts, the authors of the present article, liaised with colleagues practising in 32 European countries to collect data on abortion legislation and statistics using three different questionnaires. Results: The article presents the results of this initiative and compares the status quo and recent trends in abortion legislation and statistics across Europe. Conclusions: The European legislations are still very heterogenous and abortion rates vary widely between countries, confirming that laws do not correlate with abortion rates. This compilation of data, also available on a website (www.abort-report.eu), may help to change laws to better meet the needs of women who decided to have an abortion as a solution to the underlying problem of an unwanted pregnancy. more...

Objective To record the definition and management of Very Early Medical Abortion (VEMA) in different countries. Study design An Internet survey was circulated internationally among providers of medical abortion via a website. The questionnaire focused on reasons for performing or delaying medical abortion at a very early gestational age and the perceived advantages and disadvantages of VEMA. Results Out of 220 completed questionnaires, 50 % came from European abortion providers (n = 110). Most respondents (72 %) defined VEMA as abortion performed in the presence of a positive hCG pregnancy test but with an empty uterine cavity or a gestational sac-like structure, and no signs or symptoms of ectopic pregnancy. A total of 74 % of respondents thought it was not necessary to wait for a diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy before starting medical abortion. Equally, 74 % were aware of the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion According to European providers of medical abortion, waiting for the diagnosis of an intrauterine pregnancy is not necessary and does not improve treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Providers should know that medical abortion can be performed effectively and safely as soon as the woman has decided. There is no lower gestational age limit. more...

Medical termination of pregnancy (MToP, or medical abortion) is a highly effective method with a reported efficacy of 95-98%. However, different criteria are currently used to define success, and there are different recommendations for the treatment of what is considered a failure of MToP. This work was undertaken to develop a consensus around a set of well-defined MToP outcomes, as recommended by the Core Outcomes in Women's and Newborn Health initiative.A literature search was made of national and international guidelines and of recommendations of expert groups for various outcomes of MToP and subsequent management. Based on a review of the findings, a group of European experts in MToP undertook a consensus process to agree on a set of core MToP outcomes.The following core MToP outcomes were defined: success, failure (ongoing pregnancy), need for additional treatment (medical or surgical) to complete MToP (missed abortion, incomplete abortion), complications and the woman's request for additional treatment (medical or surgical). Recommendations for the management of unsuccessful outcomes were also formulated.New definitions of MToP outcomes that are more focused on objective criteria and consequently less dependent on provider interpretation are proposed. This should allow better comparison of the efficacy of different regimens and improve the management of failed or incomplete abortion. more...

although some degree of pain is inevitable with first trimester medical abortion, little information is available regarding its management in daily practice. The aim of the work was to determine the current regimens in use for managing pain associated with medical abortion.a self-administered internet survey, developed by a group of European experts on medical abortion, was circulated internationally among medical abortion providers.A total of 283 valid questionnaires were completed, mainly from European providers (59% of respondents, n = 167). Most respondents (n = 267, 94%) reported analgesic prescription/provision for all women, either prophylaxic for 82% (n = 233) or upon request for 12% (n = 34). WHO Step I analgesics (NSAIDs, paracetamol) were the most often used in both cases. A total of 16 (6%) respondents indicated that they never provided analgesics (or prescriptions for them). Female providers of abortion care were significantly more likely to prescribe systematic analgesia for patients than male providers (85% vs 74%, p 0.04). The majority of respondents (69%, n = 195) did not conduct formal assessments of women's pain.Most providers do provide analgesia routinely to women undergoing medical abortion up to 9 weeks gestation. There were widespread variations in analgesic regimens used. There is a clear need for standardised evidence based regimens for management of pain associated with first trimester medical abortion. more...

Evidence-based guidelines on the management of pain associated with first-trimester medical abortion are lacking. Most published clinical trials have failed to report on this important aspect of the procedure. The aim of this comprehensive work was to provide clinical advice based on a comprehensive literature review, supplemented by the clinical experience of a group of European experts in case no evidence is available. Pain level ranged from 5 to 8 in 80% of studies where pain was measured on a 0–10 visual analogue scale; severe pain was reported by 20–80% of women. Pain assessment was rarely reported in studies. Pain treatment should be preventive and avoidance of unnecessary uterine contractions should be considered. Analgesic treatment should follow the WHO three-step ladder, starting with the use of NSAIDs and allowing for easily available back-up treatment with weak opioids. more...

