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Background: The standard rate of sodium removal in adult anuric patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is 7.5 g/L of ultrafiltration volume (UFV). Although automated PD (APD) is widely used in pediatric patients, no attempt has yet been made to estimate sodium removal in APD., Methods: The present, retrospective cohort study included pediatric patients with APD who were managed at Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center between July 2010 and November 2017. The patients underwent a peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) at our hospital. Sodium removal per UFV was calculated by peritoneal function and dwell time using samples from patients on APD with 1- and 2-h dwell effluent within three months of PET and 4- and 10-h dwell effluent at PET., Results: In total, 217 samples from 18 patients were included, with 63, 81, and 73 of the samples corresponding to the High [H], High-average [HA], and Low-average [LA] PET category, respectively. Sodium removal per UFV (g/L in salt equivalent) for dwell times of one, two, four, and ten hours was 5.2, 8.8, 8.0, and 11.5 for PET [H], 5.3, 5.8, 5.6, and 8.1 for PET [HA], and 4.6, 5.1, 5.1, and 7.1 for PET [LA], respectively., Conclusions: Sodium removal per UFV in pediatric APD was less than the standard adult CAPD and tended to be lower with shorter dwell times, leading to sodium accumulation. Therefore, salt intake should be restricted in combination with one or more long daytime dwells, especially in anuric patients., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International Pediatric Nephrology Association.)

Importance: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a life-threatening disease caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection. The treatment approaches for STEC-mediated typical HUS and atypical HUS differ, underscoring the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis. However, specific detection methods for STECs other than major serogroups, such as O157, O26, and O111, are limited. This study focuses on the utility of PCR-based O-serotyping, serum agglutination tests utilizing antibodies against the identified Og type, and isolation techniques employing antibody-conjugated immunomagnetic beads for STEC isolation. By employing these methods, we successfully isolated a STEC strain of a minor serotype, O76:H7, from a HUS patient., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: The clinical spectrum of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN), now known as IgA vasculitis-associated nephritis (IgAVN), ranges from isolated microscopic haematuria to nephrotic syndrome, progressive glomerulonephritis, and kidney failure. The outcome also varies, and the management of IgAVN is controversial. The presence of nephrotic state at disease onset is thought to be a risk factor of a poor prognosis. However, not all patients with nephrotic state have a poor prognosis, and it is unclear whether they need early treatment., Methods: We herein retrospectively examined the clinical course of paediatric IgAVN cases with nephrotic state (serum albumin [sAlb]<3.0 g/dL and urine protein-creatinine ratio of >2.0 g/ gCr) without kidney injury treated at our hospital between 2010 and 2018., Results: Of the 216 patients with IgAVN identified, 17 met the inclusion criteria. The median follow-up period from disease onset to the last observation was 40.5 months (IQR:31.0-74.2). Eleven patients were male, the median age at onset was 5 years, the minimum serum Alb level was 1.9 g/dL, the maximum proteinuria value was 12.3 g/gCr, and the median minimum eGFR was 86.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2 in the acute phase. Eight patients (47%) achieved resolution of nephrotic state within 3 months and complete remission without treatment by the last observation. The patients with spontaneous resolution of nephrotic state had less severe hypoalbuminaemia (Alb<2.0 g/dL) and tended to show a quick increase in the serum albumin level., Conclusions: Our study found that half of paediatric patients with IgAVN with nephrotic state achieved spontaneous resolution without treatment and enjoyed a favourable short-term outcome. Consideration of the duration of nephrotic state and trends in the serum albumin level in children with IgAVN may allow unnecessary kidney biopsies and immunosuppressive therapy to be avoided., (© 2022 Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology.)