Objectives: The aims of the study were to describe the sociodemographic, sexual, reproductive and relational characteristics of adolescents having an abortion in Portugal and to explore the differences between three adolescent age groups. Methods: We recruited a nationally representative sample of 224 adolescents ( more...

To evaluate pain and other early adverse events associated with different regimens of medical abortion up to nine weeks of amenorrhoea.The literature was searched for comparative studies of medical abortion using mifepristone followed by the prostaglandin analogue misoprostol. Publications, which included pain assessment were further analysed.Of the 1459 publications on medical abortion identified, only 23 comparative, prospective trials corresponded to the inclusion criteria. Patients in these studies received different dosages of mifepristone in combination with different dosages of misoprostol administered via diverse routes or at various intervals. Information on pain level was reported in 12/23 papers (52%), information regarding systematic administration of analgesics in 12/23 articles (52%) and information concerning analgesia used was available for only 10/23 studies (43%).Neither pain nor its treatment are systematically reported in clinical trials of medical abortion; this shortcoming reflects a neglect of the individual pain perception. When data are mentioned, they are too inconsistent to allow for any comparison between different treatment protocols. Standardised evaluation of pain is needed and the correlation between the dosage of misoprostol and the intensity of pain must be assessed in future studies. more...

Introdução: Este estudo pretendeu caracterizar as trajetórias relacionais e reprodutivas conducentes à gravidez na adolescência em Portugal, explorando a existência de especificidades regionais. Material e Métodos: O estudo decorreu entre 2008 e 2013 em 42 serviços de saúde públicos. A amostra, nacionalmente representativa, incluiu 459 grávidas com idades entre os 12 e os 19 anos. Os dados foram obtidos por autorrelato, através de uma ficha de caracterização construída para o efeito. Resultados: Independentemente de terem tido um (59,91%) ou múltiplos parceiros sexuais (40,09%), as adolescentes engravidaram de forma mais frequente numa relação de namoro, utilizando contraceção à data da conceção e tendo identificado a falha contracetiva que esteve na origem da gravidez (39,22%). A nível regional, outras trajetórias surgiram com elevada prevalência, refletindo opções como a decisão de engravidar (Alentejo/Açores), a não utilização de contraceção (Centro/Madeira) ou a sua utilização ineficaz sem que a falha contracetiva fosse identificada (Madeira). As relações de namoro revelaram-se maioritariamente duradouras (> 19 meses), com homens mais velhos (> 4 anos) e fora do sistema de ensino (75,16%); estes resultados foram particularmente expressivos quando a gravidez foi planeada. Discussão: O conhecimento gerado por este estudo reflete a necessidade de investir em abordagens preventivas que atendam às necessidades específicas das jovens de cada região e integrem a população masculina de maior risco. Conclusão: Os nossos resultados podem contribuir para o delineamento de políticas de saúde mais eficazes e para uma atuação multidisciplinar mais informada ao nível da educação sexual e do planeamento familiar nas diferentes regiões do país. Introduction: The current study aimed to describe the relational and reproductive trajectories leading to adolescent pregnancy in Portugal, and to explore whether there were differences in this process according to adolescents’ place of residence. Material and Methods: Data were collected between 2008 and 2013 in 42 public health services using a self-report questionnaire developed by the researchers. The sample consisted of a nationally representative group of pregnant adolescents (n = 459). Results: Regardless of having had one (59.91%) or multiple sexual partners (40.09%), the majority of adolescents became pregnant in a romantic relationship, using contraception at the time of the conception and knowing the contraceptive failure which led to pregnancy (39.22%). In some regions other trajectories were highly prevalent, reflecting options such as planning the pregnancy (Alentejo Region/ Azores Islands), not using contraception (Centro Region/Madeira Islands) or using it incorrectly, without identifying the contraceptive failure (Madeira Islands). On average, romantic relationships were longer than 19 months and adolescents’ partners were older than themselves (> 4 years) and no longer in school (75.16%); these results were particularly significant when the pregnancy was planned. Discussion: The knowledge gained in this study shows that prevention efforts must be targeted according to the adolescents’ needs in each region and should include high-risk male groups. Conclusion: Our results may enable more efficient health policies to prevent adolescent pregnancy in different country regions and support educators and health care providers on sexual education and family planning efforts. more...