Background: Little is known about the epidemiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN)., Methods: We conducted a nationwide epidemiological survey of Japanese children aged 1 to 15 years with HSPN. Children who were newly diagnosed with HSPN by biopsy between January 2013 and December 2015 were eligible for the survey to clarify the incidence of HSPN. We also conducted an institutional survey on kidney biopsy criteria and treatment protocols., Results: A total of 353 of 412 institutions (85.7%) responded to the questionnaire. Of the 353 institutions, 174 reported to perform kidney biopsies at their institutions, and 563 children were diagnosed with HSPN. Considering the collection rate, the estimated incidence of biopsy-proven HSPN was 1.32 cases/100,000 children per year. The median age at biopsy was 7.0 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. The kidney biopsy criteria and treatment protocols for HSPN were as follows. Patients with acute kidney injury underwent biopsy at least one month after onset. For patients without kidney dysfunction, the timing for biopsy was determined by the amount of proteinuria. Regarding the treatment of HSPN, there were certain commonalities among the treatment protocols, they eventually differed depending on the institutions involved., Conclusions: The incidence of biopsy-proven HSPN was 1.32 cases/100,000 children per year in Japan. The male-to-female ratio and date of diagnosis of HSPN were similar to those in previous studies. The kidney biopsy criteria and treatment protocols for HSPN varied among institutions. Further studies are warranted to establish an optimal treatment policy based on the prognosis., Competing Interests: RH received research funding from Teijin Pharma Ltd. and was a stockholder in Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.. IT received research funding from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., and Sunny Health Co., Ltd. and lecture fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Novartis Pharma K.K.. KI received research funding from Zenyaku Kogyo Co. Ltd. and subsidies or donations from Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd.. SI received research funding form Teijin Pharma, Ltd. and lecture fees from Sanofi K.K. and Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. None of the research funding received by individual researchers mentioned in the Competing Interests statement are relate to this current study.

Although vaccination may precipitate relapses of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children with idiopathic NS, no data are available regarding NS activity regarding influenza (flu) virus infections and NS relapses after receiving inactivated flu vaccines. We conducted a nationwide study of children aged 6 months to 15 years with idiopathic NS to assess the relationship between NS relapse, flu vaccination, and flu infections. We used a multivariate Poisson regression model (MPRM) to calculate the risk ratio (RR) for flu infection and for NS relapse in children with and without flu vaccination. Data of 306 children were assessed. The MPRM in all 306 children showed a significantly lower RR for flu infection (RR: 0.21, 95% confidence interval CI 0.11-0.38) and for NS relapse (RR: 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.35) in children receiving flu vaccination compared with unvaccinated children. In an additional MPRM only among 102 children receiving flu vaccination, they had a significantly lower risk for NS relapse during the post-vaccination period (RR: 0.31. 95% CI 017-0.56) compared with the pre-vaccination period. Although our study was observational, based on the favorable results of flu vaccinations regarding flu infections and NS relapse, the vaccine may be recommended for children with NS., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

No reports describe high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (auto-PBSCT) in pediatric patients with neuroblastoma and end-stage renal disease. Here, we report the case of a patient with high-risk neuroblastoma who developed anuria during treatment. HDCT with auto-PBSCT under hemodialysis, with strict attention to the ultrafiltration volume and dose modification of alkylating agents, was performed. Although the first auto-PBSCT led to engraftment failure, the second auto-PBSCT resulted in successful myeloid engraftment 8 months after anuria. This case demonstrated that HDCT with auto-PBSCT can be safely performed in children with renal failure under hemodialysis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Information on the epidemiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in children, complications of INS and the side effects of steroid therapy is scarce., Methods: The Japanese Pediatric Survey Holding Information of Nephrotic Syndrome, a nationwide cohort study, was conducted by the Japanese Study Group of Renal Disease in Children and enrolled 2099 children with newly diagnosed INS between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012. We conducted a follow-up study of the complications during the first onset and the patients' prognosis in this cohort., Results: We obtained follow-up data on 999 children (672 males) with a median age at onset of 4.5 years [interquartile range (IQR) 2.8-9.4] and a median follow-up period of 4.1 years (IQR 2.5-5.1). At the first onset, 24% of patients experienced severe acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as a serum creatinine increase to a level two or more times the baseline. On logistic regression analysis, age, hematuria, severe hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <1.0 g/dL) and severe bacterial infection were not independent factors, but female sex {hazard ratio [HR] 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.7]} and hypertension [HR 4.0 (95% CI 2.6-6.0)] were significantly related to AKI. During the observation period, ocular hypertension requiring treatment occurred in 17.4% of patients, among which 0.4% received surgical treatment. Progression to frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome/steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in 3 years was seen in 44.2% of the patients and was shown by the Cox regression analysis to be significantly related to younger age and days until remission at the first episode, but not to sex, hematuria, the minimum serum albumin level or AKI. Two patients died during the observation period. One patient showed progression to end-stage kidney disease., Conclusion: Based on the results of a multicenter questionnaire survey, the overall survival and renal survival rates were found to be excellent. However, proper management of complications, particularly in AKI and ocular hypertension, is mandatory., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved.)

Aim: Recently eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody to C5, was found to improve the disease course of atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) and has been recommended as the first line treatment by an international consensus guideline. However, several practical issues in the use of eculizumab for the acute phase of aHUS have yet to be resolved., Methods: Children who received eculizumab with diagnosis of aHUS between March 2010 and December 2015 at Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center were enrolled. aHUS was diagnosed according to the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) criteria after excluding Shiga toxin-inducing Escherichia coli (STEC) -associated HUS and thrombocytopaenic purpura. We retrieved and analyzed data from the electronic medical records at our institution., Results: We reviewed four patients with suspected aHUS. Eculizumab was discontinued in one patient in whom STEC-HUS was later diagnosed. Treatment was continued in the remaining three patients without recurrence. Practical issues included difficulty in diagnosing aHUS, particularly in the acute phase, risk of infection by encapsulated organisms, especially Neisseria meningitis, and infusion reaction. In addition to issues relating to the acute phase, discontinuing eculizumab in stable patients in the chronic phase must be considered., Conclusion: Eculizumab, the first line treatment for children with aHUS, is usually effective. However, certain problems associated with its use require caution to be exercised. As clinical information on eculizumab are still very limited, and the rationale for its long-term use has yet to be established, physicians are advised to exercise care when using eculizumab to manage aHUS., (© 2017 Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology.)

Background: Little is known regarding the epidemiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in East Asia. Previous studies have suggested higher incidence of INS in Asian children, though decreasing trend of its incidence has also been shown., Methods: We conducted a nationwide study of Japanese children aged 6 months to 15 years with INS. Children who were newly diagnosed with INS between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012 were eligible. Children with congenital nephrotic syndrome or nephrotic syndrome secondary to nephritis were excluded., Results: A total of 2099 children were initially diagnosed with INS and were followed for up to 4 years. The estimated incidence of INS was 6.49 cases/100,000 children per year, without clear correlation with geographical region. The male:female ratio was 1.9 and approximately 50 % of children were <5 years old at diagnosis. During the 1-4 years follow-up, 32.7 % developed frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome., Conclusions: Based on our nationwide survey, the incidence of INS in Japanese children is approximately 3-4 times higher than that in Caucasians. However, the male:female ratio and the age at onset were similar to those in previous studies. We are now planning a prospective cohort study to examine the course of INS in Japan.

Unlabelled: No large cohort study has yet determined the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children with heart failure treated with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors. We thus retrospectively analyzed the incidence and risk factors for severe AKI (stages 2-3 according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines) at our institutions from 2008 to 2011. Among 312 children (162 boys; median age, 7.3 months), 59 cases of AKI occurred in 45 children. The incidence of AKI was 14.3 cases per 100 person-years overall (follow-up 413.6 person-years), or 27.3, 16.8, and 4.5 cases per 100 person-years in children aged <1, 1-3, and ≥4 years, respectively. Among them, 23 (39.0 %) children had metabolic acidosis and 14 (23.7 %) had hyperkalemia. Younger age, myocardial disease, cyanotic congenital heart disease, use of spironolactone, and cardiac surgery were independent risk factors for AKI. Furthermore, 37.3 % of children suffered dehydration during AKI., Conclusion: AKI incidence is relatively high in children, particularly younger children, with heart failure treated using RAS inhibitors. Careful monitoring of renal function and serum electrolytes is essential. Proper management of fluid balance after infection and cardiac surgery may reduce the risk of AKI. Temporary discontinuation in RAS inhibitors should be considered during dehydration or surgery., What Is Known: • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are the two main classes of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and hyperkalemia are potentially life-threatening complications associated with the use of ACEIs and ARBs. Some reports have suggested that dehydration and cardiac surgery are risk factors for AKI in children. However, no large-scale cohort studies have determined the incidence of AKI, its risk factors, and its outcomes in children with heart failure treated with ACEIs and/or ARBs. What is new: • In this retrospective cohort study, we determined the incidence, severity, and risk factors for severe AKI in children with heart failure treated with ACEIs and/or ARBs. The incidence of AKI in these children was relatively high (14.3 episodes per 100 person-years). In addition, younger age, myocardial disease, cyanotic congenital heart disease, concomitant use of spironolactone, and cardiac surgery were risk factors for AKI. Furthermore, 37.3 % of children had dehydration during AKI episodes. • Our results suggested that appropriate fluid balance after infection and cardiac surgery might reduce the risk of AKI and its complications. Temporary discontinuation or reductions in the levels of ACEIs and/or ARBs during dehydration or before surgery may also be warranted in these patients.