IntroductionMisoprostol (Cytotec) is recognised to be effective for many gynaecological indications including termination of pregnancy, management of miscarriage and postpartum haemorrhage. Although not licensed for such indications, it has been used for these purposes by millions of women throughout the world. Misoprostol tablets are most often packaged as multiple tablets within an aluminium strip, each within an individual alveolus. When an alveolus is opened, tablets will be exposed to atmospheric conditions.ObjectiveTo compare the pharmaco technical characteristics (weight, friability), water content, misoprostol content and decomposition product content (type A misoprostol, type B misoprostol and 8-epi misoprostol) of misoprostol tablets Cytotec (Pfizer) exposed to air for periods of 1 hour to 720 hours (30 days), to those of identical non exposed tablets.MethodsFour hundred and twenty (420) tablets of Cytotec (Pfizer) were removed from their alveoli blister and stored at 25°C/60% relative humidity. Water content, and misoprostol degradation products were assayed in tablets exposed from 1 to 720 hours (30 days). Comparison was made with control tablets (N=60) from the same batch stored in non-damaged blisters. Statistical analyses were carried out using Fisher's exact test for small sample sizes.ResultsBy 48 hours, exposed tablets demonstrated increased weight (+4.5%), friability (+1 300%), and water content (+80%) compared to controls. Exposed tablets also exhibited a decrease in Cytotec active ingredient dosage (-5.1% after 48 hours) and an increase in the inactive degradation products (+25% for type B, +50% for type A and +11% for 8-epi misoprostol after 48 hours) compared to controls.ConclusionExposure of Cytotec tablets to 'typical' European levels of air and humidity results in significant time-dependent changes in physical and biological composition that could impact adversely upon clinical efficacy. Health professionals should be made aware of the degradation of misoprostol with inappropriate storage of misoprostol tablets. more...

The current study aimed to describe the relational and reproductive trajectories leading to adolescent pregnancy in Portugal, and to explore whether there were differences in this process according to adolescents' place of residence.Data were collected between 2008 and 2013 in 42 public health services using a self-report questionnaire developed by the researchers. The sample consisted of a nationally representative group of pregnant adolescents (n = 459).Regardless of having had one (59.91%) or multiple sexual partners (40.09%), the majority of adolescents became pregnant in a romantic relationship, using contraception at the time of the conception and knowing the contraceptive failure which led to pregnancy (39.22%). In some regions other trajectories were highly prevalent, reflecting options such as planning the pregnancy (Alentejo Region/ Azores Islands), not using contraception (Centro Region/Madeira Islands) or using it incorrectly, without identifying the contraceptive failure (Madeira Islands). On average, romantic relationships were longer than 19 months and adolescents' partners were older than themselves (4 years) and no longer in school (75.16%); these results were particularly significant when the pregnancy was planned.The knowledge gained in this study shows that prevention efforts must be targeted according to the adolescents' needs in each region and should include high-risk male groups.Our results may enable more efficient health policies to prevent adolescent pregnancy in different country regions and support educators and health care providers on sexual education and family planning efforts.Introdução: Este estudo pretendeu caracterizar as trajetórias relacionais e reprodutivas conducentes à gravidez na adolescência em Portugal, explorando a existência de especificidades regionais.Material e Métodos: O estudo decorreu entre 2008 e 2013 em 42 serviços de saúde públicos. A amostra, nacionalmente representativa, incluiu 459 grávidas com idades entre os 12 e os 19 anos. Os dados foram obtidos por autorrelato, através de uma ficha de caracterização construída para o efeito.Resultados: Independentemente de terem tido um (59,91%) ou múltiplos parceiros sexuais (40,09%), as adolescentes engravidaram de forma mais frequente numa relação de namoro, utilizando contraceção à data da conceção e tendo identificado a falha contracetiva que esteve na origem da gravidez (39,22%). A nível regional, outras trajetórias surgiram com elevada prevalência, refletindo opções como a decisão de engravidar (Alentejo/Açores), a não utilização de contraceção (Centro/Madeira) ou a sua utilização ineficaz sem que a falha contracetiva fosse identificada (Madeira). As relações de namoro revelaram-se maioritariamente duradouras (19 meses), com homens mais velhos (4 anos) e fora do sistema de ensino (75,16%); estes resultados foram particularmente expressivos quando a gravidez foi planeada.Discussão: O conhecimento gerado por este estudo reflete a necessidade de investir em abordagens preventivas que atendam às necessidades específicas das jovens de cada região e integrem a população masculina de maior risco.Conclusão: Os nossos resultados podem contribuir para o delineamento de políticas de saúde mais eficazes e para uma atuação multidisciplinar mais informada ao nível da educação sexual e do planeamento familiar nas diferentes regiões do país. more...

Dowrloaded from jfprhc,bmj.corn on November 7,2013 - Punished by grouytnni com =.::'«l SVVIU E ‘ME WT For nurnbened affiliations see end of article. Correspondence to Professor Dr Johan res Bitzer. Chief Physician and Chairman Department of Obnettics and Gynaecology. University Hospital Basel. Basel. Switzerland; JohartnesBitzer@usb.cl‘. Received IS March 2013 Accepted 18 March 2013 To cite: Bitzer J Amy J-J. Beerttmizer R. et al. Joumai of Fanfly Planning and Reproductive Health C are Published Online First lnlease include Day Month Year] doi: 10. l l36lifptl1(-20l3- 100624 Statement on combined hormonal contraceptives containing third- or fourth-generation progestogens or cyproterone acetate, and the associated risk of thromboembolism Johannes Bitzer Cosignatories Jean-Jacques Amy,‘ Rob Beerthuizen,2 Martin Birkhauser,3 Teresa Bombas,“ Mitchell Creinin,5 Philip D Darney,5 Lisa Ferreira Vicente,’ Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson,° Bruno lmthurn,9 Jeffrey T Jensen,” Andrew M Kaunitz,“ Ali Kubba,” Medlard M Lech,” Diana Mansour,” Gabriele Merki,” Thomas Rabe,‘6 Katarina Sedlecki,” David Serfaty,‘8Jact1ues Seydoux,” Lee P Shu|man,2° Regine Sitruk-Ware, ‘ Sven O Skouby,” Anne Szarewski, James Trussell,” Carolyn Westhoffzs A NEW PILL SCARE? HOW DID IT COME ABOUT AND HOW SHOULD WE TACKLE IT? The cotttroversy around the combined hormonal contraceptives ((IH(,'s) of the so-called third (containing gestodene or desogestrel) and fourth generation (cott- raining drospirenone. DRSP) lt-as reached .1 highly emotional political dimension in which all those who “are prol'essionall_v responsible for women's health are involved: the national health authorities, the pltarrnaceutical companies, the pro- fessional orgartis-ations, the prescrihers. the media and the public (i.e. the current or potential users of CH(Is). The — initially scientific — controversy has now led to a ptthlic health dispute that culminated in the decision of the Frenelt '.1tltht)ritlc's to withdraw the com hination containing etltinylestradiol (EE) and cyproterone acetate (CPA) from the market. The potential impact of this measure, namely the loss of confidence in .1/I (Ill(.'s. could be quite serious. WHAT TRIGGERED THIS CRISIS? Several re;.',is‘tr_v~hasei.l studies published in the Britr'.~‘l2 .\ledic.tl Irirrrmtl. partictilarlv 23 the one based on the Danish Registry. indicated that there is an increased risk of venous thrombiternholism (VTE) asso- ciated with the intake of third- and liounh-generation combined oral contra- ceptives ((ZO('.s) compared to prepara- tions containing the progestogen le\'onorges‘trel (I-.\l(§).q5 The relative risk (RR) was around 2. and the absolute attributable risk was estimated to be (dependent on the background preva- lence rate) between .2 to 8 per ll) llllll users per year.q A very recent systentatic review and meta-anal_vsis of the possible link between treatment with CHCs and VTF. con- cluded that. in this regard. (I) (3H(Zs cort- taining I.N(} or norgestimate were the safest. (.1) those containing desogestrel. DRSI’ or (IPA were associated with a sig- ttillC.‘tI1tl_\' ltiglter risk than (IH(Is contain- ing LNG, and (3) the aup,ntented risk of VTE found for pills containing gestodene compared to (l(.)(Ls with L\'(; appeared to be smaller than in earlier s'tttcllcs.7 These resultsq contrast with those of published prospective cohort studies. sponsored by It’-a_ver He-altlt(.are. at the request of the European Medicitte Bitzer J et J Journal offamily Planting and Reolodzcme Health (.19 20‘~3;0:'-at doizt 0.’ ’-36Ii?prh: 2073 ‘0062-1 1 more...