Background: Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a severe life-threatening disease with frequent progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Eculizumab, a humanized anti-C5 monoclonal antibody targeting the activated complement pathway, has recently been introduced as a novel therapy against aHUS. We, therefore, investigated the efficacy and safety of eculizumab in Japanese pediatric patients., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical course and laboratory data of the first ten children with aHUS treated with eculizumab nationwide., Results: Seven patients were resistant to plasma therapy and three were dependent on it. Causative gene mutations were found in five patients. Two patients had anti-complement factor H autoantibody. Three patients had a family history of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). After initiation of eculizumab, all patients immediately achieved hematological remission and could successfully discontinue plasma therapy. The median periods to normalization of platelet count, lactate dehydrogenase levels and disappearance of schistocytes were 5.5, 17 and 12 days, respectively. Nine patients recovered their renal function and the median period to terminate renal replacement therapy (RRT) was 3 days. However, two patients progressed to ESRD and required chronic RRT at the last observation. No patients had a relapse of TMA under regular eculizumab therapy. No serious adverse events occurred during the follow-up period., Conclusions: Eculizumab is efficacious and well-tolerated therapy for children with aHUS. Although pathogenic mutations could not be detected in five patients, all patients showed immediate normalization of hematological abnormalities, strongly suggesting complement-related aHUS. This prompt hematological amelioration can become an indicator for therapeutic efficacy of eculizumab. However, appropriate indications and optimal duration of the treatment remain unclear.

Histopathological findings can play an important role in the management of atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS). We report a case of aHUS that did not recover from anuria, despite the administration of eculizumab, with impressive histopathological findings. A 3-month-old girl was admitted because of poor feeding, vomiting, and diarrhoea without haemorrhage. She had anuria and severe hypertension, and laboratory results showed haemolytic anaemia with schizocytes, thrombocytopenia, and renal impairment. Although no mutations in the complement system or diacylglycerol kinase epsilon were detected, she was diagnosed with aHUS owing to the clinical course and by the exclusion of Escherichia coli infection and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Plasma exchange was performed once at day 2 and eculizumab therapy was started from day 18, with a severe infusion reaction at the first administration. After the initiation of eculizumab, although the serum lactate dehydrogenase level improved gradually, she did not recover from anuria. Pathological findings of the kidney biopsy at day 37 included diffuse arteriolar and arterial luminal stenosis with remarkable thickness and sclerotic changes of the media and intima, which are suggestive of aHUS. In addition, most glomeruli had global sclerosis and were collapsed, and 80% of the tubulointerstitial compartment showed atrophic changes with infiltration of inflammatory cells. The present case is possibly a kidney-specific fulminant type of aHUS. Although showing efficacy against thrombotic microangiopathy, eculizumab did not improve kidney function. The pathological findings reflected the severe and irreversible kidney injury., (© 2015 Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology.)

We report the cases of 3 children with plastic bronchitis associated with 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection. These 3 children shared common clinical and radiologic features: rapid and progressive respiratory distress with whole lung atelectasis on chest radiograph. In children with severe respiratory symptoms accompanied by H1N1 influenza, plastic bronchitis should be considered.