Background Violence by intimate partners (IPV) can be prevented and its impact reduced. This calls for to deal with violence from a public health perspective, according the ecological model, associated to a multidisciplinary and multisectoral networking approach. In Coimbra various sectors are working together from 2000, in tackling the problem of IPV. Health sector is an active and valuable ally in the global response to violence and brings a variety of advantages and assets to this work, from primary to terciary prevention, including programs for victims and perpetrators. Description of the problem IPV is a serious problem that occurs in all countries, among heterosexual or same-sex couples. The consequences are profound, extending beyond the health and happiness of individuals to affect the well-being of entire communities. Results Our strategies are addressed to prevention (al all levels). We deal with violence taking steps to understand the range of factors that put people at risk for violence and protect them from experiencing or perpetrating violence. Our fundamental goal is to stop IPV before it begins. Networks “Violence´s Group: Information, Research, Intervention” (2002), “School Against Violence” (2007), along with the training of 480 professionals (health, other sectors) in our region (2009–2012), in the area of prevention of IPV, are examples of our networking strategy. The Family Violence Unit, UVF (2004) - CHUC, integrates both networks; of the 1400 cases (2/3 women, 1/3 men) at UVF, we did not record any murder to date. Our strategy is recognised at regional and national levels. Conclusions We believe that prevent efforts associated to investigation and a networking strategy (from micro to macrosystem, throughout the life cycle), at individual, family, community, and political levels, are one of the keys to prevent IPV. more...

Objectives To evaluate knowledge, attitude and practices of Portuguese gynaecologists regarding combined hormonal contraceptives. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 303 gynaecologists. Results Ninety percent of the gynaecologists considered that deciding on contraceptive methods is a process wherein the woman has her say. Efficacy, safety and the woman's preference were the major factors influencing gynaecologists, while efficacy, tolerability and ease of use were the major factors perceived by the specialists to influence the women's choice. Gynaecologists believed that only 2% of women taking the pill were 100% compliant compared to 48% of those using the patch and 75% of those using the ring. The lower risk of omission was the strong point for the latter methods. Side effects were the main reason to change to another method. Vaginal manipulation was the most difficult topic to discuss. Conclusions Most gynaecologists decided with the woman on the contraceptive method. The main reasons for the gynaecologist's recommendation of a given contraceptive method and the women's choice were different. Counselling implies an open discussion and topics related to sexuality were considered difficult to discuss. Improving communication skills and understanding women's requirements are critical for contraceptive counselling. more...

The aim of this health education project was to measure the impact of counselling about combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) methods on the subsequent choice of method by Portuguese women.This was a multi-centre study with a representative population, at the national and regional levels, of 2951 Portuguese women≥16 years of age visiting the gynaecologist. Counselling on available CHC methods was provided using a single leaflet, and their CHC choice was assessed before and after counselling.A combined oral contraceptive (COC) was the method preferred by the majority of the women prior to counselling. After counselling, 35% of women who initially had chosen the pill, switched to either the vaginal ring or the transdermal patch, and the difference was statistically significant. Ease of use was the major reason for choosing the COC, while a lower probability of omission was the reason for choosing the vaginal ring and the patch.The implementation of a counselling programme significantly affected contraceptive choices leading in a number of cases to the selection of alternatives better suited to women's lifestyle. Age and educational level are socio-demographic factors which play an important role. more...